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'_ How  To  Select  Your  First  Home  Computer  ^ 


COMPUTB 

The  Leading  Magazine  Of  Home,  Edycational,  And  Recieational  Computing 


$2,50 

December 
1982 
Issue  31 
Vol,  4,  No,  12 


Special  Home  Applications  Issue 

How  COMPUTE!  Readers 
Computers  In  The  Use  Their  Computers 

Home:  1990 


Simulator:  A 
Modeling  Planner 
For  Apple,  Atari,  VIC 

Hidden  Maze: 
A  Game 
Program  For 
Apple,  PET/CBM, 
VIC  And  Atari 

Sprite  Editor 
For  The 
Commodore  64 

Sorts  In  BASIC 
For  The  TI-99/4A, 
Radio  Shack  Color 
Computer,  VIC 
And  Apple 

A  Universal 
Program  Lister 
For  PET/CBM 
And  VIC 


VOUB  APVANC6P  PMVSIC5 
aAS5  B  0N-S:i3££W  IN  THE 

(xmAUHcmohs  axJM , 


ill _  „ 


PK/S  applications  and 

games  ready  to  type  in  to 

your  computer,  product 

reviews  for  Apple,  VIC, 

Atari,  Color  Computer 

and  more.... 


^^J 


"NEVER' 


FORGETS." 


MORE  nUNJUSTflNOTHBi  PiSTTY  FACE. 


Says  who?  Says  ANSI. 

Specifically,  subcommittee  X3B8  of  the  American 
Notional  Standards  Institute  (ANSI)  says  so.  The  fact 
is  all  Elephant^"  floppies  meet  or  exceed  the  specs 
required  to  meet  or  exceed  all  their  standards. 

But  just  who  is  "subcommittee  X3B8"  to  issue  such 
pronouncements? 

They're  a  group  of  people  representing  a  large, 
well-balanced  cross  section  of  disciplines— from 
academic,  government  agencies,  and  the  computer 
industry.  People  from  places  like  IBM,  Hewlett-Packard, 
3M,  Lawrence  Livermore  Labs,  The  U.S.  Department 
of  Defense,  fHoneywell  and  The  Association  of  Com- 
puter Programmers  and  Analysts.  In  short,  it's  a  bunch 
of  high-caliber  nitpickers  whose  mission,  it  seems,  in 
order  to  make  better  disks  for  consumers,  is  also  to 


make  life  miserable  for  everyone  in  the  disk-making 
business. 

How?  By  gathering  together  periodically  (often, 
one  suspects,  under  the  full  moon)  to  concoct  more 
and  more  njles  to  increase  the  quality  of  flexible 
disks.  Their  most  recent  rule  book  runs  over  20  single- 
spaced  pages— listing,  and  insisting  upon— hundreds 
upon  hundreds  of  standards  a  disk  must  meet  in 
order  to  be  blessed  by  ANSI.  (And  thereby  be  taken 
seriously  by  people  who  take  disks  seriously.) 

In  fact,  if  you'd  like  a  copy  of  this  formidable  docu- 
ment, for  free,  just  let  us  know  and  we'll  send  you 
one.  Because  once  you  know  what  it  takes  to  make 
an  Elephant  for  ANSI . . . 

We  think  you'll  want  us  to  make  some  Elephants 
for  you. 


BEnUNT.  HEWVDUTYnSKS. 

For  o  free  poster-size  portrait  of  our  powerful  pachydemn,  please  write  us. 

Distributed  Exclusively  by  Leading  Edge  Products,  Inc.,  225  Turnpike  Street,  Canton,  Massachusetts  02021 

Call;  toll-free  1-800-343-6833;  or  in  Massachusetts  call  collect  (617)  828-8150.  Telex  951-624. 


IF  YOU'RE  WAITING  FOR  THE 

PRICE  OF  WORD  PROCESSORS 

TO  FALL  WITHIN  REASON 


^g&33 


Everyone  expected  it  would  happen 

sooner  or  later. .  .with    ■;   ■  ■' ■     -i 
it  already  has!  Now  all  the  marvelous 
benefits  of  expensive  and  advanced 
word  processing  systems  are  available 
on  Commodore  computers,  America's 
largest  selling  computer  line.  WordPro 
PLUS,  when  combined  wilh  the  new  80 
column  CBfvl  8032,  creates  a  word  pro- 
cessing system  comparable  to  virtually 
any  other  top  quality  word  processor 
available— but  at  savings  of  thousands 
of  dollars! 

TM  WordPro  is  a  Registered  Trademark  of  Professional  Sottware,  Inc.  WordPro  was  miHen  by  Steva  Punier 
All  spocrficatlons  subject  (o  change  without  rxjtice. 


New,  low  cost  computer  technology  is 
now  available  at  a  fraction  of  what  you 
would  expect  to  pay.  This  technology 
allowed  Commodore  to  introduce  the 
new  and  revolutionary  CBf^  8032 
Computer. 

WordPro  PLUS  turns  this  new  CBM 
8032  Computer  into  a  sophisticated, 
time  saving  word  processing  tool.  With 
WordPro  PLUS,  documents  are  dis- 
played on  the  computer's  screen.  Edit- 
ing and  last  minute  revisions  are  simple 
and  easy.  No  more  lengthy  re-typing 
sessions.  Letters  and  documents  are 
easily  re-called  from  memory  storage 
for  editing  or  printing  with  final  drafts 
printed  perfectly  at  over  five  hundred 
words  per  minute! 


Our  nationwide  team  of  professional 
dealers  will  show  you  how  your  office 
will  benefit  by  using  WordPro  PLUS.  At 
a  price  far  less  than  you  realize. 


Invest  in  your  office's  future. . . 

Invest  In  WordPro  P[  US.  . . 
Call  us  today  for  the  name  of  the 
WordPro  PLUS  dealer  nearest  you. 

Professional  Software  Inc. 

51  Fremont  Street 
Needham,  MA  021 94 
(617)444-5224 
TELEX; 95 1579 


Introdttcing  Snooper  Troops 

detective  series. 

Edttcational  games  tiiat  tum  ofdinary 

homes  into  Sherlock  liomes. 


Where  can  you  find  educational 
games  that  your  kids  will  really  enjoy 
playing? 

Elennentary,  my  dear  Watson.  From 
5plnnaKer 

Our  Snooper  Troops  detective  games 
are  fun,  exciting  and  challenging.  And 
best  of  all,  they  have  real  educational 
value.  5o  while  your  kids  are  having 
fun,  they're  learning. 

As  a  Snooper  Trooper,  your  child 
will  have  a  great  time  solving  the 
mysteries.  But  it  will  take  some 
daring  detective  work.  They'll 
have  to  question  suspects,  talk  to 
mysterious  agents,  and  even  search 
dark  houses  to  uncover  clues. 

The  Snooper  Troops  programs  are 
compatible  with 


Apple,®  IBM®  and 

Atari®  computers  and 

provide  your  kids  with  everything  they 

need;  a  SnoopMobile,  a  wrist  radio,  a 

Snoophet  computer,  a  camera  for  taking 

Snoopshots  and  even  a  notebook  for 

keeping  track  of  information. 

Snooper  Troops  detective  games  help 
your  children  learn  to  take  notes,  draw 
maps,  organize  and  classify  information 
and  they  help  develop  vocabulary  and 
reasoning  skills.  All  while  your  kids  are 
having  a  good  time. 

So  if  you  want  to  find  educational 
games  that  are  really  fun,  here's 
a  due:  Snooper  Troops  games  are 
available  at  your  local  software 
store,  or  by  writing  tO:  Spinnaker 
Software,  215  First  Street  Cam- 
bridge, MA  02142. 


e  Spinnaker  5o(Dware  Corp  1982 


spinnaker's  early  learning 
games  will  help  make  your  children 
as  smart  as  you  tell  everyone  they  are. 


Your  kid5  are  pretty  smart 
After  all,  they're  your  kids. 

Spinnaker  can  help  make  them  even 
smarter  With  a  line  of  educational  software 
that  kids  love  to  play. 

Spinnaker  games  make  the  computer 
screen  come  to  life  with  full  color  graphics 
and  sound.  And  they're  fun.  Lots  of  fun.  But 
they  also  have  real  educational  value. 

Some  of  our  games  help  exercise  your 
child's  creativity  Others  improve  memory 
and  concentration.  While  others  help  to 
Improve  your  child's  writing,  vocabulary, 
and  spelling  skills. 

And  every  Spinnaker  game  provides 
familiarity  with  the  computer  and  helps  your 
children  feel  friendly  with  the  computer 
Even  if  they've  never  used  a  comput- 
er before. 

And  Spinnaker  games  are  compati- 
ble with  the  most  popular  computers: 
Apple,®  Atari®  and  IBM® 

Our  newest  game,  KinderComp 
(Ages  3-8)  is  a  collection  of  learn- 
ing exercises  presented  in  a  fun 
and  exciting  manner 


-ex 


Rhymes  and  Riddles'" 
(Ages  4-9)  is  a  letter  guess- 
ing game  featuring  kids' 
favorite  riddles,  famous  say- 
ings and  nursery  rhymes. 
Story  Machine'"  (Ages 
5-9)  lets  children  write  their 
own  stories  and  see  them 
come  to  life  on  the  screen 
And  PACEMAKER™  lets  your 
children  create  their  own  funny 
faces  and  make  them  wink,  smile, 
wiggle  ears  (not  your  kids'  ears, 
the  ears  on  the  screen),  etc. 
And  we're  intro- 


ducing new  games 
all  the  time. 

So  look  for  Spinnaker 
games  at  your  local 
software  retailer  or  tiy 
writing  tO:  Spinnaker 
Software,  215  first  St., 
Cambridge,  MA  02142, 
And  show  your  kids 
how  smart  their  par- 
ents really  are. 


RKEIHAKER 


V\fe  make  learning  tun. 


iVunc.  ISM  jna  nan  art  ttqatvea  oaacnwrhiolAppie  Computer. Inc .  IKerntwinsI  BusmeM  ttaoiruM  Corp  arv]  fttan.  Inc.  respccuuely 


THE  MOSAIC  RAM  SYSTEMS  FOR  ATARI 


CLEARLY  THE  BEST 


THE 
SCREEN 
CLARITY 

TEST 


YOU  CAN  SEE  THE  MOSAIC  DIFFERENCE 


WHAT  THE  EXPERTS  HAD  TO  SAY 

AN.ALO.G.  400/800  MAGAZINE  said  in  a  32K  RAM 
board  comparison  test:  "Tine  Mosaic  32K  RAM  sliowed  no 
sign  of  interference  and  gave  the  best  screen  clarity"  and 
"Mosaic  uses  what  we  feel  are  the  highest  quality 
components  which  may  improve  reliability". 

INTERFACE  AGE  said  after  replacing  the  Atari  memory 
board  with  a  Mosaic  32K  RAM:  "Once  in  place  there  is  no 
noticeable  change  in  screen  clarity"  and  'in  view  of  its 
excellent  performance  it  should  be  a  serious  choice  for  those 
Atari  owners  intending  to  expand  their  memory' 

Each  Mosaic  RAM  board  gives  you  more  than  just  the  best 
screen  clarity  but  also  the  best  in  reliability  flexibility  and 
compatibility  The  Mosaic  RAM  systems  offer  you  the  best  in 
every  way  —  these  features  prove  it 

■  Works  In  both  the  Atari  400*S  800* computers. 

■  4  year  guarantee. 

»  Complete  instructions. 

■  Test  cycled  24  hours  for  reliability 

■  Gold  edge  connectors  for  better  reliability 

■  Quick  no-solder  installation. 

■  Full  flexible  memory  configuration. 

■  Can  be  used  with  8K,  I6K  and  future  products. 

■  Designed  to  take  advantage  of  Atari  800's  superior  bus  structure. 

■  Designed  for  inter-board  communication  in  Atari  800. 

■  Allows  Atari  800  to  have  2  slots  open  for  future  expansion. 

■  Always  the  best  components  used  for  superior  screen  clarity  and 
reliability 

■  Low  power  design  for  safety  and  reliability 

■  Available  companion  board  ( S5|  to  allow  running  The  Mosaic  RAM 
systems  independent  of  other  boards. 


THE  MOSAIC  RAM  SYSTEMS  FOR 
THE  SERIOUS  ATARI  OWNER. 


THE  MOSAIC  32K  RAM 


For  the  serious  Atari  owner.  This  is  the  32K  RAM  board 
you've  been  hearing  about.  It  has  every  feature  you 
could  want  from  a  RAM  board  and  more  features  than 
any  other  board  offers.  Each  Mosaic  32K  RAM  comes  with 
complete  instructions  so  in  a  few  minutes  you  will  have 
expanded  your  Atari  800  to  48K  RAM.  The  Mosaic  32K 
RAM  works  as  well  in  the  Atari  400,  but  we  suggest  the 
NEW  Mosaic  Expander. 


THE  MOSAIC  EXPANDER 


This  is  the  most  effective  way  you  can  expand  to  32K 
RAM  for  your  Atari  400  computer.  And  at  almost  the  16K 
price!  The  revolutionary  Mosaic  Expander  is  a  memory 
board  with  16K  RAM  in  place  and  open  slots  to  add  16K 
more  from  the  Atari  16K  board  that  comes  with  your  Atari 
400.  Each  board  comes  with  complete  instructions  so  in  a 
few  minutes  you  will  have  expanded  to  32K  RAM. 
For  your  nearest  Mosaic  dealer  call  toll  free 
800-547-2807 
"Trademark  of  Atari.  Inc. 

7i  mosflic 

ELECTRONICS 

P.O.  Box  708  Oregon  City,  Oregon  97045 
503/655-9574  Toll  Free  800-547-2807 


December  1982    Vol.  4,  No.  12 


FEATURES 


16 
30 
44 
62 
84 
96 
108 


Computers  In  The  Home:  1990 Tom  R  Halfhill 

How  COMPUTE!  Readers  Use  Their  Computers  ['',  Tom  R  Halfhill 

How  To  Select  Your  First  Home  Computer  

Simulator;  A  Modeling  Planner  ,!!!,!!!!.!!!  "christopherJ.Fiynn 

CoICqIc:  Computerize  Your  Diet Charles  Brannon 

All  Sorts  Of  BASIC  Sorts   C  Regeno 

Is  Your  TV  A  Radiation  Hazard? ^''^.'''!!!!!!.'!!."'TomR.  Halfhill 


EDUCATION  AND  RECREATION 


114 

126 
138 
143 
152 
164 
169 


How  To  Use  SYS:  Part  2   John  C.Johnson 

Nome  Play Bob  Sullivan 

VIC  And  PET  PILOT  Interpreter  Michael  Ting lof 

An  Atari  For  Christmas:  Part  2  Brendo  Bolch 

Hidden  Maze     :::::::::::::::;::. .Ga^Boden 

Understanding  VIC  High  Resolution  Graphics  Roger  N  Trendowski 

Making  The  Turtle  Count  David  D.  Thornburg 


REVIEWS 


172 
176 
177 
179 
180 
183 


SupergraphicsForPET  Elizabeth  Deal 

TRS-80  Color  Programs  Book  Review   Linton  S  Chostain 

Apple  Adventures Dale  Woolridge 

The  VIC  "Cardboard"  , Harvey  B.  Herman 

Mikro  Chip  Assembler  For  The  PET ArthurB  Hunkins 

Epson  Graftrax-80   Charles  Brannon 


COLUMNS  AND  DEPARTMENTS 


6 
10 
122 
129 
132 
160 
186 
189 
240 
250 


The  Editor's  Notes Robert  Lock 

Ask  The  Readers  The  Editors  And  Reoders  of  COMPUTE! 

The  Beginner's  Page:  Easy  Chonges  Richard  Mansfield 

Learning  With  Computers:  Computer  Literacy Mary  Humphrey 

Friends  Of  The  Turtle  David  D.  Thomburg 

The  World  Inside  The  Computer:  Software,  Sexism,  And  Other  Topics  Fred  D'Ignazio 

Computers  And  Society  David  D.  Thornburg 

Extrapolations:  Beat  The  "Applesoft  Renumber  Blues  Keith  Fatkner 

Insight:  Atari Bill  Wilkinson 

Machine  Language:  Hexed   Jim  Butterfield 


THE  JOURNAL 


192    A  Universal  Program  Lister  Jim  Buttertieid 

198    Renumber  Manny  Juan 

208   VIC  Block  SAVE  And  LOAD   Sheila  Thornton 

211    TextPlotll MorkGrebe 

-212    Commodore  64  Sprite  Editor  Stephen  Meirowsky 

215    Tiny  Aid  For  VIC-20  David/VHook 

223  Atari  PEEK  And  POKE  Alternatives JerryWhite 

224  Paper  Monitor  Switch  For  2022  Printer JackWeaver 

226  A  Floppy  With  A  Strange  Device   .'.'.'!.'.' Jim  Butterfield 

227  VIC  File  Clerk  DennisSurek 

230    Undeletable  Lines,  Revisited  P.  Kenneth  Morse 

232    Atori  Moving  Message  Utility  Michael  A.  Ivins 

235  Restore  (N)  In  Applesoft  .1'.'.'!. "fyiichael  Erperstorfer 

236  Codemover  Everett  Lumpkin 

«f;    Checkbook Harvey  B.  Herman 

253  Speed  Limit  For  Your  Atori Mike  Steinberg 

254  A  Graphics  Plot  For  The  Epson  MX-80  Printer .'!.     William  L  Osburn 

255  Flashing  Prompt  For  VIC  And  PET Glenn  Murray 

259  New  Products 

284  CAPUTE!:  Modifications  Or  Corrections  To  Previous  Articles 

2  86  COMPUTE  I's  Li  sti  ng  Conventions 

288  Advertisers  Index 


NOTE:  Consult  Listing 
Conventions  before 
typing  in  programs. 


GUIDE  TO  ARTICLES 
AND  PROGRAMS 


PA/ 

AT 

V 
A/AT 


P 
C 
AP 
V 
P 
AT 


AP 
AT 


PA/ 

AT 

V 

AT 
64 

V 
AT 

P 

P 

V 
AP 
AT 
AP 

P 

V 

AT 

AT 

V/P 


AP  Apple.  AT  Atari,  P  PET.' 
CBM,VVIC-2aOOSI. 
C  Radio  Stiack  Color  Com- 
puter. 64  Commodore  64. 
ZX  Sinclair  ZX-81,  *  Ail  or 
several  of  fhe  at?ove. 


COMPUTE!  The  Journal  for  Progressive  Computing  (USi'.S:  5M'>-,0)  is  [)iil,lislK-tl  12  limes  t-adi  ve;iihvSinuil  Svsieni 
hL-rvKt-s,  l[n.„  P.O.  liox  ri4(H>.  Crei-tisliiim.  NC  L'7Hi:)  L'S.A,  i'lioric:  (IM ')r.'7.'i-»IH0<(  K<iiiiiriMl  Oll'm-s  mic  Im  ii«l  ii 
(J25  Fulttm  Slrecl.  GrcenslMiro,  NC  2710:1.  Donicslit  S.iljsrri]nini,s:  l*J  issues,  S'JO.OO.  Sfi„l  s,.b.,  ,i.,ti,„i  „r<icrs  ,.r 
!,,ir,§*'.?  J  "i"  "'■'-'■  '"""  •'■'*'"'  ""  t:ircu!,iiioi.  Ik-pt.,  COMPUTE!  .\l;i,i,M,.inc,  P.O.  Box  .VllHi,  Hieensljoro.  NC: 
274(W.  Second  cia_ss  ])iist;igc  pawl  .n  Crreiisboro.  NC;  274(13  ;ind  adcliiional  mailing  offices.  Entire  conicnts convriehc 
©  1982  bv  Small  Svstem  Services.  Inc.  .Ml  rights  reserved.  ISS.\'  (1 1!)4-;?57X 


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Subscription 

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COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


Robert  Lock  Publisher/Editor-ln-Chief 


More  On  The  IBM  Personal/Home  Computer 

It  appears,  according  to  our  sources,  that  IBM  is 
preparing  a  $500  level  entry  into  the  home  market. 
With  the  rumored  introduction  still  at  least  six 
months  away,  the  "Home  Computer"  is  expected 
to  have  full  color  and  graphics  capahility,  as  well  as 
the  abilitv  to  be  upgraded  to  run  IBM  PC  (Personal 
Computer)  programs.  Our  impression  is  that  now 
that  IBM  has  had  a  successful  taste  of  this  market 
with  their  P(^  they're  anxious  to  move  quickly  into 
broadening  their  market  share.  The  main  thru.st  of 
the  new  computer,  suggested  oiie  som-ce,  is  to 
compete  with  both  VIC-20  type  graphics  and  the 
power  of  an  Apple. 

How  COMPUTE!  Readers  Use  Their  Computers 

"Those  things  aren't  good  for  anytliing  but  playing 
games...,"  "What  can  you  do  with  them  if  you're 
not  a  programmer?",  "Etc...."  We  thought  it  appto- 
priate,  in  this  home  applications  issue,  to  find  oiu 
how  our  readers  use  their  computers.  We  randomly 
selected  subscriber  names  {Vtjm  all  over  North 
.■\merica,  and  Tom  Halfhill,  our  Features  Editor, 
spent  several  days,  nights,  and  a  few  weekends 
tracking  down  COMPUTE!  readers.  Many,  not 
surprisingly,  interrupted  their  computing  to  talk 
with  Tom.  riic  article  makes  interesting  reading, 
and  we  welcome  your  thoughts  on  the  use  of  your 
computer  at  home. 

David  Thornburg,  our  monthly  author  of 
'Triends  of  the  Turtle"  and  "Computers  and  Soci- 
ety" columns,  has  been  addressing  philosophical 
problems  in  C&S  in  COMPUTE!  since  early  1980. 
Several  points  are  raised  in  Tom's  article  that  will 
be  of  increasing  interest  to  parents  and  children 
using  computers  in  the  home.  Let  us  know  your 
feelings  on  the  parent/child/computer  interaction, 
and  we'll  pull  in  the  comments  of  David,  Ttmi,  and 
Fred  D'lgnazio  and  present  a  forum  article  in  a 
few  months.  Another  relevant  topic  is  Fred's  col- 
umn in  this  issue,  "The  World  Inside  The  Com- 
puter." We  predict  some  thoughtful  reader  feed- 
back on  sex  role  stereotyping  and  children  with 
computers. 


A  Bang  And  A  (Small)  Whimper 

The  Commodore  64,  shipping  10,000  to  12,000 
units  in  its  first  two  weeks  of  production,  was  re- 
cently slowed  down  for  some  apparent  ROM  up- 
grades and  other  cosmedc  fixes.  We  hear  that 
several  hundred  of  the  very  fust  ones  were  involved 
in  a  recall  to  fix  a  firmware  bug.  Sources  indicate 
the  64  is  now  backlogged  to  the  tune  of  tens  of 
thousands  of  units,  and  that  production  won't  be 
close  to  demand  until  capacity  is  diastically  increased 
early  in  '83.  The  Commodore  MAX  Machine, 
originally  scheduled  for  a  fall  introduction,  will  be 
released  in  early  spring.  The  price  for  the  game 
machine/computer  will  be  re\  ised  from  the  original 
$180  or  so  to  the  low  SlOO's.  This  change  obviously 
reflects  the  fact  that,  since  announcement  of  the 
MAX,  the  price  of  the  VIC-2()  has  plunged  from 
$299.95  to  the  level  originally  intended  for  the 
MAX. 

Tooting  Our  Horn 

You'll  recall  that  our  October  issue,  a  scant  two 
months  ago,  broke  the  magic  100,000  press  run 
barrier.  Kot  only  did  we  break  it,  we  literally  crashed 
through  it!  For  purposes  of  dealer  reorders,  we 
had  to  declare  the  October  issue  sold  out  on  October 
4.  November  press  run  bumped  to  1 18,000,  and 
this  issue  hits  the  130,000  mark.  500,000,  here  we 
come.  A  recent  survey  of  our  new  subscribers 
indicated  that  87%  of  you  have  one  or  more  friends 
you  expect  will  purchase  their  rust  personal 
comptiters  within  six  months.  Introduce  them  to 
COMPUTE!  while  they're  at  it. 


In  the  November  Micro  World  FJectronix 
advertisement,  the  price  of  the  "System  310" 
appeared  incorrectly.  The  actual  price  of 
the  "System  310"  is  $1 195.  We  apologize  for 
any  inconvenience  this  may  have  caused  our 
readers  or  Micro  World  Electronix. 


■HlVV/y 


MORE  THAN  EVER,  ATARI  HOME  COMPUTERS 
ARE  SPEAKINO  YOUR  LANGUAGE. 


With  more  program  languages  than  ever  to  choose  from,  you 
now  have  more  opportunities  than  ever  to  utilize  the  amazing 
capabilities  of  the  ATARI  800™  Home  Computer. 

Whether  you're  a  beginning  programmer,  or  at  the  fore- 
front of  the  art,  you'll  find  an  ATARI  programming  language 
that  can  make  your  task  quicker  and  simpler  than  ever 
before.  Just  look  at  what  ATARI  has  to  offer: 

ATARI  Microsoft  BASIC  — Now  we  offer  the  inclustr>' 
standard,  the  most  powerful  Microsoft  BASIC  yet.  Widi 
simple  commands,  it  allows  you  to  take  advantage  of  unique 
ATARI  hardware  features  such  as  our  weU-known  player/ 
missile  graphics.  For  ease  of  programming,  it  includes 
n-dimensional  arrays  for  numerics  and  stting  handling.  And 
importantly,  conversion  procedures  are  simple. 

ATARI  Macro  Assembler— Faster  and  more  powerful  than 
any  ATARI  language  before,  the  ATARI  Macro  Assembler 
also  allows  you  to  access  more  memory  space.  And  it's  excel- 
lent for  I/O  interface  and  manipulation  of  such  features  as: 
player/missile  graphics,  sound  registers  and  peripherals. 
In  addition,  the  macro  processor  and  "include"  file  librar>' 
features  speed-up  program  development  considerably. 

Fig-FORTH— For  specialized  programming  needs,  such 
as  educational  or  game  applications,  ATARI  Fig-FORTH  is 
uniquely  effecti\'e.  Fig-FORTH  combines  power  and  sim- 
plicity in  an  efficient  lOK  size,  with  characteristics  of  an 
interpreter  and  the  speed  of  machine  language  code. 

ATARI  BASIC- An  affordable  and  easy  to  use  BASIC  that 
requires  only  8K  of  memory.  It  allows  you  to  take  advantage  of 
the  spectacular  ATARI  graphics  and  sound  capabilities. 


And  its  immediate  mode  error  messages  greatly  simplify 
debugging. 

AIARI  Assembler  Editor —An  excellent  tool  to  assist  the 
assembler-programmer  in  creating,  editing  and  debugging 
assembly  programs. 

PILOT— ATARI  PILOT  is  an  exceptional  learning  language, 
with  built-in  "turtle"  graphics  to  let  you  create  spectacular 
designs  and  pictures  with  very  short  programs.  Simple  one 
or  two-letter  commands  allow  you  to  create  a  dialogue  with 
the  computer.  And  a  single  "match"  command  can  perform 
complex  text  evaluation  and  pattern-matching  instantly. 

AIARI  Pascal— An  excellent  high-level  language  for 
teaching  structured  programming,  and  for  de\'eloping  and 
maintaining  programs.  In  addition  to  offering  all  the  feanares 
of  the  ISO  Pascal  standard,  ATARI  Pascal  offers  unique 
extensions  that  allow  you  to  take  advantage  of  ATARI  graphics 
and  sound  capabilities. 

ATARI  is  constantly  de\'eloping  new  ways  to  help  you  get 
more  out  of  your  ATARI  800  Home  Computer.  So  watch 
for  more  innovative  and  exciting  programming 
languages  from  ATARI  in  the  future. 

For  more  information,  write  to  ATARI,  Inc., 

Dept.C4Z,P0.  Box  16525, 

Denver,  CO  80216.  ATARI" 


A 


C  1",^.'  ATARI,  Ith-  All  SiuhiN  Bv^iTuxi 
•.V.i^hH..tr..nuhi' .ATARI  Pntr.im  txctarn 


ATARI  HOME  COMPUTERS 

We  ve  Brought  The  Computer  Age  Home™ 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Publisher/Edifor-ln-Chief  Robert C.  Lock 
Publisher's  Assistant  Alice  S.Wolfe 


Senior  Editor 
Managing  Editor 
Features  Editor 
Tectinicai  Editor 
Editorial  Assistant 
Administrative  Assistant 
Copy  Assistants 

Associate  Editors 


l^ictiord  IVIansfield 
Kathileen  E.  Marlinek 
Tom  R.  Half  hill 
Ottis  R.  Cowper 
CliariesBrannon 
Vlcki  Jennings 
Juonita  Lewis 
Mary  Parker 
Jim9utterfield, 
Toronto,  Canada 
Harvey  Herman, 
Greensboro,  NC. 
Fred  D'Ignozio, 
c/o  COI^APUTEI,  P.O.  Box  5406 
Greensboro.  NC  27403 

David  Thornburg 
P.O.  Box  1317,  Los  Altos,  CA  94022 
Contributing  Editors         fylarvin  DeJong 
BillWilkinson 
GeneZumctiak 


Art  Director/ 
Production  Manager 
Artist 

Typesetting 
Illustrator 
Production  Assistant 


Coming  In  January 

special  Music  And  Sound 
Issue  Including: 

Sound  Synthesis 

VIC  And  Atari  Sound 
Systems 

Sound  Effects  On  The 
Sincloir/Tlmex 

Music  On  The  PET  And  Apple 

Two  Excellent  Games: 
Thunderbird  And  The 
Juggler 

Supermen  For  The  64 

Perfect  INPUT  On  Any 
Commodore  Computer 

And  much,  much  more.... 


Georgia  Papadopoulos 
De  Pottef 
Terry  Cash 
Harry  Blair 
Dai  Re&s 


Associate  Publisher/ 

National  Advertising 

Sales  Manager  AndyMeehan 

Ad vertising  Coord  inator  Alice  S.  Wolfe 


Operotions/Customer 
Service  Manager 
Coordinator 
Assistants 


Shipping  &  Receiving 


Carol  Lock 
Fran  Lyons 
Christine  Gordon 
Dorothy  Bogan 
GaiiJories 
Chris  Patty 
Jim  Coward 
Lorry  O'Connor 


Accounting  Manager      W.Jerry  Day 


Bookkeeper 
Accounting  Assistant 
Ad  verti  si  ng  Accou  nfs 
Assistants 


Ellen  Day 
Linda  Roquemore 
Bonnie  Valentino 
Ruth  Granger 
Anna  Harris 


Small  System  Services,  Inc. 
publishes: 

COMPUTE! 
COMPUTE!  Books 

Corporate  office: 

625  Fulton  Street, 
Greensl^oro.  NC  27403  USA 
Mailing  address:  COMPUTE! 
Post  Office  Box  5406 
Greerisboro,  NC  27403  USA 
Telephone:  919-275-9809 


Robert  C.  Lock,  President 

W.  Jerry  Day,  Vice-President  and 

Comptroller 
Kathieen  E.  Martinek,  Assistant  To  Thie 

President 
Sonjo  Whitesell,  Executive 

Assistant 


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Company^ 

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.>--215-646-57C0 
,       s Mi  Metro  212-Bi'>7  6717 

COMPUTE!  Honii- 0^«7i^0MPU^^^^^ 

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QW.275.9809 


In  British  Columbia  Canado. 
Alaska  or  Hawaii  coll  40S-354-5553 
Elsewtiere  in  Canada  or  outside 
Nortti  America  coll  919-27S-'?809, 


Phoebe  Thompson 
and  Associates 

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Suite  13 

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and  Associates 

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Address  all  advertising  materials  to: 

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625  Fulton  Street 

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Authors  Of  monuscripts  warrant  Itiot  oil  materials  submitted  to  COfvlPUTE!  are  original  moteriols  witti  tull 
ownership  rights  resident  in  said  authors.  By  submitting  articles  to  COMPUTE!,  authors  acknowledge  that 
such  materials,  upon  acceptance  for  publication,  become  the  enclusive  property  of  Small  System  Ser- 
vices Inc.  No  portion  of  this  magazine  may  be  leproduced  in  ony  form  without  written  permission  from  the 
publisher.  EnHre  contents  copyright  i:  1982,  Small  System  Services,  Inc  I^ights  to  programs  developed  and 
submitted  by  authors  are  explained  in  our  author  contract.  Unsolicited  moterials  not  accepted  tor 
publication  in  COMPUTfi  will  be  returned  if  author  provides  a  self-addressed,  stamped  envelope.  Program 
listings  should  be  provided  in  printed  form  (new  ribbon)  as  well  as  machine  readable  (orm  Articles  should 
be  furnished  as  typed  copy  [upper-  and  lowercase,  please]  with  double  spacing.  Ecch  page  of  your 
article  should  bear  the  title  of  the  article,  dote  ond  name  of  the  author.  COMPUTE!  assumes  no  llobility  for 
errors  in  articles  Of  odvertisements.  Opinions  expressed  by  authors  are  not  necessarily  those  of  COMPUTEI, 

PET  is  a  trademark  of  Commodore  Business  Machines,  Inc. 
Apple  is  a  trademark  of  Apple  Computer  Company 
ATARI  is  Q  trademark  of  Atari.  Inc. 


Professional  Software  Introduces 
POWER 

by  Brad  Templeton 


j^ggg^g 


ADD POWERTO YOUR    ^eo.®* 
COMMODORE  COJ^PUIER 


POWER  produces  a  dramatic  improvement  in  the 
ease  of  editing  BASIC  on  Commodore's  computers. 
POWER  is  a  programmer's  utility  package  (in  a  4K 
ROM)  that  contains  a  series  of  new  commands  and 
utilities  which  are  added  to  the  Screen  Editor  and  the 
BASIC  Interpreter.  Designed  for  the  CBM  BASIC 
user,  POWER  contains  special  editing,  programming, 
and  software  debugging  tools  not  found  in  any  other 
microcomputer  BASIC.  POWER  is  easy  to  use  and  is 
sold  complete  with  a  full  operator's  manual  written  by 
Jim  Butterfield. 

POWER'S  special  keyboard  'instant  action'  features 
and  additional  commands  make  up  for,  and  go  beyond 
the  limitations  of  CBM  BASIC.  The  added  features 
include  auto  line  numbering,  tracing,  single  stepping 
through  programs,  line  renumbering,  and  definition 
of  keys  as  BASIC  keywords.  POWER  even  includes 

TM  POWER  is  a  Hegislered  Trademark  of  Prolessional  Soflware.  Inc. 
A)l  specificatons  subject  lo  change  without  notice. 


new  "stick-on"  keycap  labels.  The  cursor  movement 
keys  are  enhanced  by  the  addition  of  auto-repeat  and 
text  searching  functions  are  added  to  help  ease  pro- 
gram modification.  Cursor  UP  and  cursor  DOWN 
produce  previous  and  next  lines  of  source  code. 
COMPLETE  BASIC  program  listings  in  memory  can 
be  displayed  on  the  screen  and  scrolled  in  eitherdirec- 
tion.  POWER  is  a  must  for  every  serious  CBM  user. 

Call  us  today,  for  the  name  of  the  Professional 
Software  dealer  nearest  you. 

Professional  Software  Inc. 

51  Fremont  Street 

Needham,  MA  02194 

Tel:  (61 7)  444-5224    Telex  #951 579 


10 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


Ask  The 
Readers 

The  Editors  And  Readers  of  COMPUTE 

Screen  Memory  On  The  Atari 

Before  I  upgraded  my  Atari  400  (1  went  from  I6K 
lo  48K  of  memory),  I  was  able  to  use  a  whole  set  ol' 
POKEs  I  aecidentally  iound  one  time:  PORK  15424 
to  POKE  \6:\H'^.  These  are  X.Y  positions  in 
Graphics  0.  When  accompanied  by  the  character 
number  from  the  Internal  Character  Set.  p.  55, 
L'sefs  Manual,  ihev  would  produce  ihecliosen 
character  ai  the  X.^'  location  on  screen.  F<h- 
example,  POKE  15424,64  would  put  a  heart  at 
position  0.0. 

I  wrote  se\eral  programs  which  used  this,  but 
since  I've  expanded  to  48K  memory,  I  can't  get 
these  POKEs  anv  more.  Did  I  sacrifice  them  to  ihe 
new  nTcmory  somehow.' 

Richard  Fleagle 

You  (laidt'iilalh  raiiir  upon  screen  memory.  Thiswclion 
()f\(iiir  iiieniory  holds  all  llie  data  iwecssary  to  di.'iplay  !exl 
on  the  TV.  If\-oti  change  the  eouients  of  this  memoiy  with 
POKEs.  \oii  atitomalkally  change  the  display. 

Screen  meiiion  is  always  found  at  the  "top"  of  mem- 
o)y,  at  the  highest  addresses.  When  you  upgraded  and 
added  more  memory,  the  .screen  memmy  zone  relocated 
itself  to  remain  on  the  top.  Fortunately,  you  can  ahvays 
determine  just  xchere  screen  memoiy  is  on  an  Atari  with: 

SCREEN  =  PEEK  (88) +  256*  PEEK  (89) 

On  a  40  or  48K  Atari,  you  .should get  back  40960  as  the 
value  for  the  variable  SCREEN.  Using  that  formula  will 
in.sure  that  your  programs  will  run  correctly  on  any  Atari. 


Color  Computer  Maps 

Possibly  .some  of  your  readers  can  help  me  out.  I 
purciiased  a  TRS-80  Color  Computer  with  Ex- 
tended BA.SIC  and  an  assembler,  thinking  I  could 
come  up  with  some  simple  game  for  myself  and 
iamilv.  Then  1  found  out  that  the  addresses  of 
e\'en  the  most  sim]Dlc  ROM  subroutines  are  not 
available.  .\  letter  to  TRS-80  customer  service  was 
not  verv  fruitful  either.  They  said  they  were  not 
allowed  to  give  that  information  out. 

Such  information  is  available  to  .A.tari  owners, 
PET  owners  and  others.  Can  someone  help  me  out 
or  tell  me  where  to  get  the  informationr 

John  Gee 


When  a  new  computer  comes  out.  it  generally  takes  some 
lime  hefire  a  full  map  of  its  BASIC,  becomes  avail(d)te. 
COMPUTE!  has  printed  mam  such  maps  and  will  continue 
to  he  a  source  of  these  most  u.sefu!  guides.  Because  the 
Color  Computer  uses  a  version  of  dw  popular  Microsoft 
BASIC,  you  can  get  an  idea  of  what  to  expect  by  looking 
at  a  published  map  of  Commodore  or  Apple  Microsoft. 
Though  the  task  of  mapping  BASIC  is  not  fir  the 
lumice  tn'  for  the  impatient,  there  are  some  B.\SIC  pro- 
grams which  can  assist  in  pointing  to  important  suh- 
routines  and  iti  identifying  zero  page  u.sage.  for  a 
thorough  discussion  of  these  techniques,  and  the  BASIC 
programs  themselves,  see  "Mapping Machine  Language," 
a  two-part  series,  which  began  in  the  July  19S2  issue  of 
COMPUTE!. 


VIC  Soft  Memory  Recovery 

Your  ".\sk  Ihe  Readers"  article  on  the  Siiper 
Expander  Cartridge  for  the  VIC.  in  the  August 
COMPUTE!  issue,  was  great  information  for  me. 

\ow  I  have  some  information  for  William  1). 
(.oil ins.  He  said  in  his  article  the  only  way  to  get 
"yoLir"  meinorv  back  after  typing  Rl'N/.STOP  and 
RES  I'ORE  is  to  type  SYS  (i4802;  this  is  line  if  you 
don't  want  your  program.  But  if  you  want  to  keep 
your  program,  all  you  have  to  do  is  PRESS  the 
"Fl"  key\hcn  4  and  RETURN.  Doing  this  you 
disal>lc  the  S.E.C.,  which  has  ;-5K  oi"  RAM  for  use  in 
bask;  programs  if  the  graphics  are  not  called  too. 

1  hope  this  information  will  help  liini  as  much 
as  it  helped  me. 

John  Cre-sswell 

Reader  Walter  Dudek  sent  in  an  altenuilive  way  lo 
recoi'er  memoiy  non-dest  rue  lively.  He  points  out  that 
Graphics  mode  4  can  be  put  at  the  end  of  a  program,  or 
In  a  short  routine  to  use  while  writing  or  debugging  a 
program: 

2000  END 

2001  GRAPHIC  2 

2002  GRAPHIC  4 

Then  just  RUN  2001  to  return  lost  memoiy. 


Autorun  Atari 

H<nv  can  you  put  Autorun  on  a  disk  to  rim  BASIC 
programs?  Can  a  BASIC  program  be  saved  as  an 
AUTORUN. SYS  that  will  Ijoot  up  iiuo  R.AM  when 
the  power  is  turned  on?  Could  \{)U  help  with  an 
explanation?  Or  cover  this  subject  in  an  article? 

Jim  (iivcns 

For  a  tutorial  article  and  demonstration,  see  "Automate 
Your  Atari"  in  ne.xt  month's  COMPUTE!. 


UMI  games. .  .for  the  fun  of  VIC 


® 


Challenge  the  masters  in  Renaissance,  a  thousand 
year-old  game  played  in  twenty-first  century  style. 
T?ie  strategy  is  the  same  as  Othello™  or  Reversi™, 
but  the  similarity  ends  there.  Renaissance  will  test 
your  intellect  against  that  of  your  opponent  —  the 
computer.  You  can  recall  moves,  change  sides, 
switch  skill  levels,  or  save  games  to 
continue  later.  You  can  even  ask  your 
opponent  for  helpl 

Renaissance  is  Just  one  of  UMI's  chal- 
lenging strategy  contests.  Depending 
on  your  selection,  games  come  on 
either  cassettes  or  United  Microware's 
own  durable  cartridges.  If  you're  ready 
for  a  stimulating  mind  duel  with  the 

VIC  IS  a  registered  tfademiirk  of 


computer . . .  you're  ready  for  Renaissance.  Send  for 
the  latest  UMI  catalog  and  contact  the  dealer  nearest 
you.  After  all.  it's  Just  for  the  fun  of  VIC®! 

Adventure-packed  arcade-quality  games  (AMOK, 
METEOR  RUN,  SPIDERS  OF  MARS,  ALIEN  BLITZ,  and 
more)  are  also  available  from  UMI. 


United  Microware  Industries,  Inc. 
3503-C  Temple  Avenue 
Pomona,  CA  91 768  (714)594-1351 


^[^^ 


Commodore  Business  Machines. 


1 


• 


Just  when  the  business 
world  is  up  to  its  white  collars 
in  visiclones,  calcalikes  and 
other  spreadsheet  packages, 
Apple's'  come  out  with 
something  entirely  different. 

Introducing  Senior  Analyst. 

Like  other  financial 
modeling  packages,  it  allows 
managers  and  professionals 
to  ask  all  those  proverbial 
"What  lf?"questions. 

Unlike  the  others,  this 
powerful  financial  planning 
tool  was  designed  to  be  used 
in  a  corporate  environment, 
by  lots  of  people.  So  you  get 
lots  of  advantages. 

For  example,  you  can 
transfer  data  (across  diskettes) 
from  one  financial  model 
to  another.  Or  consolidate 
many  models  into  one. 

So  sales,  manufacturing, 
administration  and  any 
number  of  other  depart- 
ments (even  in  other  cities) 
can  easily  share  information. 
Giving  each  the  power  to 
create  comprehensive  and 


Willi  Senior  Analysr.  you  can  nou'  ciJiiiuie  forecasts 
by  merging  reports  from  dtstanr  dit'isfom 

flexible  financial  projections, 
budgets,  cash  flow  statements 
and  the  like. 

Want  to  combine  selected 
data  (such  as  important 
subtotals)  from  six  different 
divisions?  With  Senior 


Senior  Aniiiyst  /efs  dijjercnl  riepaTfrnents  sfi^rc  and 
more  pitch/orJcs  liiun  it  can  icli 

Analyst,  you  can  do  it.  And 
even  print  out  a  formatted 
report  that  includes  only  the 
information  you  need. 

A  report  that  anyone  can 
understand.  Because  the 
headings  are  in  English,  not 
in  code. 


nODC  ■  COL  ROM  CLB  UAL  PRT  DSK  Xft 


^f^KMiaTiwtmma^ 


Easy  lo  follow  cojnmands  allow  employees  to 
creaie  modeh  tuithout  (eaminjj  a  second  language- 

You  can  also  document 
and  print  out  all  those 
assumptions  used  to  create 
your  model,  to  give  others  a 
concrete  understanding  of 
how  you  reached  your 
conclusion.  (The  program 


.onsoiidatc  ilata  Tiiat  uxj\  the  company  doesnt  jnake 

even  allows  you  to  continue 
working  while  a  model  is 
being  printed.) 

To  complement  all  these 
accommodating  features, 
you'll  also  find  built-in 
functions  for  depreciation, 
linear  regression  forecasting, 
and  other  powerful  virtues 
not  found  in  most  financial 
software  packages. 

All  of  which  we'd  like  you 
to  experience  in  person,  at 
any  of  our  1300  authorized 
full-support  dealers  (they 
also  offer  a  vast  library  of  other 
quality  software  distributed 
by  Apple  for  Apples). 

And  don't  ask  for  just  any 
spreadsheet  package.Tell  them 
you  need  to  see  an  analyst. 


;applG 


The  most  personal  software. 


CaN  (800)  538-9696  for  the  location  of  the  authoriied  Apple  dealer  nearest  you.  or  for  information  regarding  corporate  purclwscs  through  our  National  Account  Program. 
In  California  (800)  662-9238.  Or  write  Apple  Cotnputer  Inc..  .Advertising  and  Promotion  Dept.,  20525  Mariani  Ave.  Cupertino.  CA  95014.    ®  1982  Apple  Computer  Inc. 


14 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Preschooler  Programs 

We  liave  purchased  unexpaiulecl  \'lC's  for  two 
Heactsiart  cetucrs  and  are  having  a  dliriculi  lime 
finding  software  aimed  at  preschool  children.  I'd 
be  interested  in  hearing  from  people  who  might 
know  of  sLicii  sources. 

Joan  Haversim 

Sflnixlliill  ('■oKiity  Child  Dcvvhifmu-nl  Program 
P.O.Box  183 
Ringknm,  PA  17967 

COMPUTE!  irgtilfiyly  Intblishi's  pmgrams  and  games  for 
yotntg comjmtcii.sls.  Sec  "Mathnian"  in  October  1982, 
"An  Atari  for  Christmas"  last  month,  and  "Name  Play" 
i)i  this  issue.  Al.so,  the  Computer  Friend  being  built  as  ii 
series  of  programs  in  Fred  D'Iguaziu's  'The  World  Inside 
The  Computer"  is  of  great  appeal  to  yoiaigsters. 


Machine  Language  Printing 

I  have  started  to  convert  my  BASIC  programs  to 
machine  language  (MI.).  TJie  problem  I  am  having 
is  that  I  don't  know  how  lo  print  a  character  in  ML. 
The  other  question  is  where  can  you  loaci  ML 
programs  into  memory  which  can  be  called  from  a 
BASIC  program?'  I  already  know  about  the  cassette 
buffers. 

Aris  Zakinthinos 

There  are  several  ivays  lo  print  characters  in  ML.  Perhaps 
the  easiest  is  to  load  the  accumulator  with  the  character's 
code  number  and  ihenJSR  to  the  "output  a  byte"  routine: 
I. DA  #S4I  JSR  SFFD2.  This  is  B  ASIC's  way  of  printing 
to  the  screen.  The  next  time  you  JSR  to  SFFD2,  the 
character  will  be  printed  in  the  space  following  the  previous 
character.  Alternatively,  you  could  IDA  +  S41  and  then 
STA  $8000  or  ivherever  your  screen  RAM  is  located. 
This  is  the  ecjuivalent  of  a  BASIC  POKE. 

You  don't  tneniion  which  computer  \ou  use.  but  we 
are  assuming  that  it's  a  Commodore  model  since  you  speak 
of  the  traditional  cassette  buffer  location  for  hiding  ML 
from  BASIC.  Because  BASIC  puts  variables  in  RAM.  it 
could  ovenvrite  an  ML  program  which  icas  unprotected. 
Before  putting  ML  and  BASIC  together,  you  need  lo  re.'^el 
the  "limit-of  memory"  pointer  ($3-1,  35  in  4.0  and  Up- 
grade BASIC;  consult  a  map  of  your  computer's  memoty 
for  other  B ASICs).  This  makes  BASIC  think  that  there  is 
no  more  RAM  heyotui  whatever  address  is  indicated  by 
these  two  bytes.  It  will  perform  its  operations  below  the 
protected  ML. 

However,  because  ML  is  the  machine's  language,  it 
is  highly  specific  to  each  model.  )'ou  need  to  ivork  with  a 
map  of  your  version  of  BASIC  and  of  your  computer's 
memory  usage.  While  $FFD2  means  something  in  Com- 
modore BASIC,  it  would  be  entirely  different  on  an  Atari 
or  a  Tl. 


Commodore  64  Peripherals 

I  plan  on  buying  my  first  computer  by  Christmas 
of  this  year.  Llie  Commodore  ()4  seems  to  have  the 
capability  and  memory  I  need.  I  have  been  looking 
forward  to  seeing  the  54.  but  I  lie  more  I  read 
about  ii  the  more  concerned  I  becoine  about  the 
peripheral  coiuiections. 

I  read  that  ihe  VIC's  RS-'i32  uses  noif-standard 
voltage  (0  to  r>  volts)  rather  than  the  standard  (-12 
to  12  volts)  and  that  the  signal  levels  are  inverted 
from  the  standard.  Since  the  (>4  is  compatible  with 
the  peripherals  of  the  VIC.  it  would  .seem  to  me 
that  the  64  also  has  non-standard  voltage  on  its 
RS- 2 32  port. 

All  this  leads  to  mv  major  concern.  Will  1  be 
able  to  use  other  manufacturers'  equipment  on  the 
Commodore  64's  RS-232  port,  or  will  I  be  limited  to 
Commodore  products?  I  also  have  two  iriends  who 
have  TRS-80  computers  who  want  to  upgrade  to  the 
64.  and  now  they  are  becoming  concerned  that  their 
peripherals  will  not  work  on  the  64. 

Karl  T.  |ones 

Tlwre  is  a  cartridge  from  Commodore,  currently  avadahle 
for  $49.95,  which  converts  the  VIC  and  67  ports  lo 
standard.  With  this,  you  can  attach  printers  and  other 
peripherals  not  specifically  designed  to  be  compatible  with 
the  VICI64  RS-232C  signal  levels  and  voltages. 

Versions  Of  Atari 

I'm  curious  about  .some  things  that  were  written  in 
COMPUTFI's  First  Book  of  Atari.  On  pages  17  and 
18,  you  listed  some  flaws  in  Atari  BASIC.  Do  you 
know  if  Atari  has  made  any  changes  to  their  models 
that  would  correct  any  oflhe.se  Raws?  If  they  have, 
how  would  I  know  if  \  were  buying  an  older  com- 
puter with  the  flaws  or  a  newer  one  without  them? 
Could  I  icll  by  its  serial  number? 

I  intend  lo  piuchase  an  Atari  800  and  would 
hate  to  buy  anything  but  the  most  recent  model. 

Scott  Laphani 

Most  of  the  bugs  in  the  lOK  OS  ROM  (operating  system) 
have  been  corrected  in  what  is  called  the  "Revision  B 
Operating  Sy.<:tem."  All  Ataris  .shipped  after Jayuuny 
1982  contain  the  neic  Revi.mm  B  ROM  chips.  To  check  if 
a  particular  machine  lias  the  new  ROMs,  type: 

PRINT  PEEK  (58383) 

from  B.\SIC.  If  you  get  a  zero,  that  computer  has 
Revision  B. 


COMPUTEI  ivelcomes  questions,  comments,  or 

solutions  to  i.ssues  raised  in  this  column.  Write  to: 
A.sk  The  Readers,  COMPUTE!  Magazine.  P.O.  Box 
3406,  Creensboro,  NC  27403.  COMPUTE!  reserves 
the  right  to  edit  or  abridge  published  letters.  i 


l3Sl^^^^;S;i 


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Percom  Data  has  been  manufacturing  disk-drive  systems,  and  other  accessories 
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16 


COMPUTEI 


Decembef  1982,  Issue  31 


Microchips  art'  turning  up  in  all  kinds  of  "siiiart"  consumer  products,  not  only  in  lioiiic  computers.  Here's  a  look  at  how 
microchips  might  be  useful  in  the  home  of  the  near  — and  nut-so-near  —  f  dure. 

Computers  In  The 
Home:  1990 

Tom  R  Halfhill,  Features  Editor 


Remember  the  Jetsons?  That  Saturday  mornlnjr 
cartoon  (aniilv  of" the  2  ls(  cenUiry,  the  ones  with 
the  high  tcclv  house  tilled  with  fancy  gadgets.  They 
were  the  alter-egos  of  the  Flintstones.  Mr.  Jetson 
commuted  to  work  in  liis  flying  car.  Mrs.  Jetson 
kept  a  carefully  coiffcd  wig  handy  in  case  someone 
called  her  early  in  the  morning  on  the  pic- 
turephone.  Robots  did  all  the  housework. 

Well  don't  hold  your  breath.  Flying  Fords  and 
home  picturephones  seem  to  be  around  the  same 
corner  as  jirosperity. 

But  equally  exciting  high-iech  products  are  on 
the  way,  thanks  to  an  Invention  the  Jetsons  nevei- 
heard  of:  microprocessor  chips.  These  tiny  com- 
puters, etched  on  specks  of  silicon,  are  the  heart  of 
today's  home  and  personal  microcomputers.  You 
could  stack  hundreds  of  them  on  a  cornilake. 

Bui  although  home  computers  are  the  glamour 
children  of  the  microchip  revolution,  chips  are 
turning  up  in  a  wide  range  of  consumer  electronic 
products  as  well:  microwave  ovens,  tape  decks, 
stereo  receivers,  turntables,  video  tape  recorders, 
clock  radios,  cameras.  Usually  the  "intelligence" 
added  to  these  "smart  appliances  "  comes  in  the 
form  of  relatively  simple  timers,  sensors,  or 
counters.  However,  research  and  develo]>ment 
planners,  engineers,  and  futurists  foresee  much 
greater  po.ssibilities. 

Living  In  Xanadu 

Architect  Roy  Mason  is  building  his  vision  of  the 
future  out  of  plastic  foam  in  Orlando,  Florida. 

Dubbed  "Xanadu,"  it's  a  model  home  for  the 
1990s  and  beyond.  Xanadu  consists  of  domed  pods 
built  by  spraying  polyurethane  foam  onto  re- 
movable molds.  The  quick-setting  polyiuethane 
hardens  in  a  couple  of  days,  forming  perfect  seals 
aroimd  the  doors  and  windows  which  are  set  di- 
rectly into  the  foam.  The  resulting  structure  is  said 


to  be  so  well  insulated  chat  it  requires  only  a  (juarter 
of  the  energv  for  healing  and  cooling  as  a  similar- 
sized  conventional  house.  It  also  reduces  construc- 
tion time  for  the  basic  shell  to  only  three  days,  and 
is  claimed  to  be  suitaljle  for  any  type  of  climate. 

Bui  Xanadu's  really  revolutionary  features  will 
be  tucked  away  inside  the  foam  shell.  It  is  being 
crammed  with  every  electronic  and  computerized 
gadget  imaginable.  The  point  is  not  necessarily  to 
show  what  leill  happen  to  homes  in  the  near  futtire, 
but  what  could  hapfien.  Xanadu  will  cost  about 
$300, ()()(),  even  though  much  of  the  eiiuipment  is 
being  donated  for  promotional  purposes.  When 
completed  late  this  year,  Xanadu  will  open  as  a 
tourist  attraction  for  people  visiting  nearby 
Disneyworld  and  Epcot  Center. 

Architect  Mason  believes  Xanadu  will  alter  the 
way  we  now  tend  to  think  of  houses  -  as  little  more 
than  inanimate,  passive  shelters  against  the  ele- 
ments. "No  one's  really  looked  at  the  house  as  a 
total  organic  system,"  says  Ma.son,  who  is  also  the 
architecture  editor  of  The  Futurist  magazine.  "The 
house  cat!  have  intelligence  and  each  room  can 
have  intelligence." 

Take  Xanadu's  kitchen,  for  example.  It's 
equipped  vvith  a  "familv  dietitian"  consisting  of 
four  microcomputers,  h  plans  well-lialanccd  meals 
for  family  members  depending  on  their  height, 
weight,  .sex,  age,  and  levels  ofactivity.  If  you  come 
home  from  a  busy  day  and  Inform  the  comijuter- 
dietitian  that  you  skipped  lunch  and  nibbled  on  a 
candy  bar  instead,  it  calculates  supper  based  on  the 
nutrients  you  mi.ssed.  An  "auto-chef  can  move 
food  from  the  refrigerator  to  the  microwave  oven 
to  the  dining  table,  and  the  computers  keep  track 
of  the  grocery  inventory  so  you  know  what  to  re- 
place. The  auto-chef  can  even  regulate  the  ambi- 
ence of  the  dining  room  to  match  your  meals, 
adjusting  the  lighting  and  background  music  to 


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You  keep  Br0derbund  at  the  top  of  the  best  seller 
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Br0derbund  products  are  available  at  your  retailer  or  by  writing  to: 
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20 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


coinpleincni  your  Mexican  clinnt-r,  ior  iiistancx'. 

Some  of  that  food  is  grown  b)'  the  house  itself. 
Xanadu  has  a  bLiill-in  greenhouse.  Naturally,  a 
niif. nKoniputcf  rnonilors  iIr-  vvalcring  oi  ]jlants, 
artificial  sunlight,  vcntiiaiioii,  humidity,  soil  con- 
tent, and  the  shutters  and  awnings. 

Tlie  gt  oceries  vou  can't  grow  can  be  bought  by 
lele-shojiping  al  the  household  work  station.  The 
catalog  is  on  a  yidcMidisc  system  hooked  inio  (lie 
mi(roc()m]naer,  and  (he  transaction  is  handled 
with  the  help  of  tele-banking.  The  work  station 
computer  also  maintains  a  household  calendar, 
records,  and  home  bookkee]Mng. 


Architect  Roy  Musitii  and  a  day  iiuidcl  oj  his  cuucrj)!  house  for 
the  1990s,  ■'Xanadu." (Credit:  Barn  Filz!j;erald) 


Xanadti  incorporates  the  latest  "electronic 
collage"  concepts  to  leduce  or  eliminate  daily 
conmiuiing  to  and  from  work.  A  siudy/ofHce  shows 
how  business  could  be  conducted  from  the  home, 
with  electronic  mail,  access  kj  stock  and  com- 
modities trading,  and  news  services. 

Xanadus  other  features  include  '■.VutoOasis," 
a  computer-controlled  party  room:  a  health  spa, 
where  a  computer  suggests  exercises  based  on  \our 


physical  characteristics  and  diet;  a  familv  learning 
center  with  four  talking  microcomputers  that  run 
educational  software  and  even  an  interactive 
psychoanalysis  program;  illusionary  "windows" 
that  display  computer-generated  images,  just  in 
case  you  get  lired  of  staring  at  the  laimdry  on  the 
Joneses  clothesline;  a  "Sen.sorium"  w  ith  hologram 
])rojeciion  and  a  compiKcr-conlroIled  bio-feedback 
device  which  regulates  backgroimd  nuisic  aiul 
abstract  patterns  on  the  walls  in  itme  with  \<)ur 
moods;  and  an  electronic  art  gallery  with  ever- 
changing,  laser-projecled  images. 

With  all  this  advanced  electronics,  vou're 
probably  wondering  at  diis  ]K)iiil  al)ou(  Xanadu's 
horrentious  electric  bills,  \hison  has  an  answer  lor 
that,  too.  A  central  microcompulrer  monitors  all 
energy  consumption  and  eventually  will  be  pro- 
gra(nmable  as  a  wa(chdog.  "You  could  program 
(he  bouse,  Tm  only  going  to  spend  .S-'^OO  this  nionlli 
lor  ulilitics  and  tha('s  thai.'  So  you'd  piogram  ihai 
on  the  keyboard  and  the  hou.se  would  only  use 
.IfBOO  worth  of  utilities.  Of  course,  you  might  not 
get  vour  laimdry  done  for  a  few  davs.  but  ihafs 
your  decision." 

The  ceiKral  computer  is  par(  of  die  lamily 
media  room,  which  also  includes  video  games  (ot 
course),  two-way  cable  TV,  and  a  large-screen 
video  proiec(ion  system.  But  the  central  computer 
is  (he  hear(  of  the  iiou.se,  and  comprises  what  Mason 
refers  to  as  the  "elecironic  hearth." 

The  Electronic  Hearth 

"The  home  of  the  future  will  be  more  like  the 
home  of  the  past  (ban  die  home  of  the  present." 
savs  \hi.son.  "It  used  to  be  that  the  whole  family 
gatheied  around  the  hearth  for  entertainment 
activities,  meals,  and  so  on.  The  home  of  the  luture 
will  feature  what  I  call  an  'electronic  hearth,'  a 
home  computer  that  is  the  center  of  the  family's 
activities  -  enterlainment,  bookkeeping,  meat- 
planning." 

.Mthough  families  today  gather  around  IV 
sets,  thai  form  of  entertainment  is  yxissive,  with 
little  or  no  interacdon  between  the  family  members 
and  the  TV  set  or  with  each  other.  A  home  com- 
puter, on  the  other  hand,  allows  interactive  enter- 
tainment. Mason  says  the  difference  has  yet  to  be 
fully  appreciated. 

"My  feeling  is  thai  the  home  computer  has 
never  reallv  been  a  home  computer,  it's  been  a 
personal  conipuier.  We  haven't  really  .seen  home 
computers  being  used  as  home  computers,  as  a 
house  computer.  [At  Xaneulu]  we're  using  the  home 
computer  as  a  true  house  computer." 

TomorrowHouse  Via  Apple 

Surprisingly,  mosl  oi  the  microchip  devices  in  the 
Xanadu  house  are  alreach^  available  olT-the-shelt 


HOW  TO  MAKE  YOUR  VIC-20 


TT 


I 


<3i 


1 


i    i 


Right  out  of  the  box,  your 
VIC-20"  from  Commodore  is 
one  great  little  computer. 
And  it  gets  even  better  with 
DATA  20  *s  easy  to  buy,  easy 
to  install,  and  easy  to  use 
enhancements.  Here  are  four 
ways  you  can  get  new  power 
and  more  sophisticated  capabihties  from  your  VIC... 

VIDEO  PAK  gives  you  a  computer  that  outper- 
forms systems  costing  twice  as  much.  Plug  our  car- 
tridge into  your  expansion  port,  and  your  display 
instantly  goes  to  the  mdustry-standard  24  lines,  with 
a  choice  of  40  or  80  upper  and  lower-case  characters. 
At  the  same  time,  you  up  your  memory  from  5K  to 
20K  or  70K,  so  you  can  handle  more  sophisticated 
functions— including  most  8032  software.  Our  pack- 
age also  includes  a  terminal  emulator  and  a  screen 
print  feature.  VIDEO  PAK  is  a  must  for  word 
processing— and  your  key  to  increased  performance 
on  everything  from  games  to  spread  sheets. 
Suggested  retail  is  just  $299.95  including  16K— or 
$399.95  for  64K. 

PRINTER  INTERFACE  is  simple,  yet  sophisti- 
cated. Flexibility,  continuous  visual  monitoring  of  the 
data  transfer  functions,  and  easy  installation  make 
this  an  exceptionally  smart  buy!  A  glance  at  the  sta- 
tus lights,  and  you  know  if  the  printer  is  hooked  up,  if 
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DATA  20  CORPORATION 


TM)\l  Moiillnn  Piitkuay. 
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Suiif  BH),  I.airinia  Hill.s, 


DATA 

COHPORMTION 


Memory  Cartridge 


Printer  Interface 


Price /Performance  Peripherals 


V  ]  C-20  is  a  registered  trademark  of  Commodore  Computer  Systems. 


22 


COMPUTEI 


December  19S2,  Issue  31 


items.  Xanadu  simply  brings  them  all  together  in 
one  place  with  little  regard  for  expense.  To  dem- 
onstrate thai  the  concepts  are  practical.  Mason  is 
planning  a  spin-oiT  model  of  Xanadu,  a  less  elabo- 
rate version  that  is  relatively  at'i'ordable.  It,  loo,  wil 
be  made  of  polyiirethane  foam,  but  will  have  less 
hardware. 

"I  don't  want  people  walking  through  this 
house  [Xanadu]  and  saying,  'Well,  (his  is  great,  but 
who  could  afford  it?'  1  want  a  version  that  is  at- 
I'ordable,"  says  Mason. 

This  version  would  have  about  2. ()()()  square 
feel  -  Xanadu  has  5,000  -  and  would  cost  aroinid 


"We  could  do  almost  anything 

in  the  home  right  now ...  but 

it's  just  a  matter  of  getting 

people  to  accept  it." 


$80,000,  Mason  hopes.  "We'll  probably  have  extras 
like  you  have  when  you  buy  a  car  -  you  can  make 
the  house  as  smart  as  you  want.  It's  already  a  pretty 
smart  house." 

All  the  cnerg\'  and  security  alarm  monitoring 
at  Xanadu  will  be  handled  by  a  commercially  avail- 
able program  called  TomorroiuHouse,  marketed 
since  mid-summer  by  Compu-Home  Systems,  Inc. 
of  Denver,  (Colorado.  TomorrowHousc  is  a  dramatic 
demonstration  of  the  future  possibilities  for  micro- 
computer-controlled homes.  Running  on  an  Apple 
II,  it  supervises  the  central  heating  and  air- 
conditioning,  monitors  temperatures  outdoors  and 
in  every  room,  and  jjerforms  dozens  of  other  tasks. 

"For  example,  if  you  go  off  skiing  for  a 
weekend,  which  we  do  all  the  time  here  in  Colorado, 
you  can  program  your  hot  tub  to  heat  up  to  102 
degrees  at  7  o'clock  on  Sunday  night  to  be  ready 
when  you  get  home,"  says  designer  Russ  Coffman, 
vice  president  of  Compu-Homes. 

TomorrowHoiise  also  enables  the  computer  to 
talk.  This  adds  some  interesting  features.  "If  anyone 
breaks  into  your  bouse,  the  security  system  detects 
it  and  the  computer  turns  on  all  the  lights  and 
starts  talking,"  explains  Coffman.  The  idea  is  to 
frighten  the  burglar  into  thinking  the  house  is 
occupied.  To  that  end,  you  might  imagine  that  the 
computer  says  something  like,  "Whoever's  out 
there,  watch  out  for  the  cobra!"  or  "Honey,  pass 
me  the  hand  grenades!",  but  Coffman  kept  it  sim- 
ple: "It  just  says,  'Intruder  alert  at  7 :03'  or  whatever 
time  it  is,  just  enough  talking  to  make  the  intruder 


think  that  somebody  is  home." 

For  the  future,  Coffman  wants  to  make  it 
possible  to  monitor  and  reprogram  the  house  from 
any  touch-tone  telephone.  When  you're  on  vaca- 
tion, vou  could  phone  the  computer  and  check  if 
any  break-ins  have  been  detected,  or  if  the  freezer 
is  still  working.  As  microchip  technology  advances, 
other  features  will  be  added,  too. 

"Voice  recognition  we  haven't  started  working 
on  yet,  but  we're  keeping  our  eyes  on  it,"  he  says, 
"We  eventually  want  to  fix  it  so  yoti  can  just  holler 
at  the  computer  and  get  it  to  do  things." 

Are  We  Ready? 

Actually,  some  planners  believe  the  biggest  hurdle 
won't  be  microchip  technology  itself,  but  market 
resistance  from  people  unaccustomed  to  delegating 
tasks  to  computers. 

"Companies  are  waiting  to  see  what  people 
really  want,"  says  Dick  Lane,  project  manager  for 
Honeywell,  Inc.  "We  could  do  almost  anything  in 
the  home  right  now  that  you  could  imagine  in  the 
next  20  years,  but  it's  just  a  matter  of  getting  people 
to  accept  it." 

As  long  as  the  housing  market  remains  de- 
pressed. Lane  explains,  microprocessor  controls 
won't  be  built  into  new  homes,  because  builders 
already  are  trying  to  save  every  penny.  Also,  people 
would  rather  spend  extra  money  elsewhere: 
"People  want  to  start  with  a  three-car  garage,  but 
they're  a  lot  more  cautious  about  the  gee-whiz 
features....  There's  a  lot  of  competition  right  now 
for  the  consumer's  discretionary  income  in  the  way 
of  electronics  products.  Right  now  the  pleasure 
products,  such  as  video  tape  recorders  and  video 
games,  are  getting  the  bulk  of  that  income." 

When  microchip-controlled  homes  do  become 
common.  Lane  also  doubts  that  flie  systems  will  be 
built  around  home  computers,  as  TonwrwwHaiise 
is.  "Our  perception  is  that  people  don't  really  want 
to  touch  a  keyboard  to  change  the  temperature  of 
their  home,  or  to  activate  security  devices,  and  so 
on.  We  have  to  fmd  another  type  of  I/O  device 
[input/output]  before  people  will  be  more  accepting 
of  it.  Voice  recognition,  <jf  course,  would  be  the 
ultimate." 

Another  problem  with  controlling  houses  with 
home  computers  is  that  the  machines  cannot  be 
used  for  anything  else  while  they're  occupied. 
Today's  home  computers  cannot  handle  multitasking 
-  running  more  than  one  program  simultaneously 
and  independently.  As  microchip  technology  ad- 
vances, tomorrow's  home  computers  may  have  the 
capability  to  play  video  games  or  balance  the 
checkbook  while  monitoring  the  furnace,  but  Lane 
predicts  the  functions  will  be  handled  by  separate 
systems.  He  thinks  this  would  also  be  more  reliable, 


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2^ 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


since  consumer  computers  aren't  necessarily  tie- 
signed  to  run  24  hours  a  day,  365  days  a  year. 

With  the  increasingly  powerful  microchips 
becoming  available,  the  computer-coiilrolled  lunc- 
lions  might  be  "invisible"  to  the  consumer,  since 
the  devices  could  "program"  themselves.  "The  chip 
could  have  some  intelligence,"  describes  Laite.  "It 
could  have  a  learning  algorithm  in  il  so  it  could 
know  what's  normal.  If  it's  cold  oulside,  the  fm-nacc 
would  learn  those  coiidiiions,  such  as  how  uuich  it 
should  be  running.  If  you  left  your  door  open,  the 
furnace  would  know  it  was  running  more  than 
normal  and  would  alert  you  lo  that  fact.  Or  il  the 
filter  were  clogged  and  the  airflow  were  reduced, 
the  fuiiiace  would  notice  thai  it  was  getting  less  air 
than  usual  and  would  tell  you.  " 

This  would  be  a  better  approach  than  pi'o- 
grannning  a  single  home  compiUcr  to  handle 
everything.  Lane  believes.  .\  more  imjjoitaut  con- 
tribution of  today's  home  computers,  he  says, 
mighi  be  sim])lv  acclimating  consiuncrs  to  the  idea 
of  computers  in  the  home.  "I  certainly  think  the 
personal  computer  has  made  the  most  dramatic 
impact  at  this  lime....  As  this  set  of  people  gels  more 
lamiliar  with  computers  and  buys  m<tre  personal 
computers,  maybe  we'll  see  a  desire  to  involve 
computing  devices  in  more  broad  apyjlications." 

Synthesizing  The  Beatles 

If  all  this  talk  about  compuler-conlroUed  homes 
and  intelligent  furnaces  sounds  rather  muudane, 
be  assured  that  microchips  w^ill  be  turning  up  more 
often  in  the  lim  products  as  well,  .\licady,  micro- 
chips are  becoming  common  in  video  cassette 
recorders,  cameras,  TVs,  and  stereo  components. 

Last  vear.  Sony  showed  prototypes  of  its  film- 
less  electronic  camera.  Instead  of  using  film,  the 
camera  receives  the  image  on  a  denseh'  packed 
arrav  (>[ chari^i'-ctnij/li'fl  devires  (CCI)s).  electronic 
circuits  sensitive  U)  light.  This  image,  in  turn,  is 
stored  on  a  tiny  interchangeable  magnetic  disk,  a 
lot  like  the  mini-fioppies  used  with  home  com- 
puters. Since  the  image  is  stoied  magnetically,  no 
processing  is  required.  The  pictures  are  viewed  on 
an  ordinarvTV  set  with  a  special  disk  player.  A 
full-color  printer  might  be  available  for  hard  copies. 
The  disk  can  be  duplicated,  erased  for  re-use,  or 
edited.  A  single  cookie-sized  disk  niight  hold  50 
picliues. 

The  Sony  camera  is  a  couple  of  years  from 
pi-oduction,  and  Sony  engineers  are  working  to 
overcome  a  lew  remaining  jiroblems.  They've 
done  a  fantastic  job  of  shrinking  it  to  hand-holdablc 
size:  even  with  its  built-in  disk  drive,  the  proloivpe 
is  about  the  size  of  a  :^.")-inm  single  leirs  reilex  cam- 
era. The  CCD  arrays  are  expensive,  however,  and 
right  now  the  camera  would  cost  around  $800, 


according  to  some  estimates.  Since  the  resolution 
of  a  TV  pictttre  is  nowhere  close  lo  what  profes- 
sionals and  advanced  amateurs  have  come  lo  expect 
irom  conventional  photography,  the  Sotiy  camera 
would  have  lo  be  aimed  at  the  mass  consumer 
market-  for  which  $800  is  a  steep  price.  But  re- 
member, it  was  only  a  few  years  ago  that  the  least 
expen.sivc  home  computers  cost  that  much. 

Tlic  computerization  of  .sound  holds  even 
greater  promise.  For  although  it  wilt  be  some  time 
before  video  images  surpass  the  (juality  oi  photo- 
graphic images,  digital  sound  is  already  clearly 
superior  to  today's  analog  recordings. 

Somid  is  recorded  digitally  by  a  computer 
which  "samples"  ihe  soinid  thousands  of  liuies  pel 
second,  and  tlien  converts  the  tones  into  digital 
bits  of  information.  The  advantage  is  that  the 
sound  can  be  manipulated  like  any  other  digital 
inlot  niation.  Kxtraueous  noise  can  be  dropped 
out,  weak  sounds  can  be  amplified,  ;ind  o\erly  loud 
soimds  can  be  tempered.  The  results  are  amazingly 
dislortion-lree. 

Some  "digital"  recorti  albums  are  available 
todav,  but  this  means  onl)  that  the  music  was  re- 
corded digitally  in  the  studio.  The  sound  is  re- 
converted U»  analog  when  pressed  onto  the  vinyl 
record,  since  the  needle-and-groo\e  system  is  an 
analog  process.  Even  this  hybrid  digital-analog 
melhod  is  a  noticeable  improvement.  Hut  ibe  audio 
industry  is  on  the  verge  of  a  technological  lea])  imo 
a  pure  digital  system. 

A  digital  audio  disc  was  introduced  in  Japan 
tliis  fall  by  Pioneer  Electronics,  and  may  be  intro- 
duced in  the  U.S.  as  early  as  next  year.  Music  is 
recorded  digitally  on  the  four-incli  disc  in  liny  j)its 
which  are  read  by  a  laser  "stylus"  on  a  special  player. 
This  is  .somewhat  similar  to  the  videodiscs  already 
on  the  market,  except  that  images  on  videodiscs 
are  still  analog  re])roductions.  I'he  digital  audio 
disc  will  dramatically  reduce  record  wear,  and  up 
to  an  hour's  music  can  be  recorded  on  a  single  side. 

As  with  computer-controlled  homes,  though, 
the  biggest  roadblock  for  digital  audio  di.scs  is  not 
technology,  but  marketing  considerations,  I'he 
record  incitistry  doesn't  seem  as  enthusiastic  as  the 
electronics  industry.  Still,  few  people  doubt  that 
digital  audio  discs  will  supplant  analog  discs  even- 
tually, and  re.searchers  aie  excited  by  the  pos- 
sibilities of  computerized,  tligilal  .sound  systems. 
for  example,  Verle  Rader,  product  platmer 
for  i'ioneer  Electronics,  thinks  tome)rrow's  com- 
puterized stereos  may  allow  listeners  to  modify 
recoi-ded  music  far  beyond  the  capabilities  of 
today's  tone  controls  and  graphic  et|uali/.ers. 

"If  you  don't  like  the  tempo  of  the  Henry 
Mancini  record  you  just  bought,  you  could  change 
il.  If  vou  want  it  to  be  a  samba  instead  of  a  march. 


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26 


COMPUTE! 


December  1 932.  Issue  31 


you  could  change  it  to  a  samba.  Or  you  can  analyze 
bv  computer  all  the  music  written  b\  Beetho\en. 
You  could  si(  down  and  compose  a  short  melody 
line,  feed  that  into  the  computer,  and  the  computer 
could  then  generate  a  Beethoven  s\mphony  based 
on  your  melody  line.  C)i-  \ou  coukl  Iced  all  the 
vocals  of  all  the  Beatles'  songs  into  the  computer 
aiitl  let  it  analy/c  them.  Then  you  could  \vrite  \our 
own  song.  Iced  ilial  into  the  com|iulei,  and  it  would 
conie  back  witli  your  song  performed  by  the  syn- 
thesized \()ices  of"  John,  Paul,  George,  and  Ringo, 
just  as  if  they  had  recorded  it  originally."" 

Of  course,  these  kinds  of  developments  are 
further  in  ihe  fiuure.  Closer  to  home,  Rader  savs 
stereo  manufactiuers  will  use  microchips  to  make 
their  products  easier  to  use.  Up  to  now,  it  seems, 
manufacturers  have  been  seizing  every  opportunity 
to  transform  iheir  audio  coniponetils  into  some- 
thing out  of  a  space  shuttle  cockpit.  That's  about  to 
change. 

"We're  encountering  a  lot  of  consumer  resis- 
tance to  all  these  buttons  on  the  fiont  panel,"  .says 
Rader.  "The  reason  is  that  our  market  is  changing 
.sotriewhat.  Up  until  now,  we've  been  .selling  jjriniar- 
ily  to  the  18  to  34,  male,  technically  oriented, 
middle-class,  affluent  buyers.  They  like  to  push  all 
the  buttons.  But  we've  pretty  much  saturated  that 
market.  Now  we're  finding  more 
buyers  who  are  not  1 8  lo  ,'H, 
male,  technically  oriented, 
middle- class,  and  affluent.  They 
don't  want  to  push  a  dozen 
buttons  just  to  play  a  tape.  So  we 
have  to  make  our  products 
simpler  to  ojieratc." 

That's  why  some  lop-model 
stereo  cassette  decks  now  sense 
the  type  of  tape  inserted  in  them 
and  automatically  adjust  the  bias 
and  equalization  to  fit  the  tape's 
makeup,  .\nother  new  stereo 
system  alknvs  you  to  switch  from 
playing  a  tape  to  the  FM  radio  by 
pressing  only  one  button.  Look 
for  more  such  featmes  as  micro- 
cfiips  become  more  widely 
adopted  for  consumer  products. 


The  Computerized  Chariot 

It  seems  strange  that  space-age 
devices  such  as  microprocessors 
would  be  wedded  to  that  huff- 
and-puff  holdover  from  19th 
cenlurv  technology,  the  internal 
combustion  engine,  but  the  fact 
is  that  auto  manufacturers  are 
rapidly  loecoming  the  world's 


largest  customers  for  microchips. 

.\11  the  manufacturers  are  increasinglv  using 
nncrochips  lor  such  tasks  as  regulating  fuel  flow 
and  ignition  systems,  computerizing  instruments, 
diagnosing  jjiolilems,  and  jazzing  it}>  at cessories. 
The  1983  Ihunderbird  will  use  computerized 
voice  synthesis  to  speak  with  a  three-sentence 
vocabulary:  "Yoiu"  key  is  in  the  ignition,"  '"V'our 
headlights  are  on,""  and  "Door  is  ajar." 

Again,  however,  technology  is  taking  a  back 
seat  to  marketing  considerations.  F.speciallv  when 
it  comes  to  innovations  such  as  talking  dasliboards, 
the  auto  manufacturers  are  stepping  softly  and 
measuring  consumer  acceptance  at  every  turn. 
Remember,  e\en  after  two  decades,  most  .Vmerican 
drivers  still  refuse  to  accept  seatbelts,  and  airbags 
are  often  regarded  as  an  outrage. 

Still,  designers  foresee  tremendous  possibilities 
for  intelligent  autos.  "By  1985-1990,  virtually  every 
car  in  the  world  will  have  at  least  one  microproces- 
sor," predicts  Robert  F.  llaase,  technical  planniivg 
manager  for  Ford  Motor  Cjompany's  Electrical/ 
Electronics  Division.  "Otn-  Uonlinental  today  al- 
ready has  foin-  or  five  microprocessors."" 

Haase  .says  microchips  will  make  pos.sible  the 
"personalized  car":  "You'll  have  a  way  to  tell  the 
car  just  what  per.son  is  driving  the  car,  so  it  can 


ffximc  a.  Rivurd.  chief  rn^nwer  joy  l-(iyd\  ElcrtriatilFJei-trtmics  Divisioit,  nnnl)ari's 
the  size  iij the  cumjxiity'i  original  FAeehonic  F.ngnic  Caiilrol  (right)  with  the  Idlest 
version.  The  new  controller  can  process  a  million  commands  per  second. 


FAST  ENOUGH  FOR 


Oii 

alien  won'l 

hang  around  for         -_ 
slow  software.  He 
wants  crisp  responses  an' 
really  fast  processing. 

For  the  human  race  loo,  slow  PET  BASIC     "; 
is  not  good  enough.  When  we  run  a  program,       -    - 
whatever  ii  (s,  we  want  fast  efficient  action. 

PETSPEED,  the  compiler  recommended  by  Comma 
IS  now  available  for  the  64  and  CBM  2.  It  can  make  anv  8 
program  run  many  times  (aster.  It  even  speeds  up  disk  harii 
guarantee  that  PETSPEED  is  easier  to  use  and  generates  faster  coda 
than  any  other  BASIC  compiler  for  Commodore  Systems. 

Using  PETSPEED  is  simple.  Just  type  in  the  name  of  the  program, 
wait  a  few  minutes  and  then  watch  your  software  run  up  to  40  times 
fastLM. 

Pets|.!eedis  not  simply  a  compiler,  il  contains  a  powerful  OPTIMIS- 
ER.  While  PETSPEED  is  compiling,  it  breaks  your  program  down 
Into  tiny  fragments  and  reassembles  it  removing  the  unnecessary  and 
simplifying  the  complex.  Dazzling  graphics.  Lightning  sorts.  With 
PETSPEED  anything  is  possible. 

Atso  available  INTEGER  BASIC  COMPILER  -  ISO  to  200  times 
the  speed  of  Basic,  Integer  Basic  is  for  those  applications  where  the 
speed  of  machine  code  is  required  without  the  inconvenience  of 
assembly  level  programming.  Ideal  for  scientific  and  educational 
users.  Compatible  with  Petspeed. 

PETSPEED  (Commodore  641    $1 50 

PETSPEED  (8000  or  4000  series)         S300 

INTEGER  BASIC  (SOOO  or  4000  series! .■ 

SPECIAL  OFFER;  Petspeed  PLUS  Imener  Ba 


28 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


A  Ford  jmilolyJM-  of  a  mulli-fiiiiclioit  dashboard  CRT  displays  road  maps,  radio 
rontnils.  and  niviroiimcit/til  rradoiils.  Clock  mid  talfiidar paiu'ls  am  also  he  caUcd  up 


'person;ili/(''  ilsell  by  iicljiisting  the  ininois,  the 
seats,  aiul  ])r()gramming  iiscHfor  your  lavorite 
radio  stations.'"  says  Haase.  "'The  car  will  personalize 
itscK'l'or  the  driver." 

In  a  It'w  vcars,  dashboards  may  incorpoiaU' 
CR'Is  {(■ailHKk--tav  tuix-s)  or  nal-paTicl  I.dl)  (lit]iiid 
crvslal  display)  screens  lor  readouts.  I'oinorrow's 
road  maps  might  even  be  in  the  form  of  computer 
graphics  stored  on  nopp\  disks  and  dis]3laved  oti 
the  .screen.  "()i  course,  there  yon  would  liave  ihe 
possibiiitv  of  bringing  up  maps  ot  increasingly  fme 
detail,"  suggests  Haa.se.  "Vou  could  have  one  map, 
perhaps,  showing  all  of  Michigan,  anodu-r  one 
showing  just  Detroit,  and  another  showing  inavbe 
just  one  <)uadrant  of  Detroit." 

A  niajoi- advantage  ol  this  system  would  be 
that  yon  wouldn't  have  to  worry  any  more  about 
folding  ui>  the  map  when  vou  arc  done.  Bin  vou'd 
still  have  to  worry  aboni  the  kids  spilling  jelly  on 
the  disks. 

Il  niighl  even  be  possible  to  pre-deline  voin- 
route  bv  moving  a  cursor  over  the  screen  map. 
Then,  like  any  good  backseat  driver,  the  car  could 
alert  you  to  wrong  turns:  "Mey,  dummy,  yon 
shoulda  lumg  a  left  on  F.lm  Streel...." 

";\uother  thing  you  might  .see  in  the  next  few 
years  is  sonar  devices  to  delect  if  you're  bac  king  up 
over  vour  kid's  tricycle  or  whatever,"  says  Haase. 


■'Ten  or  15  years  dt)wn  the  roatl, 
liie  sky's  the  limit.  You  can 
envision  radar  s)  stems,  sonar, 
infrared,  heads-u]>  displays." 
Heads-u(i  chsjilays  are  ]jrojec- 
lions  o(  instrumenis  or  other 
information  on  llie  inside  of 
windshields,  nnich  like  the 
cockpit  displays  on  die  latest 
jet  fighters. 

The  next  big  leap  would 
be  the  logical  extension  of  voice 
svn thesis-voice  recognition. 
Instead  of  pushing  buttons.  \(>u 
just  tell  the  car  what  you  want. 
"li  you  attach  the  possibilities  of 
speech  recognition  to  the  per- 
sonalized car.  vou  can  envision 
walking  up  U)  voin'  auto  and 
savitig,  'Ciood  mortring,  car," 
and  it  respcMids  b\  inilocking  its 
door  for  you  and  adjusting  its 
mirrors  and  seats  and  lurning 
on  vour  [a%<)rite  radio  station," 
eN:])lains  Haase. 

.\dvanced  svslenis  might  be 
al>le  to  ciistiuguish  between 
voices  so  you  could  progiam  the 
car  to  respond  only  lo  your 

own  \oice  and  \<)ur  spouse's  (or  ma)  be  not  your 

spouse's). 

The  Limits  of  Automation 

Although  some  sort  ol  conipuier-conl rolled,  radar- 
or  sonar-triggered  coIlision-YCrt(»;»,i^' device  seems  a 
likely  developmetu,  I  laase  ex]jecis  stificonstmier 
resistance  Ifj  any  type  of  automatic  f:a\\h'mn-(ivoid- 
iiiiir  system.  People  would  accept  a  warniiTg  light 
ot  bu//er,  but  would  resist  a  flevicc-  that  slammed 
on  the  biakes  for  them,  just  as  thev  are  wary  ol 
airbags. 

'There  seems  to  be  a  psychological  limit  to 
what  humans  are  willing  to  delegate  to  machines. 
We  perceive  a  fme  line  between  contrivances  which 
grant  us  more  (reedoni  bv  relieving  us  o(  certain 
tasks,  and  those  which  threaten  to  rob  us  of  ireedom 
bv  automating  some  things  we  want  to  control 
(Ku-selves.  Comptuers  are  bumping  against  this 
bouurlary  more  than  other  machines  because  they 
are  capable  of  so  much,  and  because  they  are  the 
first  machines  with  the  power  lo  automate  not  just 
mti.scle  movements,  but  afso  brain  functions. 

This  psychological  boundary  is  becoming  a  bit 
more  llexible  as  auiomation  and  coTn])tnerization 
become  more  widely  accepie{l,  but  in  the  l'\\<\  ii 
may  prove  to  be  a  limit  more  stubiiorn  than  the 
reach  of  our  technology.  © 


"        ■<  fv 


Atari  Innovators 


New  Exdtement  for  your  Atari  400/ 
800  from  Synergistic  Software 


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Probe  One:  The  TVanSmitter,  by  Uoyd  Ollmannjr.  m  a  research 

center  on  the  remote  planet,  Eldi-i.ss  \'.,you  must  deduce  how  to  use  the  .sdentitie 
devices  found  in  Ihc  lab  to  unlock  its  sealed  areas.  You  must  capture  the  "n-ansmitter.  a 
secret  device  needed  to  save  your  race.  Use  keyboard  commands  and  paddles  to  hglit 
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with  Synergistic  Software's  New  Utilities. 

PrOgl'anuner  S  Workshop,  by  EJennls  M.  KeathW.  a  collection  of  se^'en  different  utility  programs  including:  disk 

to  cassette  transfer,  BASIC  program  com])are  fUsts  differences  betiveen  2  different  programs),  cassette  baud  rate  increase,  analv-sis  oC 
program  code,  etc.  Ojic  utility',  the  A.VALYZER,  uill  unlock  the  mysteries  of  a  cassette  tile,  the  computer  RC3M  and  Rj\M.  or  any  portion  of  a 
diskette,  by  displa>ingdata  in  both  Hex  and  ASCII.  Requires  Atari  4()()/8()f)  with  IKK,  disk  drive,  and  cassette  ])layer  (optional)  . .  $34.95 

Disk  Workshop,  by  Dennis  M.  Keathley.  A  collection  oi'scven  diflerent  utilitj-  programs  including  fast  cni^ing  of  disks, 
sending  a  formatted  disk  dircclorj-  to  a  printer,  using  machine  language  character  strings  in  BASIC,  a  screen  dump  for  the  MX-80  Epson 
Printer  x^^th  GraftraJt  or  Graflrax  Plus,  etc.  One  utilit>',  DISK  EDIT,  allows  vou  to  easily  nriodify  individual  bjtes  or  entire  sectors  on  the 
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Graphics  Workshop,  by  Lloyd  Ollmann.  a  collection  of  utility  pro-ams  to  improve  the  graphics  capabilities  of  Atari 
programmers.  The  PLAYER-MTSSJLE  device  handler  allows  easy  set-up  and  use  of  player  missiles  using  the  Atari  BASIC  OI'EN,  PRINT,  and 
Pirr  commands.  GR/VI'HICS  ENHj'lMCEMENTS  includes  a  new  graphics  mode  and  bit-map  capabilities.  Package  also  includes  a  character 
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830  N.  Riverside  Drive 

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30 


COMPUTE) 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Hundreds  oj  ihamands  of  people  are  buying  home  computers  these  days,  but  you  still  hear  the  remark,  "A  home 
computer!  iVIiat  can  you  do  with  one  of  those  thifigs?"  COMPUTE!  sampled  its  subscribers  to  find  out  why  people  buy 
home  computers  and  ivhat  they  do  with  them. 


How  COMPUTE!  Readers 
Use  Their  Computers 


Tom  R.  Holfhill 
Features  Editor 


Bob  Federer  of  Toronto,  Ontario  has  used  his  to 
add  sound  effects  to  new  wave  records.  William 
Wilbur  of  Kittery,  Maine  uses  his  to  catalog  more 
than  1 700  model  airplane  kits.  Tiie  Millers  of 
Martinez,  Georgia  use  theirs  to  educate  their  chil- 
dren and  keep  them  out  of  the  arcades.  The  McLain 
family  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania  plays  games  and 
writes  programs,  Clint  Williams  of  Portage,  Michi- 
gan produces  an  amateur  radio  newsletter.  Roberto 
Huyke  of  Mayaguez,  Puerto  Rico  prepares  en- 
gineering programs  for  his  college  students.  Mal- 
colm F.  Smith  II  of  Beckley,  West  Virginia  forecasts 
the  costs  of  doing  business.  Linda  Timmons  of 
Leavenworth,  Kansas  keeps  track  of  her  high 
school  students'  grades.  And  13-year-old  Jason  H. 
Rogers  of  La  Mesa,  California  is  teaching  himself 
how  to  program. 

All  of  these  people  -  and  thousands  more 
like  them  -  have  found  everyday  uses  for  the 
newest  everyday  marvel,  the  home  microcomputer. 
Uses  that  are  practical,  educational,  fun.  No 
longer  merely  accoutrements  of  electronics  hob- 
byists, microcomputers  are  finally  coming  home 
to  join  the  TV  sets  and  stereos  in  family  rooms 
everywhere. 

But  among  the  uninformed,  the  question  still 
persists:  What  is  a  home  computer  for?  Readers  of  this 
magazine  probably  already  know  the  simple  answer; 
Why,  it's  for  the  home,  of  course.  But  some  people 
still  wonder  if  home  computers  have  a  "practical" 
use.  When  you  query  them  further,  often  they 
define  a  "practical  use"  as  one  that  pays  for  the 
computer.  Not  many  home  computers  are  paying 
for  themselves  in  a  purely  monetary  sense,  but  then 
neither  are  many  TV  sets  or  stereos.  COMPUTE! 
decided  the  best  answer  might  be  to  pose  the  ques- 


tion to  some  of  our  readers.  What  do  you  use  your 
home  compute)-  for?  Wh\'  did  vou  buy  it?  How  did 
you  get  involved  in  personal  computing? 

Pulling  names  at  random  from  our  subscriliers 
list,  we  contacted  readers  living  all  over  this  hemis- 
phere, from  Briush  Columbia  to  Puerto  Rico,  and 
from  Maine  to  Southern  California.  We  talked  to 
parents,  single  adults,  youngsters,  retirees.  .'Ml  of 
them  were  happy  with  their  computers,  and  in 
many  households  the  computer  was  rivaling  the 
TV  set  as  the  most  heavily  used  home  appliance. 
Few  of  the  uses  we  turned  up  were  particularly 
unusual  -  although  come  to  think  of  it,  just  a  few 
years  ago  any  use  of  a  computer  in  the  average 
home  would  have  been  considered  unusual. 

But  generally,  the  typical  uses  we  ran  across 
fell  into  three  main  classes:  education,  entertain- 
ment, and  efficiency.  "Education"  included  every- 
thing from  teaching  toddlers  the  primary  colors  to 
exploring  the  intricacies  of  machine  language 
programming.  "Entertainment"  mainly  involved 
playing  video  games,  of  course,  but  also  included 
the  intellectual  challenge  of  programming  home- 
grown games  in  BASIC.  And  "efficiency"  included 
everything  from  computing  personal  finances  to 
using  the  computer  as  a  tool  at  work. 

In  fact,  almost  all  owners  of  home  computers 
seem  to  use  their  machines  for  all  three  categories 
to  .some  extent.  Even  the  most  ".serious"  u.ser  ad- 
mitted to  enjoying  a  crack  at  Pac-Man  or  Space 
Invaders  now  and  then.  Overall,  entertainment  and 
education  surfaced  again  and  again  as  the  predom- 
inant applications,  especially  where  children  were 
involved.  Whether  or  not  everyone  agrees  the 
Computer  Age  has  arrived,  one  thing  is  never 
doubted:  if  it's  not  already  here,  it's  coming,  and 


Make  your  fun  and  games  computer  get  serious 

VlC-20®  The  Wonder  Computer  of  the  1980's.  Less  than  $300.  One  heckuva  lot  of  fun.  But  if  you're  using  your  VIC-20  strictly  for 
recreation  and  fun,  we  at  Micro-Systems  think  you're  not  getting  your  money's  worth.  Because  we've  designed  the  Micro-Systems 
IEEE-488  Cartridge  which  allows  you  to  interface  VIC  and  CBM  64  to  all  existing  Commodore  IEEE  peripherals  (8050, 4040, 2031, 
and  printers).  In  addition,  we've  designed  the  RS-232  Interface  board  to  allow  the  VIC-20  and  CBM  64  to  communicate  with 
various  serial  devices  such  as  printers,  modems,  and  other  systems— NOT  JUST  A  BUFFER  DRIVER.  Also  available  is  Micro-Systems 
Modem  for  the  VIC-20  and  CBM  64  which  allows  your  computer  to  utilize  auto-dioi  and  auto-answer  control  over  the 
communlcotion  process.  If  you  need  to  access  more  than  one  cartridge  in  your  VIC-20  expansion  port,  we  have  the  solution.  The 
V-Expander  is  now  avoilable  with  3  or  6  additional  expansion  ports.  The  6-slot  V-Exponder  is  switch  selectable. 


CIE  Cartridge  [IEEE-488] 

VIE  Cortridge  [IEEE-488] 

C-232  RS-232  C64  Interface. 
V-232  RS-232  VIC  Interface— 
V-Modem 


V- Expander  [3-slot] 

V-Expander  [6-slot] 

VlC-1210  3K  Exponsion. 

V8K  RAM  Expansion 

V16K  RAM  Expansion 

V24K  RAM  Expansion— 


99.95 
79,95 
45,00 
45,00 

12900 
4995 
85.00 
3500 
4995 
95.00 

149.00 


Available  from  Micro-Systems 


VlC-20  Color  Computer $  196.00 

V1C.1541  Single  Disk  Drive $475.00 

VlC-1525  Graphic  Printer $345.00 

VAC-Audio  Cassette  Interface $  29.95 

VMC/CMC-V1C&C64 

Monitor  Cables $   19.95 

Joy  Stick  [Arcade  Ouolity] $  29.95 


vrcyCTE-Termlnal  Communicator 
program  for  VIC  and  C64 

Cassette -„, S 

Diskette  „ S 

vr  40-VIC  40  Col  Terminal 
Communicator  Cartridge- 
Super  Expander 


-S 
-S 

Programmers  Aid  Cartridge $ 

VICMON  Machine  Language 

Monitor $ 

Intro  to  Basic  Programming $ 


10.00 
15.00 

65.00 
65.00 
55.00 

55,00 
24.95 


\fes,  Please  send  me: 


QTY 


MODEL* 


NAME 


TOTAL        (In  Texos,  add  5%  sales  tax] 


IMMEDIATE  DELIVERY  — 

Your  Name . 

Address 

City 


PRICE 


.State. 


.Zip. 


payment  method:  Check  C    Cord-Exp.  Date. 

Master  Card  # 

v;so# 


American  Express  #. 
Signature 


^ 


Micro-Systems  •  2554  Southwell  •  Dallas,  Texas  75229  •  (214)  484-7836 

'Registeted  Irodemorkof  CommodoiB  Int. 


I 


I 


I 


I 


-.'-.m'---r^^-' 


In  public  school  systems  across  the 
United  States,  PLiSTO®  educational 
sofitware  lias  proved  that  it  stimu- 
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NOW,  QUALITY  EDUCATIONAL  SOFTWARE  IS 
AVAILABLE  FOR  YOUR  HOME  COMPUTER. 

•  PLATO "  software  now  available  on  disks  in  Math,  Physics,  Foreign  Languages, 
Computer  Literacy— and  more  is  on  the  way. 

•  For  use  on  your  Apple  II  Plus,  Tl  99/4A  or  Atari  800. 

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t«mi»|>SE  THE  LiSSONi^  tHJn'  Fit 
YOUR  CHILD'S  NEEDS. 

•  Basic  Number 
Facts:  lets  your  child 
practice  basic  num- 
bers, including  addi- 
tion without  carrying, 
subtraction  without 
borrowing  and  multi- 
plication/division 
with  single  digits.  Kids  ^ ' 
race  against  time  to 
build  up  their  speed 

in  these  math  areas.  Designed  for  elementary 
school  age,  or  any  child  who  needs  practice 
with  basic  whole  number  operations. 

•  Whole  Numbers:  simulates  a  pinball  game 
to  hold  and  build  interest  in  whole  number 
operations.  Problems  include  addition,  sub- 
traction, multiplication,  division  and  mixed 
numbers.  Designed  for  elementary  and 
junior  high  age  groups. 

•  Decimals:  kids  are  challenged  to  break 
balloons  by  entering  the  correct  decimal 
corresponding  to  the  position  of  the  balloon 
on  a  vertical  line.  Numbers  are  entered  on  a 
trial-and-error  basis.  Software  automatically 
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For  elementary  math  students. 

•  Fractions:  same  format  as  Decimals,  but 
requires  the  use  of  fractions  to  break  the 
balloons.  Numbers  are  entered  on  a  trial- 
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order  until  none  are  left.  Difficulty  adjusts 
to  your  child's  performance.  For  elementary 
math  students. 


•  Computer  Literacy— Introduction:  this 
lesson  is  presented  in  a  fiiendly,  non-intimi- 
dating manner  with  touches  of  humor  and 
simple,  supportive  graphics.  It  presents  the 
history  and  uses  of  computers  in  today's 
society.  Designed  for  junior  or  senior  high 
and  vocational  school  students. 

•  French  Vocabulary  Builder. 

•  Spanish  Vocabulary  Builder. 

••  German  Vocabulary  Builder:  students 
are  presented  with  a  basic  vocabulary  of 
500  words,  including  useful  verbs,  number 
w^ords  or  conmion  words  for  traveling  or 
in  the  home.  Groups  of  related  words  give 
learners  context  and  similarity  clues,  \f4iich 
help  increase  foreign  language  skills. 
Lessons  supplement  introductory  and/or 
refresher  coursewoilc 

•  Physics— Elementary  Mechanics: 

provides  a  problem-solving  test  in  the  ele- 
mentary mechanics  of  physics.  Students 
are  shown  a  physical  problem;  then  must 
"purchase"  the  missing  information 
needed  to  answer 
it  correctljr.  The 
emphasis  is  on 
understanding  the 
problem,  rather 
than  just  supply- 
ing the  correct 
answers.  Designed 
for  senior  high 
j^e  level. 


oNTRpL  Jr  LuVl  V-^ 


L  CONTRpL 

\    DATA 


COMPUTER-BASED  EDUCATION 


34 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


oiii-  children  had  better  be  prepared  tor  it.  That 
alone  was  reason  enough  for  many  parents  to 
aetjiiire  a  lionie  computer. 

All  In  The  Family 

1  "he  Clniin  lamily  oi  Auburn,  Wasiiiiigton  is  a 
representative  home  computer  houscliokl.  Jolm 
Crum.  32.  savs  he  has  ahvays  been  inlercsied  in 
electronics  and  works  with  highly  s]K'cializcd  con- 
troller computers  in  his  job  ai  Wesicrn  Klectrit .  He 
started  oCf'with  a  Sinclair  ZX-Sl  for  himself,  l)ut 
when  he  returned  home  from  a  business  trip  one 
day  last  March,  hi.s  wife  had  a  surprise  for  him  - 
she  had  sold  tlie  Sinclair  and  bouglit  an  Atari  KH). 
"And  il  was  a  siujjrise."  he  says. 

Now  the  whole  lamily  is  invoked  with  the 
computer.  "I've  g(M  a  little  boy  who's  two  and  a  half 
years  olcf  antl  I've  got  some  educational  programs 
for  him,"  says  Crum.  "I  think  when  he  grows  up 
thai  compmers  will  be  nuich  more  necessary  in  his 
societ\  (ban  in  ours. 

"i  like  to  play  games,  even  though  they're 
frustrating  and  adclictive- which  I  guess  they're 
designed  to  be.  C)i  course,  my  wife  gets  in  theie 
and  plays  the  games,  too.  I'd  rather  play  the  games 
tlian  watch  TV,  leally,  especially  since  most  TV 
programs  are  pretty  boring,  usually.  Like,  I  have 
another  hobby  which  is  just  for  me  that  my  son 
might  takeover  somedav,  1  don't  know.  But  the 
coniputei-  is  .someihing  the  whole  fauiily  can  sit 
down  and  enjoy  togethei"  -  me,  my  son,  and  my 
wife.  It  sounds  sort  of  odd,  but  we  can  all  get  into  il 
togethei'. 

"I  was  smprised, "  he  says,  "but  even  the 
grandparents  get  involved  witii  it.  We  get  a  lot  of 
rain  here  in  Washington,  of  coinse,  so  on  those 
rainy  afternoons  when  tliey  come  over  for  a  visit, 
often  we'll  pla\  some  Sundav  golf,  or  one  of  th(jse 
other  games  that  are  slower  and  don't  require  .so 
much  joystick  action.  It's  better  than  playing  cards, 
and  cvcrvonccan  get  involved." 

When  he  finds  the  lime,  Crimi  plans  to  work 
up  a  telephone  dialer  program  and  an  inventory  of 
hotisehold  po.s.scssions  ibr  insurance  ptirpo.ses. 

The  Johnsons  of  Brandon,  South  Dakota  aLso 
have  made  computing  a  family  activity.  "We  bought 
it  last  winter,"  says  Jan  Johnson,  referring  to  her 
famih  s  Atari  400.  "We  had  a  reall)'  cold  winter 
here  last  vear.  so  it  ga\'e  us  scMiiething  to  do  to  keep 
warm." 

But  Johnson  says  she  was  a  little  reluctant  at 
the  outset  when  hei-  progiammer/analysl  husband. 
Ken,  decided  to  buy  a  home  computer.  "I  wasn't  all 
that  gung-ho  on  it  al  first.  It  was  my  husband's  idea 
and  he  tises  it  more  than  anyone  else....  He  tries 
otit  some  things  at  home  that  he  wants  to  do  at 
work. 


"Bin  since  then,  I  enjoy  it  myself,  too,"  she 
says.  "The  games  get  kind  of  addictive.  Our  kids 
[ages  four  and  six]  use  the  computer  i'or  educational 
uses,  with  some  programs  that  mv  husband  and  his 
friends  wrote,  fhev  teach  about  sha])es  and  colors 
and  things  like  that.  It  was  a  toy  al  lirsi,  but  it's 
working  out  belter  than  I  thought-  My  daughter 
has  .started  working  with  some  math  problems  on 
the  computer,  even  though  she's  only  six,  and  I 
think  it's  helping  her  a  lot." 

The  Jobn.sons  also  use  the  computer  to  balance 
the  household  budget.  And  since  a  family  friend 
also  bought  an  .\tari  400  al  the  same  time,  ihcre 
are  running  bailies  lo  see  who  can  get  the  highest 
scores  on  Pac-Mau  and  Missilr  ('.udiiikduI. 

Education  Versus  Entertainment 

The  educational  aspect  of  home  computing  was 

important  lo  the  Millers  of  Marline/.,  Georgia,  loo. 
"4'he  children  like  the  games  and  I  like  ihe  educa- 
lional  pari,"  .savs  Diane  Miller.  "The  kids  are  in 
there  right  now  plaving  either  Cattyoii  Climber  or 
Gold  Mine.  I  don't  know  which.  I  wanled  someihing 
to  keep  the  kids  out  of  the  arcades,  fhai  can  get 
preltv  ex])ensive,  vou  know.  We  had  the  .Atari 
game  machine  fnst,  which  is  a  pretty  good  little 
machine.  I  guess,  but  I  was  much  more  impressed 
with  the  computer  for  the  additional  things  il 
could  do." 

Miller  says  she  fust  looked  at  home  computers 
during  a  stopover  in  San  Francisco  when  her  luis- 
band,  a  U.S.  Army  captain,  was  assigned  lo  Korea. 
She  was  interested,  but  thought  ihe  prices  were  too 
high.  When  thev  recently  reiurnetl  from  Korea 
alter  a  two-year  tour,  she  was  ha[jp\  to  see  thai 
prices  had  markedly  dropped.  Nlindlul  of  the 
educational  possibilities  ibr  their  children,  ages 
nine  and  twelve,  they  bought  an  .Atari  400  and 
programs  such  as  Stales  And  Cdpiliils  and  Eurofmiii 
Capilals. 

"h  was  3()/."jO  educational  and  eiUertaiimient," 
says  Miller.  "That  was  mv  stipulation,  that  it  not  be 
usetl  strictly  as  a  game  machine,  that  it  be  used  lor 
educational  purposes,  too," 

Ihe  computer  has  more  than  li\etl  ujj  to  their 
expectations,  she  says.  In  fact,  the  Millers  got  so 
hooked  on  computing  that  they've  become  a  two- 
computer  family.  Diane  and  her  husliand,  Gary, 
bought  an  Atari  800  and  a  disk  drive  for  themselves 
because  the  children  monopolize  the  .Atari  400. 
The  Millers  are  amateur  radio  operators  and  plan 
to  use  the  800  to  control  their  ham  station. 

Now  they  are  trying  to  convince  other  people 
of  the  educational  uses  of  home  computers.  Ciary 
Miller  recently  demonstrated  one  of  their  Ataris  to 
a  third-grade  class  at  their  children's  public  school, 
and  another  presentation  to  sixth-graders  was 


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December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


36 


scheduled.  He  takes  apart  the  computer  to  display 
the  innards  of  its  Central  Processing  Unit,  circuit 
boards,  and  niciiiory  banks. 

Diane  Miller  says  their  own  children's  contact 
with  the  tnachines  has  tired  an  interest  in  conipuiint^ 
that  may  evolve  beyond  mere  t^ame-playing.  Since 
they  save  money  by  typing  in  game  listings  fi'om 


"I'd  give  up  my  stereo 

equipment  before  Td  give 

up  my  computer." 


magazines  instead  oi  routinely  buying  commercial 
software,  the  children  are  learning  .something 
about  BASIC  progrannning.  "The  kids  like  typing 
in  the  programs  and  getting  them  to  work  almost 
as  much  as  they  like  playing  the  games  when  they're 
done,"  she  observes. 

Joseph  D.  McLain  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania 
has  a  C^onnnodore  PE  T  which  does  doulile  duty, 
too.  The  McLains  have  five  children  —  ages  three, 
seven,  and  eleven-year-old  triplets.  In  1979,  McLain 
saw  a  good  deal  on  a  used  original  8K  PET  and 
Ijought  it  wiiii  a  small  windfall  ("When  you've  got 
five  kids  there  usually  isn't  any  extra  money"),  A 
programmer/analyst  wiih  experience  in  languages 
such  as  RPCi  and  COBOL,  McLain  taught  himself 
BASIC  well  enough  to  teach  it  at  a  local  college. 
Meanwhile,  his  children  play  games  and  use  educa- 
tional [programs. 

"It  helped  me  teach  hand-eye  coordination  to 
my  younger  kids,"  says  McLain.  "My  older  ones 
use  a  math  type  of  gaine  that  runs  through  a  series 
often  programs  and  then  spits  out  tiie  results. 

"When  we  first  gel  a  new  game,  of  course,  the 
whole  family  gathers  aromui  and  plays  it,  usually 
until  my  son  Todd  gets  the  best  score,  and  then  the 
rest  of  us  get  frustrated  and  quit." 

Roger  W.  Leezer  of  Orangevale,  California, 
who  is  the  dean  of  arts  and  sciences  at  California 
State  Univcrsity-Sacramcnio,  has  three  children 
between  the  ages  of  six  and  twelve.  After  shopping 
around  and  delving  into  hardware  manuals,  he 
bought  an  Atari  800  with  a  disk  drive  and  printer. 
"Basically  1  bought  it  .so  the  fannly  would  Iiave  it  to 
use.  I  have  more  access  to  computer  equipment  at 
work  than  I  know  what  to  do  with." 

It,  loo,  is  used  for  boih  educational  and  enter- 
tainment purposes.  Leezer's'wife,  who  works  at  a 
medical  laboratory  which  may  soon  computerize, 
wants  to  learn  more  about  computers  "so  she  can 
do  more  than  just  sit  down  and  type  on  the  keys." 
The  Leezers,  following  the  pattern  of  the  Millers  m 


Georgia,  may  buy  a  second  com]niier  just  for  the 
children. 

Marcia  Thompson  of  Owatoiuia,  Minnesota,  a 
former  sclioolteacher,  and  her  husband,  who 
teaches  high  school  electronics,  boughi  a  Conuno- 
dore  VIC;-2()  nine  months  ago  for  their  first-grade 
boy.  They  bought  the  VIC  because  they  wanted 
some  compalihility  with  the  PETs  they  were  accirs- 
tomed  to  at  school.  "We  do  have  a  couple  games," 
she  says,  "but  our  main  purpose  was  educational. 
It's  been  working  out  verv  well  for  that." 

But  Alan  Orr  of  Pineville,  Louisiana  believes 
that  many  parents  —  even  among  those  interested 
in  computers  —  remain  unconvinced  of  the  ediua- 
lional  value  of  home  computing.  As  manager  oi 
the  House  Oi  Electronics  across  the  river  in  Alexan- 
dria, he  sees  more  and  more  parents  shopping  for 
a  home  computer  "to  educate  the  children."  He 
suspects  the  real  motive  might  be  something  akin 
to  the  Toy  Train  Set  Syndrome. 

"I've  talked  to  a  lot  of  parents  in  my  store 
about  the  educational  aspect,  and  many  of  them 
u.se  that  to  rationalize  buying  a  computer,"  says 
Orr.  "What  they  really  want  it  h)r  is  l(j  play  games, 
but  they  say  they  want  it  because  it's  educational 
for  the  children.  It's  sort  of  like  psychological 
warfare." 

Ovv.  howc\  cr,  like  the  other  parents  surveyed, 
has  no  doubts  himselL  Nine  moiilhs  ago  he  iioughl 
an  Atari  800,  a  disk  drive,  and  a  printer  that  lie 
hopes  his  two-year-old  son  will  learn  to  use  in  a 
couple  of  years.  "I  want  my  bov,  by  the  time  he's 
three  or  four,  to  be  doing  some  sim]>Ic  program- 
ming mavbe,  or  tilings  like  My  I'irsl  Alphahcl." 

Meanwhile,  he  and  his  wife  use  the  .Atari  to 
plav  games,  and  he's  trying  to  catalog  his  1000- 
album  record  collection.  "I'm  really  involved  with 
computers  now,"  says  Orr,  "I'd  give  up  my  stereo 
equipment  before  I'd  give  up  my  computer." 

The  Computer  Kids 

While  some  parents  might  lie  a  little  slow  to  accept 
the  compuier  age,  yotnig  peo]ile  are  not.  Unlike 
I)raclically  anyone  over  22.  uxlay's  young  people 
are  increasingly  coming  into  contact  with  computers 
by  the  time  they  reach  high  school.  For  example, 
Peter  Lobl,  a  tenth  grader  in  Lindenhurst,  New 
York,  was  tm-necl  on  to  microcomputers  by  the 
Ck)mmodore  PETs  at  his  public  school.  He  almost 
got  a  video  game  machine  at  home,  but  then  decided 
to  get  a  computer  instead. 

'i  started  with  the  Sinclair  ZX-80,  and  then 
moved  up  to  the  Interact,  a  really  rare  compuier 
sold  by  Proteclo  Enterprises.  Then  I  got  the  VIC^. 
If  the  price  of  the  Sinclair  kit  conies  down,  I'd  like 
to  get  one  of  those.  I  like  to  know  what  makes  a 
computer  work,  not  just  type  in  something  and  sit 


■mm^^si 


I 


I 


:S>5  , 


That's  why  Apples  and  Ataris  are  saying: 
M  "Talk  Is  Cheap" 


.•Wi>.-'.'.>-*;'-?- 


ITS  CALLED 

THE  SOFTWHRE  AUTOMATIC  MOUTH. 

S.A.M.  FOR  SHORT 

"'"  ''  '''"h  quality  speech  synthesizer 
intirely  in  software.  You  use  it 
as  a  software  utility,  load  it  into  RAfUl. 
and  then  use  your  mactiine  as  usual. 
except  now  you  can  make  your  pro- 
grams talk.  It  generates  the  speecti 
sounds  on  demand,  so  there  is  r>o  limit 
to  what  it  can  say 

When  you  hear  S.A.M..  you'll  prob- 
ably agree  that  it  sounds  better  than  all 
the  hardware  speech  synthesizers  lor 
Apple  or  Atari  computers.  And.  it  has  a 
truly  remarkable  price, 

YOU  CONTROL  INFLECTION, 
PITCH  AND  SPEED 

With  its  user-vanable  inflection,  S.A.M- 
can  accent  words  on  the  right  syllable 
and  emphasize  the  important  words  in 
a  sentence. 

You  can  also  make  S.A.H/I.s  speech 
higher  or  lower,  and  faster  or  slower. 
over  a  wide  range  o(  settings. 


USE  EASY  PHOI^ETIC  INPUT 
OR  PLAIN  ENGLISH  TEXT 

S.A.M.  understands  a  simple  phonetic 
spelling  system,  not  a  mysterious 
alpha-numeric  code.  S.A.M.  helps  you 
learn  phonetic  spelling  by  showing  you 
your  mistakes,  and  Ihe  owner's  manual 
gets  you  started  with  an  English-to- 
phonetics  dictionary  of  1500  words  So 
it's  easy  to  make  S.A.M.  produce 
exactly  the  sounds  you  ^^ 

want.  ^2    J 

But  suppose  you  ^3  Jk 

want  to  type  ordinary  •^^mm- 

English,  or  you  want  [.ij»-».,» 
your  machine  to  read  a 
word  processor  file 
aloud.  The  S.A.IVI. 
disk  comes  with  RECI- 
TER, an  English  text- 
to-speech  conversion 
program  that  lets 
S.A.M.  speak  from 
plain  English  text. 


SAM 


ADD  SPEECH  TO  YOUR  PROGRAMS 
WITH  EASE 

In  a  BASIC  program,  you  add  speech 
with  just  a  couple  ol  commands  In  a 
machine  language  program,  it's  just  as 
easy  S.A.M.  comes  with  four  demon- 
stration programs  to  show  off  its  dis- 
tinctive features  and  help  to  write  your 
own  talking  programs.  Write  adventure 
games  with  talking  characters,  educa- 
^  ^  tjonal  programs  that 

njl  explain  aloud,  or 

bIWi  utilities  with  spoken 

prompts  -  put  your 
imagination  to  work. 


iS2i^ 


You  can  order 
S.A.M.  directly  from 
DON  T  ASK.  Add 
$2.00  lor  shipping  and 
handling  to  your  check 
or  money  order  (or 
order  COD.) 


Hear  S.A.M.  at  your  favorite  computer  store  today! 
Dealer  inquiries  welcome. 

taut  n  2  iruenuKt  c:(  «nM  Conwtw.  Mc  •  Atui  a  ■  inOMun  ol  i^an.  Uk 


S.A.IU.  for  the  Apple  ll/ll-^ 

Includes  an  S-bit  digitat-to-analog  con- 
verter and  audio  amplifier  on  a  board. 
Only  S124.9S 

Requires  48K,  disk.  (S.A.M.  takes  up  to 
9K:  RECITER  6K.)  You  will  also  need 
a  speaker. 

S.A.M.  tor  the  Atari  400.'800 
S.A.M.  talks  through  your  television 
speaker.  No  additional  hardware  is 
required.  Only  $59.95 
Requires  32K.  disk.  (S.A.M.  takes  up 
9K;  RECITER  6K.)  Note:  to  produce 
the  highest  quality  speech.  S.A.M. 
automatically  blanks  the  screen  during 
vocal  output;  the  display  is  preserved. 
S.A.M.  can  talk  with  the  screen  on,  but 
the  speech  quality  is  reduced. 


DCDnTASK] 

1  COMPUTER  software] 


2265  Westwood  Boulevard.  Suite  B-150 

Los  Angeles.  California  90064 

Telephone:  (213)  397-8811 


38 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


back  and  say,  "Hev,  iliis  works.' "' 

Pelcr  is  trying  to  learn  machine  language  and 
hopes  to  get  a  part-time  job  at  a  local  computer 
store  run  by  a  teacher.  "I  might  go  to  school  for 
compiileis  when  I  (Inisli  up  high  school,  1  don't 
know  yet,"  he  says.  "It  would  be  kiiuia  nice  to  wriie 
a  Caverns  Of  Mars,  make  a  few  grand,  sit  back  and 


"It  started  back  in  grade  six.... 

Our  class  had  a  PET  computer. 
Our  teacher  was  very  interested. 

We  spent  a  lot  of  time  after 
school  talking  about  computers." 


relax,  maybe  i)uy  a  yacht...." 

(Iniig  Miurav  of  Vancouver,  Biiiish  Columbia 
was  introduced  to  computers  at  bis  private  school. 
"It  started  back  in  grade  six."  explains  Craig,  14. 
"Our  class  had  a  PET  computer.  Our  teacher  was 
very  inlcre.sted.  We  spent  a  lot  of  time  after  school 
talking  about  computers.  Then  in  se\enth  grade 
we  had  two  PETs  and  I  got  even  more  interested. 
Then  when  1  got  up  to  eighth  grade  we  bad  Apples 
and  PI) P- lis." 

Attracted  bv  the  color  graphics  and  sound, 
and  already  familiar  with  Ciommodores,  Craig 
soon  got  a  \TC-20.  Then  his  brother  David,  15,  got 
hooked. 

'"My  Ijrother  got  me  involved  in  computing, 
I  guess,"  says  David.  "He  taught  me  the  PRINT 
statement." 

Now  both  of  them  are  busv  playing  games, 
writing  programs,  and  pushing  the  V'lC  to  its 
limits.    I  wrote  a  program  that  imitates  the  high- 
resolution  screen  of  the  Apple  almost  exactly," 
David  savs.  "However,  it  also  uses  practically  all  of 
the  mcmorv  in  the  machine.  I  diink  I  u.sed  every- 
thing right  up  to  the  very  last  byte." 

Mark  Rees  first  got  his  hands  on  an  Apple  I! 
when  he  was  a  high  school  junior  in  Wa.shinglon, 
Illinois.  Now  a  freshman  engineering  majorat 
Illinois  Central  College,  he  pitched  in  with  his 
brother  Steve  -  a  high  school  senior  who  also  plans 
to  major  in  engineering  —  to  buy  an  Apple  III. 
Why?  Because  the  college  uses  Apple  His  and  the 
brothers  can  do  their  computer  work  at  hotne 
instead  of  crowding  into  the  school's  lab. 

"There's  no  doubt  about  it,  that  it's  helped  us 
out,"  says  Mark.  "If  we  couldn't  do  our  schoolwork 
at  home,  we'd  have  to  use  the  school's  computers 
during  their  hours,  and  when  you're  working 
[part-time],  it's  not  easy  to  get  the  same  hours," 

In  La  Mesa,  California,  13-year-old  Jason  H. 


Rogers  has  been  tinkering  with  his  Vl(!-2()  since 
March.  Jason's  school  also  uses  PETs  and  has  a 
computer  club  which  he  is  joining  this  year.  For 
Jason,  computing  was  a  logical  extension  ot  his 
interests.  "Cirandpa  had  wires  and  lighlbulbs  and 
stuff  laying  aroimd,  so  I've  always  been  Iboling 
aroimd  with  electronics.  Then  when  comjjuters 
came  out,  1  started  buving  computer  magazines 
and  reading  about  them,  and  pretlv  soon  I  was 
wanting  one.  Then  1  got  a  letter  frotn  my  uncle 
saving  that  he  had  got  a  V^C^2()  (or  nic.  and  I  was 
really  surprised.  " 

Now  Jason  is  btirying  himself  in  computer 
magazines  and  library  books,  teaching  himself  how 
to  program.  "I  like  to  program  music  into  il,  to 
play  tunes  and  stuff,  because  it's  simple  ixnd  it's 
fun." 

Computing  For  Fun  And  Profit 

But  young  ]K'ople  aren't  the  only  ones  ctuious 
about  computers.  Adults  too  old  to  have  encoun- 
tered com]Jutei-s  in  school  are  also  discovering 
what  all  the  fuss  is  about.  Some  of  the  adults  sur- 
veyed bought  computers  for  educational  purposes 

-  not  for  children,  but  for  ihem.selvcs. 

"The  main  reason  I  bought  it  was  bee  ausc  my 
education  bad  nothing  to  do  with  computers,"  says 
John  Swisher.  42,  an  Atari  4()()  owner  in  Bay  Village, 
Ohio.  "4  liev  didn't  even  have  electronic  calculators 
wlien  I  was  in  .school,  .so  I  knew  zero  about  com- 
puters. I  tried  taking  some  of  those  adull  education 
classes  at  night,  but  they're  always  filled  up.  So 
mainly  1  got  it  just  to  learn  what  they're  all  about." 

A  runner,  Swisher  uses  his  machine  to  keep 
track  of  his  times,  distances,  and  averages,  and  to 
catalog  his  record  collection.  His  two  elementary- 
age  children  mostly  play  games.  "It's  mostly  just 
for  education  and  entertainment,"  he  says.  "But 
although  I  haven't  found  a  way  to  make  it  pay  for 
itself  yet,  I've  still  been  very  happy  with  it." 

Some  adults  are  expensed  to  computers  at  work 

—  usually  to  large  machines  or  highly  specialized 
microprocessor  controllers  —  and  develop  a  cmiosity 
about  home  computing.  Charles  Magruder  (jf 
[ackson,  Mississippi  is  a  system  technologist  on 
IBM  mainframes  who  bought  a  32K  Atari  800  with 
his  income  tax  refund  last  winter.  He  was  pla\ing 
Shool.  an  arcade-style  game  published  in  last  Oc- 
tober's issue,  when  contacted  by  COMPUTE!  one 
Saturday. 

"Mainly  I  am  playing  a  lot  of  games,  I'd  say  BO 
percent  of  the  time,  which  compares  to  about  95 
percent  of  the  time  when  I  First  got  my  computer," 
says  Magruder.  "But  now  I'm  trying  to  do  more 
programming." 

Magruder,  27,  is  writing  a  program  to  catalog 
his  foreign  coin  collection,  and  has  already  written 


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^0 


COMPUTEI 


December  1V82.  Issue  31 


a  program  indexing  all  the  Atari  articles  in  COM- 
PUTE! since  February  1 98 1 .  He  wants  to  write  a 
program  t(J  keep  track  of  expenditures  for  his 
church,  and  he'd  also  like  to  learn  player/missile 
graphics  well  enough  to  program  a  game.  "It's  a 
great  deal.  The  computer  has  more  capabilities 
than  I  knew  it  had  when  I  bought  it.  It's  worth 
more  than  I  paid  for  it." 

Clint  Williams,  28,  an  tlccironics  technician 


"I  look  at  a  computer  as  a  tool 

that  will  tielp  me  make  a  living. 

...  I  think  they  are  a  definite 

part  of  our  future." 


for  Eaton  (Corporation  in  Portage,  Michigan,  uses 
TRS-80  Model  Ills  at  work.  Williams  started  off 
three  years  ago  with  an  Ohio  Scientific  CIP,  moved 
up  to  an  OSI  C4P,  and  recently  liought  a  TRS-80 
Model  III  with  two  disk  drives  so  his  home 
programming  would  be  compatible  with  his  pro- 
grams at  work.  He  plays  games,  programs  for  self- 
education,  compiled  loan  tables  when  he  recently 
shopped  aroutKi  for  a  new  car,  and  uses  the  Scripsil 
word  processor  to  pioduce  a  mcjulhly  local  news- 
letter for  the  National  Amateur  Radio  Club. 

"I  don't  know  what  I'd  do  without  the  micro- 
computer now  that  I've  had  one  for  a  couple  of 
years,"  says  Williams.  'Tm  so  used  to  having  a 
word  processor  for  writing  letters  and  so  forth.  It's 
a  funny  thing,  once  you  find  out  everything  that 
computers  can  do,  you  quickly  become  dependent 
on  them." 

In  Beaumont,  Texas,  40-ycar-old  Everett 
Davis  also  got  into  home  computing  because  of  his 
exposure  to  computers  at  work.  He's  a  commimi- 
cations  planner  for  a  utility  company,  and  he  bought 
a  48K  Atari  800  last  February.  "Of  course,  in  my 
work  everything  is  going  microprocessors  —  our 
phone  systems,  everything.  So  it  was  a  natural  for 
me  to  gel  involved  in  computers." 

He's  written  a  few  short  home  budget  pro- 
grams, and  his  wife  and  18-year-old  daughter  also 
use  the  machine.  "My  daughter  just  graduated 
high  school  and  has  started  college,  majoring  in 
business,  so  I'm  sure  she'll  be  using  computers, 
too,"  says  Davis. 

"I'm  planning  on  using  it  lor  word  processing 
eventually,  and  also  for  some  applications  at  work 
involving  graphics,"  he  adds.  "Many  of  our  friends 
are  very  interested  in  buying  a  computer,  too.  The 
only  question  is  which  one:  that's  the  big  debate." 


Warren  E.  Walker  of  Peoria,  Illinois  bought 
his  Ohio  Scientific  C8  tw'o  and  a  half  years  ago. 
"I've  been  in  the  computer  business  a  long  time, 
almost  since  it  started,  as  a  programmer  and  analyst. 
So  when  they  finally  became  affordable,  I  bought 
one." 

Writing  almost  all  of  his  own  software,  Walker 
uses  his  C8  mainly  to  keep  track  of  personal  finances 
and  to  analyze  the  stock  market. 

Beyond  Fun  And  Games 

Walker  was  aiiKjng  several  home  computerists 
contacted  who  foimd  profitable  uses  for  their 
machines,  or  who  use  the  computer  for  work  as 
well  as  play.  For  example.  Bob  Federer  of  Toronto, 
Ontario,  who  owns  an  Atari  40()  with  48K  and  a 
disk  drive,  occasionally  brings  his  machine  into  the 
recording  studio  where  he  works.  "There  was  a 
tune  that  I  was  working  on  when  I  needed  a  rhythm 
beat,  and  I  actually  worked  out  the  rhythm  part  on 
the  Atari,"  he  explains.  "I  also  used  the  Atari  to 
create  some  sound  effects  for  a  new  wave  recording 
I  was  working  on." 

Federer  is  also  an  avid  aclventinc  game  player, 
and  has  been  struggling  for  months  to  program  his 
own  cribbage  game.  "I've  got  it  to  the  point  where 
it  does  just  about  everything  but  play  the  game." 

William  Wilbur  of  Kitterv,  Maine,  retired 
from  the  U.S.  Navy,  is  director  for  the  New  England 
region  of  the  International  Miniature  Aircraft 
Association.  He  has  a  small  mail-order  business 
which  involves  printing  out  directories  of  kits  for 
eight-  to  ten-foot  radio-controlled  model  aircraft. 
Wilbur  uses  an  original  Commodore  PET.  It's 
been  expanded  to  32K.  but  what  lie  reallv  wants 
someday  is  a  disk  drive.  "Em  riuming  -  and  this 
sounds  like  a  nightmare  -  a  1 7()0-pIus  data  base  on 
cassette  tape.  It's  a  list  of  kits,  plans,  specifications, 
l^rices,  and  stuff  like  that  for  model  aircraft.  Would 
you  believe  47  tape  files?  From  where  I  sit  I  can  see 
16  boxes  of  ca.ssette  tapes." 

Roberto  Huyke  of  Mayaguez,  Puerto  Rico  is  a 
professor  of  civil  enineering  at  the  University  of 
Puerto  Rico.  He  put  a  VIC-20  in  liis  home  that 
would  be  compatible  with  the  C'onnnodore  I^E  I'  his 
students  use  at  school.  "I  use  it  more  as  a  profes- 
sional computer  than  as  a  home  computer.  I  u.se  it 
for  games,  too,  and  so  does  my  son,  but  he  doesn't 
u.se  it  for  anything  else  since  he's  only  ten  years 
old.  Mainly  I  use  my  V'lC  for  preparing  programs 
for  the  Commodore  PET  here  at  school. ..we  use 
programs  for  structural  engineering  and  also  some 
data  management." 

An(Jther  teacher  who  discovered  the  value  of  a 
computer  in  the  home  is  Linda  Timmons  of  Leaven- 
worth, Kansas,  who  teaches  high  .school  comptiter 
science.  She  uses  her  PET  to  keep  track  of  her 


Ybur  VIC  20 

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Our  new  cartridge  programs  include:  HES 
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a  fun  and  easy  way  to  learn  computer  pro- 
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42 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Students'  attendance,  grades,  scores,  and  tests. 
Both  Tininions  and  her  husband  have  degrees  in 
compiitei"  science  and  write  all  their  own  software. 
"Tlie  price  came  down  so  much,  and  they're  so 
convenieni,  and  they're  so  easy  to  use  -  anybody 
can  program  tlie  things  —  that  we  just  decided  we 
couldn't  do  without  one.  It  just  makes  so  much 
sense  to  use  a  computer  to  keep  track  of  grades 
and  scores  and  so  Ibrtli,  because  it  saves  so  much 
time. 

'Some  ]3eople  I  know  don't  seem  to  be  getting 
their  moncv's  worth  out  of  their  c<:>mpiuers  when  it 
comes  to  personal  use,"  says  Timmons.  "But  I 
houglii  mine  primarily  for  how  it  could  help  me  on 
my  job." 

In  Forest  Hills,  New  York,  Carol  Klitzner's 
whole  livelihood  now  revolves  around  personal 
computers.  Back  in  1977  she  bought  an  original 
PET  and  a  TRS-80  Model  I.  "I  was  working  in 
educational  publishing  at  the  time,  and  this  seemed 
like  a  nattual  to  me.  better  than  the  workbooks  and 
other  materials  I  had  been  working  with." 

In  19<S(),  Klitzner  formed  Computer  Software 
Solutions,  which  develops  educational  software, 
and  she  has  written  a  book  on  VhiCak  due  in  the 
Spring.  She  has  added  an  Apple  11,  an  Atari  800,  a 


TRS-80  Color  Computer,  and  a  Monroe  computer 
to  her  arsenal. 

Malcolm  F.  Smith  II  of  Beckley,  West  Virginia 
recently  graduated  with  a  master's  degree  in  busi- 
ness administration  from  the  L'uiversitv  ofWest 
Virginia  and  is  looking  for  a  job.  Meanwhile,  he's 
using  his  VIC-20  to  experiment  with  business 
forecasting.  He  recently  u.sed  a  program  of  his  own 
design  to  forecast  administrative  costs  ior  a  friend'.s 
company.  Previous  forecasts  had  been  about  $1 
million  off.  Smith's  forecast  was  onlv  abotit 
$150,000  off. 

"Even  though  I  bought  mv  computer  for 
rather  unsophisticated  reasons-  I  saw  William 
Shatner  advertising  the  VIC  on  TV  and  ("igiued 
that  if  it  was  good  enough  for  Captain  Kiik  it  was 
good  enough  for  me  —  I've  become  a  more  sophis- 
ticated user,  and  a  very  dedicated  Commodore 
owner,"  he  says. 

"I  look  al  a  com|)uter  as  a  tool  that  will  help 
me  make  a  living,"  adds  Smith,  "rm  firmly  com- 
mitted to  the  computer  age  and  Alvin  Tofller's 
Tlihd  Wave  and  all  of  that.  I  think  ihey  are  a  defnule 
]xirt  of  our  fuiure." 

If  COMPUTEPs  informal  survey  is  anv  indica- 
tion. Smith  is  no  exception.  © 


GET  SERIOUS . . . 

Gncompromised  design  delivers  superior 
quality  and  reliability.  Todays  latest  technology 
allows  your  Atari  400  to  run  up  to  50%  cooler 
and  provide  truer  video  clarity.  We  guarantee  it. 

So  let's  get  dovm  to  business. 

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invited. 

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■ndemsik 


In  aSA  -  3648  Southwestern  Blvd.,  Dept.  S  Orchard 
Park,  N.Y.  14127    Tel:  (716)  8320661 

In  CANADA  ■  2  Robert  Speck  Parkway,  Suite  1500-S, 
Mississauga, Ontario L47-1H8  Tel:(416) 273-6820 


How  about  a  nice  vacation  on  the 
beaches  of  France  -  for  just  $39.95? 


At  SSI,  we  think  that  our  latest  softvrare  for  the  Ataif  TRS-80* 
and  Apple'  —  BATILE  FOR  NORMANDY'"  —  is  more  than  a 
great  strategy  game.  We  think  of  it  as  a  great  vacation  package. 
After  all,  we  are  whisking  you  off  to  the  northern  coast  of 
France  for  25  days  of  fun  and  excitement  (June  6  to  30,  1944) 
-  all  for  just  $39.95! 

Of  couree,  we're  not  promising  peace  and  quiet  There  is  a 
war  going  on,  you  know.... World  War  II! 

We'll  be  taking  you  to  the  beaches  of  Normandy  in  style.  Not 
on  a  mere  jumbo  747  or  an  ocean  liner,  but  an  LCI  (that's 
Landing  Craft  Infantry).  Let's  see  the  Joneses  top  that! 

Like  any  good  traveler, 

you  need  to  plan  ahead.  

What's  the  weather  going 
to  be  like  out  there?  Rough 
and  stormy?  Calm  and 
gorgeous?  It's  hard  to  say, 
so  you'd  better  be  pre- 
pared for  all  kinds. 

How  about  supplies? 
Well,  were  a  little  tight  on 
luggage  space,  so  you'll 
have  to  juggle  among  the 
things  you  really  need: 
fiiel,  general,  and  '     ,  „ 

combat  supplies. 

How  about 
some  friend- 
ly sea  bom-  fff^ 
bardment  to     '  ' 

let  the  natives  '  '   .    '  * 

know  you're 
coming?  »^ 

After  all,  \      ' 

you  don't         \ 
want  trouble 
once  you  hit  the 
beaches.  The 
natwes  arc  a  bit 


hostile  at  first  and  a  little  naval  artillery  Are  really  helps  to 
loosen  them  up. 

And  our  service?  Have  we  got  good  service  —  and  plenty  of 
it!  Whole  divisions  and  regiments  of  infantry,  paratroopers,  tank 
units,  and  commandoes  are  at  your  every  beck  and  call.  We  do 
have  to  apologize  for  their  different  leadership  and  combat 
ratings.  It's  so  hard  to  get  good,  consistent  help  these  days. 

You  want  sightseeing?  You've  got  sightseeing!  Nice  historical 
towns  like  St  Lo.  Cherbourg  and  Caen  —  which  you  just  have 
to  take  in  (or  take  over,  as  the  case  may  be.) 
We  know  there's  a  lot  that  goes  into  preparing  for  a  vacatioa 

and  we  don't  want 
you  to  worry  about 
the  details  one  bit 
SSI  is  one  of  the 
most  advanced  com- 
panies around 

tuse  we're  totally 
puterized.  Our 
great  computer  pro- 
gram takes  care  of  all 
the  dirty  work  so  all 
you  do  is  enjoy.  After 
all,  you're  on  this  trip 
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games,  not  work.  And 
if  you  have  a  hard 
time  finding  friends 
lo  play  with,  who 
needs  friends?  You 
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against  the  computer 
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For  complete  details 
see  the  travel  agent 
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If  Oiere  are  no  convenient  stores  near  yoa  VISA  and  M/C  holders  can 
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Simulations  Inc.  465  Fairchild  Drive,  Suite  108,  Mountain  View,  CA  94043. 
(California  residents,  add  6.5%  sales  fax.) 


Available  in32K  cassette  or40K  disc  for  the  Atari*  400/800: 16K  cassette 
for  the  TRS-aO"'  Uvel  il.  Models  I  &  III;  and  48K  disc  for  the  Apple*  11  with 
Applesoft  ROM  card  Please  specify  which  version  when  ordering. 

WRITE  FOR  A  FREE  COLOR  CATALOG  OF  ALl  OUR  GAMES. 


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TRS-80  is  a  registered  tradernaik  ofthe  Tandy  Cotporntiori. 


44 


COMPUTE] 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


Perhaps  the  question  we're  most  often  asked  is  "which  computer  should  I  huy?"  This  article,  excerpted  from  The 
Beginner's  Guide  to  Buying  a  Personal  Computer  CCOMPUTE!  Books,  1982),  should  be  of  help  in  answering 
that  question. 

How  To  Select 
Your  First  Home  Computer 


As  the  tnicrocoinpuier  iiuluslry  l)ccotnc.s  more 
competitive,  prices  are  dropping.  It's  likely  that 
you  or  someone  you  know  will  want  to  buy  a  per- 
sonal computer  soon. 

Buying  a  computer  is  something  like  buying  a 
television  \talion  or  a  supersonic  jet  —  assuniing  that 
these  items  suddenly  became  alTordable.  You  are 
about  to  buy  a  very  sophisticated  machine.  It  is  still 
essentially  mysterious.  Thai  is,  we  do  not  easily 
undcrsland  computers  on  ihc  same  level  that  we 
understand  automobiles  or  washing  machines.  We 
do  have  liighly  sophisticated  items  in  our  homes 
already  (microwave  ovens,  televisions),  but  the 
main  tlifterence  between  the  TV  and  the  computer 
is  level  of  knowledge  required  to  purchase  them. 

It  is  quite  a  task  to  deal  with  the  facts  and 
figures  you'll  encounter  in  shopping  for  a  micro- 
computer. You  ha\'e  to  face  a  deluge  of  words:  hits 
and  b\tes;  RAM  and  ROM;  characters  and  interfaces. 
This  article,  excerpted  from  The  Beginners  Guide  to 
Buying  a  Personal  Computer  {COMPUTE!  Books, 
ISBN  0-942 ;i86-03-5),  is  designed  to  guide  you 
towards  making  an  intelligent  decision.  It  is  not 
just  a  consumer's  guide  to  specific  brands.  It  goes 
beyond  that  to  help  you  match  your  expectations 
about  personal  computing  lo  products  that  are 
currently  available.  And  the  specification  charts  at 
the  end  of  this  article  should  prove  invaluable 
when  you're  ready  to  narrow  the  choices  down  to 
the  computer  that  best  suits  your  needs. 

Choices  And  Options 

Let's  look  at  some  of  the  considerations  for  choosing 
a  machine.  Keep  in  mind  that  some  of  the  things 
we  will  look  at  will  be  highly  subjective. 

Memory 

How  much  memory  do  you  need?  There  are  two 
basic  rules  regarding  memory:  1.  Larger  memories 
can  make  complex  programming  more  efficient, 
and  allow  you  lo  do  more  sophisticated  things  with 
your  computer.  2.  Larger  memories  are  generally 
more  expensive.  It's  the  familiar  story;  capability 
costs  money. 


First,  let's  take  a  quick  look  at  memory  and  try 
to  find  out  what  memory  is.  Memory  is  a  warehouse 
for  the  storage  of  instructions  and  data  within  the 
computer.  The  warehouse  is  divided  into  electronic 
bins  or  slots  called  "locations"  or  "addresses."  Each 
location  has  a  numerical  identifier,  unique  to  that 
location,  called  its  address,  a  marvelous  and  surpris- 
ingly simple  term  in  light  of  the  industry's  love  for 
jargon.  Each  locaticm  can  store  one  byte  {I  byte  =  8 
bits,  /miary  digits)  of  information. 

What  can  you  find  in  one  byte?  A  single  al- 
phaninneric  or  graphic  character,  part  of  a  number, 
part  of  an  address  for  another  memory  location,  or 
a  single  instruction  for  the  processor.  As  you  can 
see,  a  byte  is  a  very  small  parcel  of  information. 
Thus,  we  will  need  many  memory  locations.  Due  to 
the  electronics  involved,  microcomputers  are  gen- 
erally limited  to  65,536  locations,  thus  we  can 
potentially  store  65,536  bytes  of  data  in  the  memory. 
Although  some  microcomputers  can  access  more 
memory,  we'll  treat  65,536  as  our  "ceiling"  for  the 
following  discussion. 

In  order  to  be  programmable  and  yet  also 
automatically  perform  housekeeping  chores  (scan- 
ning the  kcylDoard,  loading  or  saving  programs, 
displaying  information  on  the  screen,  and  other 
internal  functions),  the  computer  must  have  two 
types  of  memory,  ROM  and  RAM.  Both  types 
reside  in  the  65,536  locations  mentioned  above. 

ROM,  Rea.c\  Only  Memory,  is  for  permanent 
storage.  RAiVI,  /Random  Access  Memory,  is  tempo- 
rary storage.  Both  ROM  and  RAM  are  random 
access  memories.  {Random  Access  —  refers  to  the 
ability  to  access  any  specific  location  within  the 
memory  direcdy.)  The  contents  of  a  ROM  are 
written  by  the  manufacturer  and  can  never  change. 
The  computer  can  read  the  contents  of  a  ROM, 
but  cannot  change  these  contents.  ROMs  are  like  a 
slab  of  granite  with  the  information  chiseled  deep 
into  the  surface.  RAMs  are  like  a  chalk  board:  the 
contents  can  be  written,  then  read,  then  rewritten. 
This  entire  operation  may  occur  in  a  few  millionths 
of  a  second. 


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46 


COMPUTE] 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


ROM  contains  your  computer's  basic  "person- 
ality"; when  you  type  something  on  your  computer 
keyboard,  and  it  appears  on  the  screen,  you  don't 
have  to  "tell"  your  computer  to  write  to  the  screen. 
The  computer's  operating  system  programs,  em- 
bedded in  ROM,  automatically  handle  this  for  you. 

RAM  (Random  Access  Memory) 

This  is  memory  that's  available  in  your  computer 
for  "working"  storage.  You  use  this  memory  each 
time  vou  work  with  voiu"  computer.  When  you  type 
a  program,  or  set  of  instructions,  into  your  com- 
puter, this  is  where  your  computer  sa\es  them. 
You  don't  have  to  worry  about  how  it  saves  them 
{your  ROM  based  programs  take  care  oftiiis). 
What  you  do  need  to  remember  is  that,  unlike 
ROM,  RAM  is  not  permanent  memory.  Thus, 
when  you  tinn  your  computer  off,  RAM  is  erased. 
That's  the  reason  your  computer  has  external 
storage  devices  available. 

Buying  Memory 

Let's  explore  what  to  look  for  in  memory  when  you 
are  shopping  for  a  compute]-.  First  ROM.  You  inay 
notice  that  the  amoimt  of  ROM  is  sometimes  ad- 
vertised. Which  is  better,  12K  of  ROM  or  14K? 
That  is  a  fairly  meaningless  question.  The  actual 
amount  of  ROM  is  not,  in  itself,  important.  You 
can't  use  ROM.  only  the  machine  can. 

What  is  important  are  the  functions  that  arc 
packed  into  the  ROM.  The  ideal  is  a  great  number 
of  powerful  functions  packed  into  the  smallest 
total  number  of  memory  locations.  So  you  can't 
shop  for  numbers;  you  ha\e  to  shop  for  perfor- 
mance. ROM  is  something  like  a  book:  you  purchase 
a  book  for  its  information,  not  how  many  pages  it 
contains. 

Size  of  ROM  is  somewhat  meaningless,  but  the 
numbers  game  is  important  in  RAM.  RAM  stores 
your  programs  and  data.  The  more  RAM,  the 
longer  your  programs  can  be.  Greater  RAM  also 
allows  larger  blocks  of  data  to  be  entered  in  a 
machine.  This  can  speed  up  data  file  manipulations. 
The  machine  can  process  data  much  faster  when  it 
can  process  (manipulate)  data  directly  (while  it's  in 
RAM)  as  opposed  to  loading  small  pieces,  pro- 
cessing, then  saving  them  back  to  tape  or  disk. 
Cassette  tape  drives  move  at  a  snail's  pace  compared 
to  the  speed  of  the  computer  working  within  its 
RAM.  By  loading  an  entire  file  into  the  RAM  mem- 
ory, you  can  proceed  at  machine  speeds  once  the  load 
is  completed. 

With  a  small  RAM  memory,  you  may  be  forced 
to  load,  process,  load,  process  ...  this  can  be  tire- 
some. Larger  RAM  memories  allow  you  to  do 
more  with  your  computer:  write  longer  programs, 
and  process  faster.  Another  argument  in  favor  of 
larger  memories  is  the  RAM  requirements  of  com- 


mercially available  software.  Some  programs  require 
large  memories.  Most  home  applications  pi-ograms 
will  run  on  8  or  16K,  but  there  are  some  programs 
that  require  32K  or  more  depending  on  the  model 
of  the  computer.  (If  you  have  more  RAM  than  a 
program  requires,  it  is  no  problem.  However,  if 
you  attempt  to  run  a  program  that  exceeds  the 
available  RAM,  the  program  will  not  run.  The 
machine  will  rra.sh  (cease  functioning)  and  display 
an  error  message  indicating  that  you  have  run  out 
of  memory.)  You  can  use  special  techniques,  how- 
ever, like  "chaining"  to  run  a  program  in  several 
sections. 

What  are  the  disadvantages?  There  is  only 
one:  cost.  Extra  RAM  costs  more.  This  docs  not 
mean  that  you  order  any  amount  of  RAM  that 
comes  to  mind.  Models  offer  a  certain  amoimt  of 
RAM  and  you  choose  which  model  you  want, 

RAM  Sizes 

How  do  \  ou  buy  RAM?  The  available  memories 
are  almost  as  numerous  as  the  machines.  Some 
manufacturers  offer  the  same  basic  machine  with 
several  choices  of  memory  sizes  (e.g..  8K,  HiK,  or 
32K).  Other  manufactin-ers  offer  one  model  witli  a 
given  amount  which  can  be  expanded,  and  offer  a 
better  model  with  more.  Each  manufacturer  has 
his  own  way  of  doing  this.  You  have  to  buy  some 
definite  amoimt;  that  is,  you  can't  order  a  "Data 
Cruncher  Mark  IV  "  with  19  V-K  of  RAM.  You 
would  have  to  buy  either  a  4K  or  a  16K  or  whatever 
"Data  Crunchers"  have  available. 

1,  2,  3,  5,  8,  16,  32,  and  48K  are  the  common 
amounts  sold  with  computers.  That  represents  a 
varietv  of  machines,  not  one  model.  On  some 
machines,  with  higher  price  tags,  you  may  find 
64K,  96K,  128K,  256K. 

Another  point  about  RAM.  You  can  add  addi- 
tional RAM  up  to  some  maximum  amount,  That  is, 
you  can  buy  a  computer  with  less  than  the  ceiling 
on  RAM,  and  add  more  RAM  later  up  to  that 
ceiling.  The  ceiling  is  defined  by  how  many  of  the 
original  64K  of  memory  locations  are  consumed  by 
the  operating  system,  the  BASIC  interpreter,  and 
expansion  ROM.  If  all  of  this  added  up  to  16K, 
then  the  ceiling  for  RAM  would  be  48K. 

What  are  the  memory  considerations?  For 
RAM  there  are  only  two:  1.  How  much  RAM  do 
you  need  and  can  you  afford  on  your  initial  pur- 
chase? 2.  What  is  the  maximum  amount  of  RAM 
that  the  machine  can  handle,  the  ceiling  mentioned 
above?  A  minimum  of  8K  is  probably  sufficient  for 
most  home  applications.  16K  should  be  more  than 
sufficient,  and  possibly  the  best  choice  for  a  cost 
versus  use  consideration.  Unless  you  have  some- 
thing quite  specific  in  mind,  perhaps  you  need  not 
worry  about  getting  more  than  16K  to  begin  with; 


r 

1 

1 

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_Jm 

1 

JBh.'  - 

■  ii 

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48 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


you  can  always  expand  later.  It  depends  entirely 
on  your  specific  applications. 

Screen  Considerations 

Displays.  Your  display  is  your  window  into  your 
computer.  If  you  had  no  TV  screen  or  monitor, 
using  your  computer  would  be  like  typing  on  a 
typewriter  with  no  paper.  The  type  of"  display  you 
have  is  equally  important.  If  your  computer  has 
color  graphics  capabilities,  then  you'll  need  to  be 
considering  a  color  television  or  monitor  for  it. 
Oliierwise  a  less  expensive  black  and  white  TV  will 
do.  We  strongly  recommend  that  you  take  a  look  at 
various  displays  with  your  computer.  Buying  an 
expensive  personal  computer  .system  and  then 
hooking  it  up  to  the  cheapest  TV  you  can  find  may 
be  somewhat  like  buying  $19  speakers  for  your 
$2000  stereo.  After  all,  it  is  the  display  that  you'll 
spend  all  of  your  working  time  looking  at. 

Some  computers  come  with  a  built-in  display 
monitor.  This  standard  feature  should  be  another 
consideration  in  your  decision. 

Screen  Format.  Screen  format  describes  the 
physical  presentation  of  information  on  the  .screen 
of  the  video  monitor  or  TV.  The  format  is  decided 
by  the  computer,  not  the  video  monitor.  The  mon- 
itor only  displays  what  the  computer  tells  it  to. 
There  are  two  terms  which  must  be  defined  in 
order  to  understand  screen  formats:  lines  and 
columns. 

The  various  computers  on  the  market  offer  a 
variety  of  screen  formats.  Common  column  formats 
are  22,  24,  32,  40,  64,  and  80  columns.  Common 
line  formats  are  1  (hand-held  computers),  16,  24, 
and  2.5.  The  more  exotic  machines  may  exceed 
these  figures. 

Why  are  screen  formats  important?  The  larger 
the  format  (the  more  lines  and  coliuinis  you  have), 
the  greater  the  amount  of  information  you  can 
display  at  one  time.  Let's  consider  four  different 
formats:  a  hand-held  with  26  columns  by  1  line,  a 
desk-top  with  32  columns  by  16  lines,  a  second 
desk-top  with  40  columns  by  25  lines,  a  third  desk- 
top with  80  columns  by  25  lines.  These  are  all 
common  ibrmats.  How  many  total  characters  can 
each  format  display? 

Simplv  multiply  the  columns  by  the  Hnes. 
Thus  we  have  26  ( I'X  26)  for  the  hand-held,  5 1 2 
(32  X  16)  for  the  first  desk-top,  1000  (40  X  25)  for 
the  second  desk-top,  and  2000  (80  X  25)  for  the 
third  desk-top. 

The  more  information  that  you  can  display  at 
one  time,  the  more  useful  and,  unfortunately,  the 
more  expensive  the  computer  is.  The  impact  of 
screen  format  is  determined  by  your  main  use  for 
the  computer.  Again,  you  must  balance  cost  against 
need. 


Related  to  screen  format  is  the  character  matrix. 
The  character  matrix  is  a  block  of  Picture  Elements, 
pixels,  which  is  used  to  form  the  individual  charac- 
ters on  the  screen.  Each  pixel  is  like  a  light  bulb:  it 
may  be  on  or  off  independendy  of  the  rest  of  the 
matrix.  The  matrix  resembles  a  bank  of  light  bulbs 
used  on  a  scoreboard,  or  a  time/temperature  sign. 
By  illuminating  the  proper  pixels,  any  character 
(alphanumeric,  graphics,  punctuation,  or  symbols) 
can  be  displayed.  For  a  period  (,),  only  one  pixel 
would  need  to  be  illuminated.  Eor  a  Hashing  square, 
all  of  the  pixels  in  the  matrix  would  be  illuminated, 
then  off,  then  illuminated  .... 

The  number  of  pixels  in  the  character  matrix 
is  always  given  in  terms  of  a  horizontal  dimension 
and  a  vertical  dimension.  Common  dimensions  for 
a  character  matrix  are:  5  X  7,  7  X  9,  and  8X8.  In 
5X7,  the  character  matrix  has  a  dimension  of  5 
pixels  horizontally  and  7  pixels  vertically.  The  total 
number  of  pixels  in  the  matrix  is  the  product  of 
the  horizontal  and  vertical  dimensions  (e.g.,  35 
for  the  5  X  7).  The  larger  matrices  provide  a  finer 
font.  {Font  —  style  and  size  of  any  foim  of  printing.) 
The  lowercase  letters  can  have  true  "descenders" 
for  the  letters  g,  j,  p,  q,  and  y.  Descenders  .are  the 
portions  of  these  letters  ihat  descend  below  the 
bottom  line  established  by  the  remaining  letters. 

A  5  X  7  matrix  cannot  produce  descenders 
due  to  the  short  vertical  dimension  of  the  matrix. 
Letters  without  descenders  have  an  elevated  ap- 
pearance, and  the  font  is  coarse  and  harder  to 
read.  The  larger  the  character  matrix  dimensions 
(i.e.  the  more  pixels  in  the  matrix),  the  more  de- 
tailed the  font  can  be.  The  display  will  have  a  better 
appearance. 

Keyboards.  The  keyboard  is  not  really  part  of 
the  computer.  It  is  an  input  peripheral.  Due  to  the 
fact  that  most  models  of  computers  have  a  keyboard 
included,  we  will  take  a  look  at  some  of  the  aspects 
of  a  keyboard.  Don't  underestimate  ihe  importance 
of  a  keyboard.  You  will  be  spending  hours  poimd- 
ing  away  on  it,  so  it  is  a  critical  consideration.  You 
will  often  see  the  term  human  engineering  used  in 
relation  to  keyboards.  Human  engineering  is  the 
ccMicept  of  designing  something  that  is  practical 
and  comfortable  for  human  beings  to  use.  You  can 
have  the  most  wonderfully  designed  keyboard  in 
lerms  of  electronics  and,  if  it  is  uncomfortable  to 
use,  it's  not  worth  fiuying.  Shop  for  human  en- 
gineering in  keyboards. 

Some  manufacturers  place  all  of  the  numbers 
-and,  in  some  units,  the  arithmetic  operators  (4-  ,-,*,/) 
in  a  calculator-like  keypad  to  the  right  of  the  main 
keyboard.  (BASIC  u.ses  the  *  to  denote  multiplica- 
tion, and  the  /  to  denote  division.)  This  layout  has 
two  advantages:  1.  The  numerical  keypad  is  very 
convenient  for  math  operations.  2.  Additional 


of  The  HiHidreds  of  Reasons 
You  Ought  To  Be  A  COMPUTE! 

Magazine  Subscriber: 


Prom  "The  Editor's  Feedback"  Card,  a  monthly  part  of  our  continiiiiig 
dialogue  with  readers  of  COMPUTE!.  These  ajre  responses  to  the  question, 

"What  do  you  like  best  about  COMPUTE!  ?" 

l."It  is  written  so  a  'beginner  can  read  and  understand  it...  it's  layman  oriented..."  8. 
"Clear,  clean  layout,  good  presentation..."  3.  "The  Atari  game  programs..."  4. "Best 
and  most  information  on  PET..."  5. "Cover  to  cover,  and  all  in  between..."  6.  "Reviews 
of  software  ajid  hardware..."  7.  "Good  balance  of  application  and  technical  articles..." 
8."It  is  the  best  source  of  info  about  various  levels  of  VIC/PET/CBM  machines  and  ap- 
plications..." 9.  "The  BASIC  and  machine  language  programs..."  10."I  like  programs 
that  can  be  typed  into  a  computer,  run,  and  then  used  right  away  (a  program  without 
bugs!)..."  11, "That  it  is  organized  well,  and  covers  a  broad  range  of  Information  con- 
cerning Atari.  Keep  it  up!  please,  I'm  learning..."  18.  "Table  of  contents  listings  and 
computer  guide  to  articles  is  a  great  idea.  Best  m.agazine  for  personal  home  computer 
users..."  13.  "Best  I  have  foimd  for  VIC  info..."  14. "Informative  articles:  'Secrets  of 
Atari',  Game  programs,  especially  programs  that  teach  the  reader  about  the  Atari..." 
15.  "I  iLke  all  the  articles  and  programs  for  my  computer,  the  PET.  I've  learned  and 
found  out  things  about  it  that  I  never  even  thought  existed.  Other  magazines  don't 
have  too  much  material  for  the  PET  and,  for  that  reason,  I  find  COMPUTE!  invaluable..." 
16."The  up-to-date  hardware  reviews..."  17.  "Maclilne  language  utilities  for  Atari..." 
18."Aj'ticles  are  terse  but  understandable  and  accurate.  Utility  and  applications  pro- 
gram hstings  very  helpful..."  19."The  April,  '82  issue  is  my  first.  I  am  impressed  that 
you  not  only  acknowledge  the  VIC-20,  you  even  have  applications  for  it..."  80."I  really 
enjoy  (since  I  am  one)  the  Beginner's  Page..."  81. "The  attention  it  gives  to  Atari  and 
the  easy-to-understand  language  it's  written  in..."  88.  "It  is  concerned  with  ex- 
plaining programs,  not  just  listing  them.  It  is  the  best  VIC  magazine  I  could  buy..." 
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so 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


characters  can  be  added  to  the  empty  keys  normally 
used  for  the  numbers  and  the  sliifted  position  of 
the  extra  numerical  keys.  Tlie  only  disadvantage  is 
that  the  keyboard  has  Kj  be  somewhat  larger. 

Also  notice  ilie  location  o('s]>ecial  function 
keys,  especially  those  that  may  liave  a  devastating 
result  if  inadvertently  struck  (RESET  key).  Any 
command  keys  should  lie  located  so  that  it  is  difficult 
to  accidentally  strike  them  during  normal  use. 

There  are  several  types  of  keyboard  construc- 
tion. The  two  maj(jr  categories  are  the  Hat  panel, 
touch  sensitive  (membrane),  and  the  mechanical 
switch  (or  contact)  types.  The  flat  panel  can  use  the 
same  layout,  and  can  perform  the  same  I'linctions 
as  any  other  keyboarcl.  The  ke)boaid  is  Hat;  there 
are  no  bumpy  individual  keys  sticking  up.  Key 
placement  is  indicated  by  labeled  blocks  printed  on 
a  plastic  sheet,  which  is  glued  or  laminated  to  the 
surface  of  the  board.  The  flat  panel  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  diagram  of  a  keyboard  that  ()ne 
might  find  in  an  instruction  manual,  h  is  wafer 
thin,  very  light,  cheap  to  manufacture,  and,  with 
no  moving  parts,  it  is  very  rugged.  Flat  panel 
keyboards  are  being  used  extensively  by  industry 
in  hostile  environments.  Since  it  is  Oat,  it  is  very 
easy  to  clean.  The  ilat  panel  keyboard  is  less  sen- 
sitive to  peanut  butter,  jam,  candy,  soft  drinks, 
and  abusive  potmding.  It  can  be  a  wise  choice  for 

children. 

With  all  of  these  advantages,  you  may  wonder 
why  the  computer  industry  has  relegated  the  flat 
panel  to  the  low  cost  models  only.  The  reason: 
there  is  no  tactile  feedback  with  a  flat  panel 
keyboard.  You  cannot  feel  the  locations  of  the 
keys,  nor  can  you  feel  a  response  to  a  keystroke. 
There  is  no  keystroke.  Typing  on  a  flat  panel 
keyboard  is  like  typing  on  the  top  of  a  desk.  Touch 
typists  have  nothing  to  touch;  there  is  no  feeling 
that  the  key  has  been  actuated.  So,  for  all  of  its 
advantages,  which  are  considerable,  the  flat  panel's 
failure  to  involve  our  sense  of  touch  is  its  great 

weakness. 

Everything  that  is  advantageous  about  the  tlat 

panel  is  a  disadvantage  with  the  mechanical  switch 

type.  They  are  expensive,  delicate,  and  difficult  to 

clean.  They  use  contacts  which  oxidize  and  get 

dirty.  They  cannot  be  used  in  hostile  environments 

or  by  hostile  people.  Liquids  and  humidity  are 

murderous  to  them.  Because  they  have  moving 

parts,  they  can  wear  out. 

Watch  Out  For  Bounce 

With  all  of  these  disadvantages,  the  mechanical 
switch  keyboard  has  its  one  very  big  advantage: 
you  can  feel  the  kevs.  You  don't  have  to  keep  one 
eye  on  the  keyboard  (if  you  touch  type).  You  can 
feel  the  key's  response  and  know  that  the  character 
has  been  entered. 


Within  the  mechanical  switch  categorv ,  there 
are  a  variety  of  stroke  depths,  key  sizes,  and  stroke 
pressures.  Sizes  range  Irom  tiny,  on  the  haud-helds, 
to  what  is  known  as  the  full-size  keyboard.  Ihe 
full-size  is  similar  to  a  standard  ivpewriter  kevl)oard. 
Stroke  depth  (the  distance  the  key  travels  during 
the  stroke)  and  stroke  pressure  (the  force  required 
to  strike  a  kev)  varv  on  ilie  different  models.  Gen- 
erally, an  expensive  keyboard  will  have  a  very 
positive  response:  a  light,  but  even  pressure  and, 
perhaps,  a  slight  siia[>ping  action  at  the  bottom  of 
the  stroke  called  a  detent.  Cheap  keyboards  will 
usually  have  a  very  shallow  stroke  depth  and  a 
"mushy"  feel.  The  feel  of  a  keyboard,  of  course,  is 
a  very  subjective  matter.  \'oui  best  test  o(  a  keyboard 
is  to  try  it  out. 

A  feature  that  you  want  on  any  keyboard  is 
two  or  three  key  rolhwcr.  This  is  the  ability  ol  the 
keyboard  to  distinguish  small  nuances  in  dme 
passing  between  two  keys  being  struck  almost 
simultaneously,  and  to  keep  the  order  correct. 
Without  rollover,  touch  typists  would  have  a  terrible 
time  with  characters  getting  out  ol'order  or  lost 
altogether.  You  waiii  rollover. 

You  don't  want  bouucc.  Keyboaifl  or  switch 
bounce  is  the  multiple  entry  of  a  character  when 
only  one  character  was  desired  (sswwiittcchh 
bboouttnnccee).  Keyboard  bounce  is  caused  by 
microscopic  bouncing  of  the  contacts  during  a 
key.stroke.  All  mechanical  switches  have  switch 
bounce,  but  special  circuitry  is  implemented  to 
eliminate  the  effect.  However,  a  l^ad  ke\ board  can 
overcome  the  circuilt  y  and.  on  occasion,  a  character 
may  be  entered  more  than  once.  Keyboard  liounce 
can  be  lived  with,  if  it  is  not  excessive,  but  it  is  always 
aggravating.  Naturally,  manufacturers  are  not 
going  to  advertise  that  their  computers  have 
bounce,  so  you  have  to  ask  experienced  users  or 
dealers  about  the  ]>i-oblem.  Ciet  a  number  oi Opin- 
ions; ]jeople  have  been  known  to  hint  about  bounce 
on  a  particular  model  they  don't  like.  It's  like  saying 
a  particular  car  has  transmission  trouble;  it  mayor 
may  not  be  true. 

If  you  can  touch  type,  or  you  intend  to  do  a  lot 
of  progranuniiig,  or  vou  intend  to  use  the  computer 
for  word  processing,  you  need  a  good  c]ualily, 
mechanical  switch  iVpe  of  keyboard.  If  the  com- 
puter will  be  used  mainly  by  young  children,  a  flat 
panel,  touch  .sensitive  keyboard  might  l)e  best.  If 
vou  will  be  doing  a  lot  of  numerical  work,  look  into 
a  model  with  a  .separate  numerical  keypad. 

Unfortunately,  you  don't  get  much  of  a  choice 
on  keyboards  either.  Don't  underestimate  the 
importance  of  a  keyboard.  It  is  your  primary 
method  of  communicating  with  the  computer, 
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ENGLISH  SOFTUARE^ 


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52 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


and  graphs.  In  essence,  any  nonverbal  and  non- 
numerical  information  is  considered  graphics. 
There  aie  two  general  categories:  low  resolution 
and  high  resolution.  Most  home  computers  fea- 
ture graphics,  but  some  models  are  limited  to  low 
resolution. 

With  low  resolution  graphics,  the  machine  will 
have  a  given  number  of  standard  graphic  charac- 
ters. These  characters  are  internally  generated  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  alphanumeric  characters. 
Each  character  is  assigned  a  key  on  the  keyboard, 
usually  in  the  shifted  mode,  and  they  are  typed  or 
programmed  on  the  screen  in  the  same  fashion  as 
alphanumeric  characters. 

High  resoludon  graphics  illuminate  the  indi- 
vidual pixels  of  the  character  matrix,  anywhere  on 
the  screen.  You  can  make  very  detailed  drawings 
as  the  screen  becomes  a  giant  matrix  of  thousands 
of  individual  dots  which  can  be  illuminated  inde- 
pendently of  one  another.  You  can  draw  curves, 
irregular  angles,  three  dimensional  figures,  and 
those  fascinating  geometrical  constructions  which 
are  graphic  representations  of  mathematical  func- 
tions. As  a  comparison,  imagine  two  artists  paindng 
a  picture.  One  uses  a  fme  set  of  art  brushes  (high 
resolution),  the  other  uses  a  two  inch  house  brush 
(low  resolution). 

[f  your  interest  is  in  low  resolution  graphics, 
look  for  the  greatest  number  of  different  characters 
and  the  largest  screen  format.  This  will  give  you  a 
greater  versatility  and  allow  a  more  detailed  image. 
If  high  resolution  interests  you,  you  want  to  look 
for  the  largest  maxiinum  screen  resohuion.  You 
want  many  pixels:  the  more,  the  better.  The  number 
of  pixels  will  determine  the  detail  of  your  image. 
High  resolution  graphics  are  somew  hat  more 
expensive.  Some  machines  have  high  resolution 
graphics  as  a  standard  feature.  Others  offer  it  as  an 
option,  and  some  models  rely  on  add-on  boards 
olTered  by  separate,  specialty  manufaclinei s.  If 
you  are  especially  interested  in  computer  graphics, 
you  will  want  high  resolution  graphics.  If  you 
cannot  afford  them  initially,  make  sure  that  the 
machine  of  your  choice  can  be  expanded  to  include 
them. 

The  character  sel  is  the  total  package  of  charac- 
ters that  can  be  displayed  on  the  screen.  The  char- 
acter set  includes  alphaniimeric,  symbols  and 
punctuation,  graphics,  and  special  notation  (e.g., 
mathematical  notation,  Greek  letters  for  engineer- 
ing, special  punctuation  used  in  foreign  languages). 
Character  sets  differ  from  machine  to  machine, 
and,  to  some  degree,  are  an  indicator  oi  price.  The 
very  low  cost  imits  may  offer  only  uppercase  letters, 
the  minimum  of  punctuation  and  symbols,  num- 
bers, and  perhaps  a  smattering  of  graphic  charac- 
ters. However,  in  many  cases,  additional  specialized 


symbols  can  be  added  t(j  the  machine. 

Related  to  the  character  set  are  special  video 
effects.  The  most  common  is  reverse  video.  In 
normal  video,  the  character  is  illuminated  on  a 
black  background.  The  only  portion  of  the  charac- 
ter matrix  that  is  illuminated  is  that  portion  which 
is  required  to  form  the  character.  In  reverse  video, 
the  character  is  black  and  the  remainder  of  the 
character  matrix  is  illuminated.  If  you  had  one 
word  printed  in  reverse  video  on  an  otherwise 
blank  screen,  you  woidd  see  a  black  screen  with  an 
illuminated  stripe  (one  line  high  and  the  same 
length  as  the  word),  with  the  word  printed  in  black 
letters  on  the  stripe.  Other  special  effects  include 
Hashing  and  underlining. 

Color.  Do  you  need  color?  The  answer  can 
only  be  determined  by  you.  It  is  debatable  that  you 
need  color,  but  it  does  add  to  games,  graphs,  etc. 
C^an  you  afford  color?  Don't  forget  that,  with  color, 
you  must  pay  more  for  your  display.  Some  mono- 
chrome (one  color,  generally  black  and  white  or 
green  and  white  display)  models  have  their  display 
already  built  in.  So  don't  forget  the  price  of  the 
display  when  making  your  pricing  comparisons.  A 
color  TV  or  monitor  can  be  as  expensive  as  the 
computer  itself 

Where  is  color  most  useful?  For  games  and 
educadonal  programs.  Educational  programs, 
especially  for  younger  children,  are  enhanced  with 
color.  Creative  programming  with  color  can  be 
very  conducive  to  maintaining  attention.  Another 
primary  u.se  of  color  is  in  graphics  (using  the  com- 
puter to  form  images).  Imagery  in  color  is  much 
more  interesting  U)  the  eye.  If  one  of  your  principal 
interests  is  cominiter  graphics,  the  color  machine 
becomes  even  more  necessary.  Color  is  less  impor- 
tant in  fmancial,  word  and  information  processing, 
unless  vou're  interested  in  the  more  expensive 
systems  that  can  generate  color  graphs  and  charts. 
Assinning  that  you  do  want  color,  what  should 
you  look  for?  First,  realize  that  you  don't  get  every 
color  in  the  rainbow.  Most  models  offer  8  or  16 
basic  colors.  Some  will  allow  you  to  perform  various 
intensity  and  shading  nicks,  bringing  your  number 
of  available  shades  up  as  high  as  128  dil'ferent 
"colors."  Check  the  number  of  available  hues. 
Another  issue  is  the  versatility  of  the  color  fimctions. 
How  many  colors  can  be  displayed  simultaneously 
on  the  screen?  How  easy  is  the  color  to  work  with? 
How  accessible  arc  color  "command.s"  in  the  com- 
puter's progranmiing  language?  If  color  is  an 
important  facU)r  in  your  choice,  then  it  should  be 
\'ersatile  and  easy  to  program.  We  have  a  tendency 
to  think  of  c«)mputers  as  either  color  or  mono- 
chrome, as  we  think  of  a  TV.  Remember  that  each 
computer  is  capable  of  a  great  number  of  different 
tasks,  and  each  model  has  a  distinct  set  of  features 


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with  listings  of  com- 
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54 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


and  limitalioiis.  Color  should  only  be  one  taclor. 
Yon  shouldn't  make  a  pass/fail  screening  test  to 
eliminaie  d07<  oi  the  machines  right  away.  Von 
want  the  be.st  total  package  to  fit  your  requirements. 
It  all  goes  back  to  knowing  what  voit're  doing. 
Take  your  time,  and  personalh  evaluate  yoin' 
options. 

Software.  If'voii  Iiavc  a  specific  job  in  mind, 
soli\\are  asailahility  may  make  the  dificrence 
between  a  useful  machine  and  a  dust  collector.  For 
tlie  general  home  user,  tliere  is  a  myraid  of  pro- 
grams to  choose  ironi.  The  software  ranges  from 
backgannnon  to  recipe  costs,  arithmetic  tor  children 
to  energy  conservation  calculations,  etc.  'I'liink  ol 
any  subject,  and  chances  are  that  someone  is  selling 
a  program  related  to  it. 

Some  models  of  computers  have  a  great 
amouiu  oi  connnercially  available  .software.  Others, 
for  some  reason,  do  not.  Alst),  some  software  is 
available  onlv  for  certain  machines.  If  you  will  be 
dependent  on  commercially  available  software, 
(doing  no  programming  yourself),  choose  a  model 
with  a  large  selection.  Bear  in  mind  however,  that  a 
recentl)  introduced  model  will  be  lacking  in  soft- 
ware. Over  time,  software  will  be  written  for  it. 

\'oii  c;m  l]nd  a  lot  of  information  about  soft- 
ware availability  in  magazine  advertisements.  One 
thing  to  realize  is  that,  in  most  cases,  intlependent 
softwaie  houses  will  offer  more  software  for  a 
particular  machine  than  does  the  maiud'aclurer  oi 
the  machine.  Look  lieyond  what  the  manufacturer 
offers.  Dealers  arc  also  a  goocf  source  of  information 
on  software  availability.  There  are  some  software 
directories  available,  and  many  dealers  have  these 

on  hand. 

A  word  of  caution:  after  you  get  your  com- 
puter, choose  your  software  carefully.  Due  to 
abuses  of  copvrightcd  software,  dealers  are  be- 
coming reluctant  to  refund  or  exchange  pinchased 
software. 

Peripherals.  Do  you  need  peripherals?  Yes, 
unless  you  only  intend  to  use  the  computer  as  a 
space  heater.  Peripherals  communicate  with  the 
compiuer. 

We  think  of  a  compiUer  as  being  a  box  wiih  a 
kevboard  and  TV  silting  on  it.  Actually,  %ve  have  a 
computing  system:  the  computer,  an  input 
peripheral  (the  keyboard),  and  an  output 
peripheral  (the  TV  or  video  monitor).  If  any  one 
of  the  three  items  fails,  the  whole  system  tiecomes 
useless.  If  all  three  items  are  installed  on  a  common 
chassis,  you  should  still  visualize  them  as  a  computer 
with  tw()  peripherals.  You  will  be  buying  some 
peripherals  wheilier  you  realize  it  or  not. 

What  other  peripherals  do  you  need?  It  de- 
pends. Specialized  uses  require  specialized 
peripherals  (a  printer  for  word  processing).  As  a 


general  statement,  tfie  more  peripherals  you  liave 
in  a  system,  the  more  useful  the  system  will  be. 

Buy  peripherals  as  you  need  (and  can  afford) 
litem.  1 .  11  you  decide  that  com|)uting  is  not  really 
for  you,  there  is  less  eqnipmem  to  .sell  offal  a 
depreciated  price.  2.  'S'ou,  as  a  begimier,  have 
enough  to  learn  for  a  while  with  the  pmchase  of  a 
minimal  system.  3.  After  you  have  used  vour  system 
and  ha\e  become  familiar  with  comjjuting,  you 
may  redefine  your  needs.  When  you  have  some 
experience,  you  will  be  beuer  able  to  make  decisions 
on  |jeripherals. 

On  tlie  other  hand,  you  might  be  offered  a 
significant  price  cut  in  a  package  deal.  Oiherwi.se, 
you  should  buy  a  good  mininunn  system.  Bm  don't 
cut  corners  on  your  basic  system  in  order  to  throw 
iii  that  fiashv  extra  item.  A  good  minimum  system 
has  far  more  potential  than  an  ill-planned  extensive 
system. 

You  mav  also  want  to  consider  joysticks,  game 
paddles,  or  a  light  pen  since  these  items  are  rather 
inexpensive  (S20  to  $5(J  per  item).  They  can  add  to 
the  pleasute  of  playing  games. 

Storage  Devices.  In  om  discussion  of  RAM, 
we  concluded  with  the  need  to  have  something 
available  for  storing  the  contents  of  RAM  when 
you  tiun  the  computer  off.  This  isn't,  of  course, 
tlie  only  reason  for  storage.  This  is  where  you'll 
end  up  saving  the  hundreds  of  programs  you'll 
acfjuire  and  develop  for  your  compiaer.  There  aie 
two  major  types  of  storage  available.  One  is  cassette 
tape,  the  other  diskettes.  The  cas.sette  tape  type  of 
storage  is  a  medium  we're  all  familiar  with.  \'()u 
simply  plug  a  tape  into  your  recorder  and  tell  vour 
computer  to  .save  or  load  something. 

Operation  of  a  disk  drive  is  etjually  simple. 
The  major  difference  between  these  two  tech- 
nologies is  cost.  Your  simple  disk  storage  system 
will  add  at  least  $3()()-$4()()  to  (he  cost  of  your  sys- 
tem; your  tape  based  storage  will  a<ld  less  than 
$  1 00.  You'll  have  to  weigh  this  cost  disparity  against 
vour  neecis.  Tape  is  much,  much  slowei  than  disk, 
in  its  loading  and  saving  operations.  In  some  per- 
sonal com]Juler  systems  it  is  le.ss  reliable.  Disks 
have  tlie  advantage  of  nuich  greater  storage  capac- 
ity, a  factor  essential  to  some  educational  applica- 
tions, and  such  business  ones  as  data  management, 
word  processing,  and  so  on.  Again,  as  with  the 
computer  display  you  select,  you'll  be  living  with 
the  storage  medium  you  select.  Kvaluate  carefully! 
Your  initial  choice  isn't  a  (nie  way  street,  of  course. 
Many  home  users  start  off  with  tape  storage,  and 
"move-up"  in  several  months  to  disk  .storage.  This 
is  an  ideal  wav  to  spread  out  the  costs  of  your  initial 
personal  computer  system. 

Documentation.  Docinncutatioii  refers  to  the 
instruction  manuals,  progranmiing  manuals,  theory 


the  Frontiers  of  Intelligence 


■4  Voriations  of  blind-fold  pidy-comouflaged  or  invisible  pieces 

<  Invert  board  to  play  block  on  bottom 

^  Gtionge  pieces  on  board  during  game,  or  set  up  position 

M  Change  between  15  levels  of  ploy,  plus  postal  and  mate-tinder  modes 

•4  Stiow  move  that  Chess  is  thinking  about 

•<  List  played  nnoves  for  each  side 

<  Lines  of  force  in:  attacks  and  defenses  on  a  square 
-<  Lines  offeree  out;  squares  attocked  and  defended 
■4  Chess  suggests  a  move 

■<  Show  moves  Chess  ttiinks  you  will  make,  and  its  responses 

<  Evaluation  of  a  position 

■4  Return  to  board  or  switch  to  comnnand  menu 
■*  Take  back  a  move  (repeatable) 

<  Play  move  suggested  fay  look-ahead  search 
■4  Chess  plays  neither  side 

4  Switch  sides 

4  Chess  plays  against  itself-one  level  against  another 

4  Replay  through  most  odvanced  position 

4  Skip  to  most  advonced  position 

4  Start  new  gome 

4  Leave  program 

4  Save,  get,  ond  delete  games  to  and  from  disk 
All  features  self-documented;  a  If  choices  cursor-cofifrolled 
Screen  sfiovw  "outward'  and  "look'  features  being  useO 


THE  PEOPLE  BEHIND  THE  PROGRAMS: 


Larry  Atkin  &  David  Slate:  Auttiors  of  ttie 
Norttiweslern  University  Chess  4.7  program- 
World  Computer  Cfiess  Chanipion,1977-1980 


Peter  Frey:  Northwestern  University  professor 
Editor:  Chess  Skill  in  Man  and  Machine 
One  of  U.S.  Othello  Assoc.'s  top-ranked  players 


E   -    5|TUP  A  P05EI 
£   -   EyftLUflTpri  OF 


n  -  PROGRAM  Hfl! 

H  -  HUnflll   PLrtV 

0  -  HUSIC   Ot'F. 

P  -  PrtlffiriFTEP 

0  -  OUtT   PPCCP 

R  -  PESET    PPgCl 


!K  SUCK  OH 
III   GES 

I  mo  sm  DtSK 


U   -   IHylfiT   foftPD  DISPLAY 


Checkers'  features 


K    1  [ 

Kl  IK 


Blackto  move  ond  Win 

(From  Checkers  documentation) 


"Scores"  feature  in  Odin 


A  clue  to  the  secret  of  Odin; 
Black  is  destined  to  lose 


Chess;  S69.95  See  your  iocoi  software  dealer,  or  order 

930Pitner  Checkers;  S49. 95  (f(flostercord  OfViso); 

Evanston,  IL  60202       Odin;  549.95  800-323-5423 

(U.S.A.)  (in  Illinois,  call  312-328-7101) 


For  Apple  II,  Apple  II  Plus  48K  disk 
systems,  and  Atari  48K  disk  systems, 
Odin  is  also  ova  ilo  bie  for  TRS-BO  liflodel 
1  &  3  32K  disk  systems. 


©198?  ODESTA 


56 


COMPUTEI 


December  W82,  Issue  3-1 


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'H^r^Air 


SUNDAY  DRIVER  gives  you  four  scenarios  to 
choose  from.  You  must  beat  tfie  clock  as  you 
drive  along  while  avoiding  pedestrians,  other 
cars,  and  obstacles.  In  otherversions  it's  winter 
and  you're  on  ice-slicked  roads.  In  game  three 
it's  nighttime  (don't  hit  the  ghosts).  If  this 
sounds  too  easy  try  the  007  option  —  it's  you 
against  them  on  twisty  roads. 


SEND  CHECK  OR  MONEY  ORDER  TO: 


Software 


P.O.  Box  23    Worcester,  MA  01603 

MasterCard  and  VISA  accepted  (617)892-3488 
16K  cassette  or  disk  $29.95. 


Dealer  Inquiries  invited 


1982  AN  A  LOG   Software 


ATARI®  is  a  trademark  of  ATARI,  Inc 


68 


COMPUTEI 


December1982,lssue31 


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!<iV!?f^ -Vi^ '. 


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"i.^//  ate  excellent  velsions 
of  the  iilaule  games 


f^paCe  t  hivaaeis 


-lohll  AlKlfTVMl. 

CnMlrvi-  (xxTiputing 


■^^iiS^-- 


and  sound 


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60 


COMPUTB 


Decen^je)- 1982.  Issue  31 


of  Operation,  and  trouble-shooting  information 
provided  with  the  computer.  Good  documentation 
is  essential.  Your  understanding  and  the  ultimate 
userulnes.s  of  the  computer  depend  on  the  quality 
of  the  documentation.  Some  documentation  is 
excellent;  most  is  adequate.  Fortunately,  when  a 
manufacturer  provides  poor  documentation  some- 
one will  usually  write  a  book  on  the  machine.  Some- 


times, you  can  purchase  the  instruction  manuals 
separately. 

Good  Luck! 

Careful  buying  now  will  insure  that  your  investment 
will  meet  your  present  and  future  needs.  If  you 
make  a  judicious  selection,  your  new  computer  can 
give  you  years  of  challenge  and  enjoyment. 


Manufacturers 


Apple  Computer  Inc. 

20525  Maricni  Ave. 
Cupertino,  CA  95014 
(408)  996-1010 

Atari  Inc. 

1265  Borregos  Ave. 
Sunnyvale,  CA  94086 
(408)  745-2000 

Commodore  Business  Machines 

950  Ritlenfiouse  Rd- 
Nomstown.  PA  19403 
(215)687-9750 

Exldylnc. 

DotQ  Products  Division 
390  Java  Dr. 
Sunnyvale.  CA  94086 
(408)  7349401 


Hewlett  Packard 

Persorwl  Computer  Division 
1010  N.E.  Circle  Blvd. 
Corvoffis,  Ofi  97330 
Contact  local  saies  office 

IBM  Cofporolion 

IMotional  Marketing  Center 
Dept-  86-ff 

1133  Westctiester  Ave. 
Wtiite  Ploini  NV 10604 
Contoct  locol  soles  office 

Mattel  Electronics 

Division  of  Mattel,  Inc. 
5160  Rosecrcjns  Ave. 
Hav*iorne,  CA  90250 
(213)  978-5150 
(213)  978-6847 


Nippon  Electric  Co„  Ud.  (NEC) 

1401  Estes 

Elk  Grove.  IL  60007 

(312)228-5900 

Osbome  Computer  Corp. 

26500  Corporate  Ave. 
Hoyword.  CA  94545 
(415)  887-6080 

TIte  Potrasonic  Company 

One  Panasonic  Way 
Secaucus.  NJ  07094 
(201)  348-7000 

Radio  Shack 

Division  of  Tandy  Corp. 
1800  One  Tandy  Center 
Fort  WorttxTX  76102 
Contoct  local  soJes  offices 


Sincloir  Re«earcl)  LTD 

One  Sinclair  PIoot 
Nosfiua  NH  03061 

Texas  Instruments  Inc. 

Consumer  Relations 
P.aBox53(Artn:T199-4A) 
Lubbock.  TX  79408 
(806)  741-4800 

Xerox  Cotporotlon 

1341 W.  Mockingbird  Lone 
Dallas.  TX  75247 
Contoct  local  soles  office 

Zenitti  Data  Systems 

100O  North  Milwaukee  Ave. 
Glenview,  IL  60025 
(312)  391-8181 


nn  oPEn  nno  shut  case  N 

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Your  sizable  investmefit  in  your  computer  should  be  protected.  If  you 
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Apple  11  with  Single  Disl(  Drive 

Apple  il  with  Double  Disk  Drives 

Apple  11.  9  inch  Monitor  &  Double  Drives 

Apple  III,  two  additional  Drives  &  Sllentype 

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AIVIDEK  Color  1.  II  or  III                

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ware damage  to  unprotected  circuits. 

Today's  electronic  products  are  often 
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Dealer  Inquiries  Invited 


62 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  tssge  31 


For  VIC  (8K),  Color  Comjmtn  (Extni/h-d  BASIC),  Apple,  Atari,  OSI,  and  PET  -  set  up  any  model  on  a  spreadsheet 
and  -watch  the  changes  when  you  revise  the  information.  This  can  he  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  easy-to-use  programs 
in  your  computer's  repertoire. 

SIMULATOR: 

"Tiny  Plan,"  A  Modeling  Planner  For  Home  Applications 


Christopher  J.  Flynn 
Herndon,  VA 

There  seems  to  be  a  revolution  occurring  in  corpo- 
rate America.  Microcomputers  are  increasingly 
appearing  on  desk  tops.  One  of  the  reasons  for  this 
is  the  development  of  sophisticated  business  s<}li- 
ware.  A  prime  example  is  tlie  computerized  spread- 
sheet. Widi  this  kind  of  software,  managers  can 
rapidly  evaluate  various  Ijusiness  situations.  The 
ability  to  react  quickly  may  mean  the  difference 
between  profit  and  loss  (or  worse). 

What  about  the  average  household,  however?-' 
Hasn't  home  financial  planning  become  more 
necessary?  Hasn't  it  also  become  more  difficult? 
Consider,  for  example,  the  variety  of  investment 
opportunities  that  are  now  available.  There  are 
money  market  plans,  CDs,  IRA  accounts,  and  so 
on.  How  can  you  tell  which  is  best  for  your  family's 
needs?  Are  )()u  able  to  state  what  your  assets  and 
liabilities  will  be  in,  say,  two  years? 

A  Personol  Computerized  Spreadsheet 

"Tiny  Plan"  is  a  computerized  spreadsheet  program 
for  home  computers.  It  is  a  tool  that  makes  difficult 
calculations  and  projections  mucli  easier.  Combine 
Tiny  Plan  with  your  good  judgment,  and  you  are 
well  on  the  way  to  preparing  sound  financial  plans. 

Keep  in  mind,  however,  that  Tiny  Plan  is  only 
a  tool.  Tiny  Plan  does  not  make  recommendations. 
It  is  not,  nor  is  any  otiier  program,  an  electronic 
crystal  ball. 

Tiny  Plan  will  work  on  most  home  computers, 
■^'our  computer  should  have  a  minimum  amoimt 
of  RAM  memory  -  8K  will  dojust  fine.  Tiny  Plan 
will  work  without  a  disk  or  printer. 

Tinv  Plan  was  developed  on  a  Commodore 
VIC-20.  Since  the  VIC  allows  only  22  characters 
per  line,  you  will  notice  that  Tiny  Plan's  messages 
and  instructions  tend  to  be  brief. 

Tiny  Plan  can  be  adapted  to  your  computer 
quite  easily.  VIC's  color  and  sound  capabilities 
were  not  used  at  all,  to  make  the  program  more 
general.  In  fact,  only  one  program  line  needed  to 


be  changed  when  Tiny  Plan  was  tried  on  an  ex- 
panded Rockwell  AIM  65.  That  was  line  50010, 
where  the  clear  screen  control  character  is  defined. 

Tiny  Plan  Models 

The  concept  behind  Tiny  Plan  is  that  of  building  a 
model.  A  model  is  a  representation  of  reaiitv.  Ilie 
representation  may  be  a  physical  replica  (like  a 
model  airplane)  or  a  mathematical  abstraction. 
Tiny  Plan  uses  the  language  of  mathemadcs. 

In  practice,  the  mathematics  used  bv  Tiny 
Plan  are  very  simple.  There  are  the  familiar  opera- 
tions of  addition,  subtraction,  multiplicadon,  divi- 
sion, and  a  variety  of  percentage  calculations.  Tiie 
power  of  Tiny  Plan  comes  from  its  ability  to  perform 
these  calculations  on  lots  of  numbers  quickly  and 
accurately. 

Projection 

We  will  use  an  example  to  illustrate  Tiny  Plan  that 
will  project  the  value  of  different  financial  assets 
for  the  next  three  years. 

The  first  step  is  to  develop  a  model.  Vou  don't 
need  an  algebra  book  or  your  neighborhood 
economist  -  neither  will  do  much  good.  At  this 
point  all  you  need  is  a  pencil  and  paper.  We've 
mentioned  that  Tiny  Plan  can  work  on  lots  of 
numbers.  However,  we  don't  start  with  a  jumbled 
list  of  numbers.  Using  a  little  thought  and  pencil 
and  paper,  we  can  start  by  developing  a  scheme  for 
organizing  the  numbers.  Let's  agree  to  arrange  the 
information  in  the  form  of  a  chart. 

Suppose  we  have  three  savings  plans  -  a  CD, 
an  All  Savers  certificate,  and  a  passbook  accoimt. 
We  know  the  amount  of  money  in  each  account 
and  the  annual  yield  of  each  account.  We  want  to 
project  each  account  for  three  years.  Our  chart 
might  look  something  like  this: 

Principal     Yield    1983     1984     1985 
CD 

All  Savers 
Passbook 

The  chart  has  three  horizontal  rows  to  rejire- 
sent  the  three  sa\ings  plans.  Five  vertical  cokunns 
represent  various  characteristics  -  some  we  already 


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December  1982,  Issue  31 


know;  some  we  wish  lo  calculate. 

We  have  just  developed  a  model.  The  chart 
represents  our  uncierstanding  of  what  will  happen 
to  these  accounts  over  the  next  few  years.  For  the 
purposes  of  our  example,  let's  assume  that  there 
will  be  no  deposits  or  withdrawals  and  that  the 
yield  will  stay  the  same  for  the  next  three  years. 

Not  surprisingly,  the  first  step  in  using  Tiny 
Plan  is  specifying  the  model,  which  is  then  described 
to  Tiny  Plan  in  the  lorm  of  a  chart.  We  tell  Tiny 
Plan  how  many  rows  and  columns  there  are,  and 
then  we  give  the  name  of  each  row  and  column. 
(The  more  RAM  memory  you  have  in  your  com- 
puter, the  bigger  the  model  that  Tiny  Plan  is  able 
to  manipulate.) 

If  we  were  carrying  out  the  analysis  by  hand, 
we  would  next  write  down  the  principal  and  yield 
infortnation. 

Principal  Yield   1983     1984     1985 
CD                    10,000        167( 
All  Savers          8,000        12% 
Passbook           2,000         6% 

Then  we  perform  the  following  calculations  for 
each  of  the  savings  plans  for  each  olihe  three 
years: 

1.  Compute  the  interest  by  applying  the  yield 
to  the  principal. 

2.  Compute  the  total  dollars  by  adding  the 
interest  to  the  principal. 

After  a  little  work,  our  chart  looks  like  this; 

Principal  Yield       1983       1984       1985 

CD                  10,000  169^    11,600    13,456   15,609 

All  Savers         8,000  127(      8,960   10,035    11,239 

Passbook           2,000  6%      2,120     2,247     2,382 

The  figures  have  been  rounded  lo  the  nearest 
dollar. 

Suppose  we  want  to  see  what  happens  if  we 
change  our  investmem  mix.  Out  comes  the  pencil 
and  paper  again.  We  repeal  the  calculations  on  a 
different  set  of  numbers. 

In  this  example,  we  had  to  perform  the  calcu- 
lations step  by  step  for  each  of  the  three  savings 
plans.  What  if  we  had  enough  money  lor  ten  savings 
plans?  The  calculations  would  be  quite  tedious 
indeed.  Needless  to  say,  we  would  ptobably  not 
want  to  repeat  the  exercise,  so  we  would  be  giving 
up  our  chance  to  evaluate  different  situations. 

Rapid  Analysis 

Tiny  Plan  lets  us  perform  analyses  very  rapidly. 
Once  the  initial  data  is  entered.  Tiny  Plan  calculates 
whole  rows  or  columns  of  numbers  at  once.  Using 
our  example,  we  could  tell  Tiny  Plan  to  multiply 
the  yield  times  the  principal.  Tiny  Plan  would  work 
out  this  calculation  for  each  savings  plan,  whether 
we  had  three,  ten,  or  thirty.  If  we  wanted  to  see  the 


effects  of  different  yields,  we  could  go  back  and 
change  only  the  yield  data.  Then  we  could  repeat 
the  calculations.  All  of  this  can  be  done  in  a  very 
short  time.  Yf)u  can  see  how  it  would  be  useful  for 
household  planning. 

A  good  tool  must  help  its  user  solve  the  in- 
tended problem.  Also,  the  tool  must  be  ea,sy  to  use. 
Tiny  Plan  satisfies  both  of  these  requirements. 

Tiny  Plan  has  loiu"  simple  steps  to  follow; 

1.  Specify  the  model. 

2.  Enter  the  data  for  the  model. 

3.  Perform  the  calculations. 

4.  Examine  the  results. 

You  may  repeat  steps  2,  3,  and  4  as  many  limes  as 
you  like  for  a  given  model.  By  doing  this,  you  can 
evaluate  the  impact  of  changing  conditions. 

For  each  step.  Tiny  Plan  will  ask  you  for  the 
inloiniation  it  needs.  Most  of  Tiny  Plan's  messages 
are  self-explanatory.  I>on't  worry  about  making 
mistakes.  Tiny  Plan  will  let  you  know  if  it  can't 
figure  out  what  vou're  trying  to  tell  it. 

Step  1:  Specify  The  IModel 

Before  you  e\en  lr\'  lo  use  Tiny  Plan,  sketch  a 
picture  of  your  model  on  a  piece  of  paper.  Recall 
how  we  worked  oiu-  example.  Ciive  each  row  and 
column  a  name.  Since  you  will  use  these  row  ancl 
column  names  in  other  steps,  try  to  choose  names 
that  relate  t<^  the  problem  you're  working  on.  .\lso, 
jot  down  the  numbers  that  you  wish  to  enter  initially. 
Finally,  have  a  pretty  good  idea  of  the  calculations 
that  need  to  be  done. 

Specifying  a  model  consists  of  entering  the 
number  of  rows  and  columns  and  then  the  names 
of  the  rows  and  cohnnns.  Bear  in  mind  that  Tiny 
IMan  keeps  the  model  in  yoiu"  computers  RAM 
memory.  After  you  enter  the  size  of  your  model. 
Tiny  Plan  will  check  to  sec  if  there  is  enough  mem- 
ory to  hold  v'OLU-  model.  If  Hot,  you  may  want  to 
point  out  the  benefits  of  more  memory  to  yoiu' 
home  budget  director. 

People  like  myself  often  confuse  simple  con- 
cepts such  as  rows  and  columns.  Tiny  Plan  will 
show  you  what  your  chart  looks  like.  Tins'  Plan 
displays  a  rectangle  consisting  of  rows  and  columns 
of  X's.  So,  if  you've  mistaken  rows  for  columns  and 
vice  versa,  the  rectangle  will  look  different  from 
your  chart.  Tiny  Plan  gives  you  a  chance  to  verify 
the  size  and  shape  of  the  model. 

If  everything  is  OK,  you  can  put  in  the  names 
for  each  row  and  column.  Tiny  Plan  asks  lor  the 
names  one  by  one.  You  can  enter  a  name  that  is 
from  one  lo  ten  characters  long.  If  a  name  is  longer 
ihan  ten  characters,  only  the  first  ten  will  be  kept. 
Do  not  use  the  same  name  twice;  this  would  confuse 
you  and  your  computer. 

If  you  wish.  Tiny  Plan  will  make  up  its  own 


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COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


row  and  column  names.  To  do  this,  hit  RETURN 
whenever  Tin\'  Plan  asks  for  a  name,  (This  mit^ht 
not  work  on  all  compiuers.  Try  it  on  yours.)  Tinv 
IMan  names  the  rows  RI ,  R2,  R?>,  and  so  on.  Simi- 
larly, il  names  ihe  colimms  C;  I ,  C2,  C3,  etc.  Notice 
that  there  is  no  spate  between  the  letter  and 
number. 

Step  2:  Enter  Ttie  Data  For  The  Model 

Alter  you  have  specified  the  model,  Tinv  Plan  sets 
all  the  rows  and  cohnnns  to  zero.  The  data  entry 
step  is  the  way  for  yoti  to  ptit  data  in  the  model. 
Yoii  can  also  use  the  data  entry  step  to  change  the 
data  that  ma\'  already  be  in  the  model. 

You  may  enter  data  by  rows  or  by  cohmins  or 
bv  a  combination  of  the  two.  You  do  not  need  to 
enter  all  of  the  rows  or  cokmins,  just  the  ones 
you  want.  Suppose  we  want  to  enter  the  column 
PRINC'II'.'VL  in  oiu"  example.  First,  we  would  tell 
liny  Plan  the  name  of  the  column  we  want.  Then 
Tiny  Plan  would  ask  us  for  the  valties  of  CD,  ALL 
SAVERS,  and  PASSBOOK.  On  the  other  hand, 
suppose  we  wanted  to  enter  the  row  PASSBOOK. 
Tinv  Plan  would  ask  for  the  values  for  PRINCIPAL, 
YIE'LL:).  198;^,  1984,  and  1985.  Since  we  are  cal- 
culating 1983,  1984,  and  1985,  we  could  enter  zero 
or  just  hit  RETURN.  The  choice  of  row  or  cohunn 
entry  depends  on  yoiu"  particular  model.  In  our 
example,  entering  the  columns  turns  out  to  be  a 
little  easier. 

When  Tinv  Plan  asks  for  a  new  value,  it  shows 
you  the  current  value  of  the  item  in  the  model.  To 
retain  that  value,  jtist  hit  RETURN,  (On  some 
coini>uiers,  ihough,  vou  mav  have  to  retype  the 
.same  number  again  even  if  you  don't  want  to  change 
it.)  If  you  want  to  change  the  value,  type  in  the  new 
number. 

Step  3:  Perform  Tlie  Calculations 

Once  vou've  entered  vour  data,  you'll  ]Drobai)lv 
want  to  do  some  calculations.  Tiny  Plan  will  perform 
calculations  on  entire  rows  or  cohnnns  of  nimibers. 
Every  number  in  the  row  or  column  will  be  in- 
cluded. Ihe  only  time  that  Tiny  Plan  skips  a  calcu- 
lation is  when  a  division  by  zero  is  attempted. 

Dejiending  (jn  your  model,  \ou  will  choose  to 
do  row  or  column  calculations.  Your  model  may 
even  involve  doing  some  row  calculations  and  then 
some  coltiinn  calculations.  The  (mlv  restriction  is 
that  you  cannot  perlorm  an  operation  involving  a 
row  and  colunm.  For  example,  you  cannot  add  a 
row  to  a  cohniin.  You  can.  of  course,  add  one  row 
to  another  row  or  multiply  one  colunm  by  another 
column. 

Each  time  vou  do  a  calculation,  liny  Plan  will 
ask  you  lor  four  items  of  information: 

1.  A  row  or  coliunn  name. 


2.  The  type  of  calculation  (such  as  addition), 

3.  A  second  row  or  column  name,  and 

4.  A  third  row  or  column  name  indicating 
where  the  answei  will  be  kept. 

Tlie  Hrst  and  second  low  or  c(tlunm  names  indicate 
to  Tiny  Plan  which  numbers  will  be  used  in  the 
calculation. 

Trying  Out  Tlie  Example 

.-\n  example  will  make  this  clearer.  Om*  savings 
plan  anaKsis  uses  cokumi  calculations.  When  Tin\ 
Plan  asks  for  names,  we  respond  with  colunm 
names.  To  compute  I983's  results,  we  would  re- 
spond to  the  four  [prompts  with; 

1.  PRINCIPAL  as  the  first  cohunn  name, 

2.  %+  as  the  type  of  calculation, 

3.  YIELD  as  the  second  coltimn  name,  and 

4.  1983  as  the  colunm  which  will  hold  the 
resutls. 

This  means  thai  we  want  to  increase  all  the 
numbers  in  the  PRINCIPAL  colunm  by  the  per- 
centages contained  in  the  YIELD  column.  We  want 
the  results  saved  in  the  1983  colunm,  Tinv  l*lan 
does  the  ( alculation  for  each  and  every  munber  in 
the  indicated  colunms.  In  oin^  example,  there  were 
just  three  nuuTbers  in  each  cohunn.  There  could 
just  as  easily  have  been  30  niunbers.  Notice  that 
"'^  -f-"  is  one  of  Tiny  l*lan's  special  percentage 
calculations. 

Now,  to  obtain  1984's  results  we  wotild  use: 

1.  1983 

2.  %  + 

3.  YIELD 

4.  1984 

The  same  yield  figures  are  used  again.  1  his  time, 
however,  1983*s  calctilated  results  are  u.sed  as  the 
base.  As  an  exercise,  how  would  yoti  obtain  1985's 
results? 

As  we  mentioned,  "%  +  "  is  one  of  Tiny  Plan's 
percentage  calculations.  Tiny  Plan  can  perform  a 
variety  of  calculations: 

+    add  the  first  row/coliLum  lo  ihe  second  row/ 
colunm 
-   sLibtiact  the  second  row/colimm  IVom  the  first 

row/cohmni 
*   multi]3lv  the  first  row/column  by  the  second 

row/coiunm 
/  divide  the  first  row/column  by  the  second 
row/colunm 
%  compute  the  given  |jercemage  (second  row/ 
coluimi) of  the  fust  row/column 
%  +    increase  the  first  row/column  by  the  per- 
centage specified  in  the  second  row/column 
%-  decrease  the  llrst  row/column  by  the  per- 
centage specified  in  the  second  row/column 


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%D  compute  the  percent  difference  between  the 
first  row/column  and  the  second  row/column, 
using  the  first  row/column  as  the  Ixise 

With  the  exception  of  the  "  +  "  and  "*"'  t)pt'rati()ns, 
die  order  of  the  I'ows  and  cohimns  is  very  import  ant. 
For  example,  if  we  tried  to  do: 

1.  YIELD 
2.9f  + 

3.  PRINCIPAL 

4.  1984 

we  would  get  strange  and  unpleasant  results.  This 
is  because  Tiny  Plan  assumed  that  the  second 
column  name  entered  (i.e.,  PRINCIPAL)  will 
contain  the  percentage  figures.  In  lheca.se  of  the 
CD,  Tiny  Plan  thinks  that  the  intent  was  to  increase 
16  by  10,000  percent.  The  moral  here  is  to  be 
careful.  When  Tiny  Plan  asks  for  row  or  column 
names,  be  stire  that  you  enter  them  in  the  proper 
oiTJer  for  the  ]>arli(:ula]'  calculation  that  voii  aie 
doing. 

Important  Note:  when  you  use  the  percentage 
operations,  make  sine  that  your  numbers  arc 
entered  as  percentages.  In  other  words,  enter 
12.5%  as  12.5,  not  ns  .125.  When  Tiny  Plan  com- 
putes a  result  titat  is  a  percentage  (9^D),  it  will  do 
the  same  thing. 

You  may  perforin  as  many  calculations  as  you 
like.  Each  calculation  will  ie(juire  four  items  oi 
inlormaiion. 

Step  4:  Examine  The  Results 

This  is  probably  the  most  important  step.  Only 
after  examining  and  analyzing  the  results  can  you 
start  to  carry  out  your  plan. 

As  in  the  previotis  steps,  Tiny  Plan  now  gives 
you  the  choice  of  looking  at  rows  or  columns.  You 
may  examine  one  row  or  column  at  a  time,  fell  Tiny 
Plan  the  name  of  the  particular  row  or  column  that 
you  want  to  examine.  It  will  respond  bv  showing 
you  all  the  numbers  in  that  row  or  column.  Fin- 
thermore.  Tiny  Plan  will  compute  and  display  the 
row  or  colimm  sum  automatically. 

If  we  wanted  to  examine  the  cohunn  for  19S;>, 
Tiny  Plan  wotild  prepare  the  following  display: 

19S5 
CD  15,609 

ALLSAVERS  11,239 

PASSBOOK  2,282 

TOTAL  29,230 

We  get  the  colimm  total  without  ever  having 
to  direct  Tiny  Plan  to  compute  it.  Be  careful.  Some- 
times a  column  total  is  not  really  meaningful.  If  we 
displayed  tlie  \'IELD  column,  we  would  see  the 
three  yield  figures  and  a  total  figure.  In  this  case, 
the  total  has  no  meaning  -  it  is  just  the  sum  of 
numbers. 


Rows  are  displayed  in  a  similar  manner.  The 
numbers  in  the  row  are  listed  vertically.  The  ap- 
projjriate  column  names  arc  shown  to  the  left  c)t 
the  numbers.  A  row  total  is  also  provided.  The 
same  caution  concerning  ilie  total  should  be  ol)- 
served  here. 

Assume  that  your  budget  director  has  seen  the 
benefits  of  additional  memory.  Now  you  are 
working  on  very  large  models.  Let's  say  vou  have  a 
model  with  40  columns  and  40  rows.  What  would 
happen  if  you  wanted  to  examine  a  particular 
column?  Can  your  computer  display  40  lines  of 
data?  Ours  can't. 

Regardless  of  how  many  numbers  are  in  a 
particular  row  or  column,  Einy  Plan  will  display  at 
most  ten  numbers  at  a  time.  Tiny  Plan  will  then 
pause.  When  vou  press  the  space  bar,  the  next 
group  of  numbers  will  be  displayed.  This  process 
continues  until  the  entire  row  or  column  has  been 
displayed.  Note  that  the  row  or  column  total  is 
always  visible  at  the  bottom  of  the  screen.  Just  keep 
in  mind  that  the  total  is  the  sum  of  the  entire  row  or 
colunui  and  not  the  sum  of  the  group  of  numbers 
that  happens  to  be  on  the  screen. 

When  you  have  finished  examining  the  results. 
Tiny  Plan  will  ask  you  if  you  want  to  model  again. 
If  vou  do,  Einy  Plan  will  resume  at  the  data  entiy 
step.  Step  2.  You  can  take  the  opportunity  to  change 
some  oi"  all  of  the  nimibers  and  then  proceed  with 
additional  calculations.  Einally,  you  can  review  the 
results  again. 

Tiny  Plan  On  Your  Computer 

.\lthough  f  iny  Plan  was  develo]jed  on  a  \'IC-'20, 
every  elTort  was  made  to  u.se  standard  B.VSIC 
commands.  If  your  computer  uses  a  version  of 
Microsoft  BASIC,  you  should  have  no  trouble 
getting  4  inv  Plan  to  work.  Other  versions  of  BASICS 
may  require  some  conversion. 

I  here  are  very  few  comments  in  the  program 
listing  itself.  Also,  spaces  have  been  omitted  whei- 
ever  possible.  While  the  program  may  be  hard  to 
read,  this  does  conserve  memory  space.  The  result 
is  that  Tiny  Plan  can  handle  bigger  models. 

There  are  a  few  areas  in  Tiny  Plan  that  would 
need  adjusting  depending  on  the  computer  brand 
being  used.  Make  the  changes  appropriate  to  your 
particular  computer.  Then  save  two  copies  (just  in 
case)  of  the  customized  version  of  Tinv  Plan. 

1.  Clear  screen  code 

Line  24'2t)  defines  a  variable  CS$.  CS$  is  given 
a  value  of  147.  This  is  the  VIC  control  code 
for  homing  the  cursor  and  clearing  the  screen. 
You  should  use  the  proper  code  for  your 
computer,  (The  code  is  12  for  an  AIM  65 
equipped  with  an  MTl'  Visible  Memory.)  Use 
HOME  on  the  Apple  in  place  of  PRINTCS$. 


Exterminator  by  Ken  Grant 

First  the  bad  news. ..this  game  is 
literally  full  of  bugs.  Tfie  good  news? 
We  guarantee  hours  of  exciting  enter- 
tainment trying  to  remove  them. 
Some  bugs  you  are  iikely  to  come  up 
against  are  spiders,  snails,  fleas  and 
centipedes  in  this  rapidfire,  100% 
machine  language,  exceptional  quali- 
ty game.  Exterminator  runs  in  stan- 
dard 5K  VIC.  '24.95 

Antimatter  Splatter!     a  more 

dastardly  alien  could  scarcely  be 
found  than  one  who  would  wipe  out 
an  entire  civilization  by  dropping  anti- 
matter anti-canisters,  right?  If  your 
opinion  of  this  alien  troublemaker  is 
the  same  as  ours,  protiably  your  first 
thought  was,  get  some  matter!  We 
say  calm  down!  All  is  not  lost.  A 
mobile  rapid  splatter  cannon  capable 
of  both  breaking  through  his  standard 
alien  moving  force  fields  and  laying 
waste  to  the  ever-increasing  number 
of  anti-canisters  is  even  now  hovering 
above  us.  If  only  our  cannoneer 
hadn't  called  in  sick. ..say,  what  are 
you  doing  today?  Anti-Matter  Spiat- 
ter  is  100%  machine  language  and 
runs  in  standard  5K  VIC.  '24.95 

3-D  Man  The  exact  maze  from 
probably  the  most  popular  arcade 
game  ever  with  perspective  altered 
from  overhead  to  eye  level.  The 
dots. ..the  monsters. ..the  power 
dots. ..the  side  exits.  New  on-screen 
radar.  This  game  is  amazing.  3-D  Man 
requires  at  least  3K  memory  expander 
but  will  run  with  any  memory  add-ons 
(8K,  16K,  24K,  etc.)  that  we  have  come 
across.  '  19.95 

Defender  on  Tri  As  pilot  ot  the 
experimental  Defender-style  ship 
"Skyes  Limited,"  you  are  the  only 
hope  for  an  advance  party  of  scien- 
tists trapped  in  ancient  alien  sphere 
which  suddenly  (heat  from  collision 
course  with  sun  presumably— G.E.) 
came  to  life.  Four  screens  worth  of 
unique  defenses,  on-off  shields,  fuel 
deposits,  alien  treasures,  running 
timer,  energy,  score  and  very  nice 
graphics  display  make  this  one  that 
does  not  quickly  wax  old.  Defender 


It'X'X'X'X' 


ftniimfiTTER 

SPLATTER 


on  TRI  requires  at  least  3K  memory 
expander,  but  will  run  with  any 
memory  add-on  (8K,  16K,  24K,  etc.)  we 
have  come  across.  '19.95 

Rescue  From  Nufon  This 

graphic  adventure  has  five  floors  with 
20  rooms  apiece.  Use  the  elevator  to 
change  levels  and  the  N,  S,  E,  W  keys 
to  move  your  characters  around  as 
you  search  for  30  hostages  randomly 
scattered  (differently  every  run) 
throughout.  As  there  are  three 
different  monsters  occupying  Nufon, 
you  are  armed  with  a  blaster,  but 
unfortunately  it  uses  energy  pretty 


fast,  forcing  you  to  do  some  fancy 
dodging  in  order  to  make  the  supply 
last.  Average  game  is  twenty 
minutes.  Standard  5K  VIC  20— Key- 
board =12.95 

Krazy  Kong  The  crazy  gorllla  has 
taken  three  fair  maidens  up  to  the  top 
of  the  giant  stairway.  And  you  (the 
valiant  hero)  will  attempt  to  rescue 
them  at  the  risk  of  your  own  life.  Your 
timing  must  be  totally  accurate  as 
you  jump  the  barrels  that  Kong  is 
rolling  down  at  you.  =12.95 


Md  there's  more. 

Collide 


nuFEKap 

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C.O.D.  Ord©rs...cail  (503)  878-2113 

Mastercard  and  Visa  cards  accepted 
Ask  for  our  new  FREE  catalog ! 

Games  will  be  on  tape  unless  you  request  disk. 


M2.95 

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Vlkman '12.95 

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order  of  Exterminator  and  Anti-Mat- 
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VIC  is  a  trademark  of  Commodore  Business  Machines,  Inc. 


70 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


2.  Row  and  column  display  size 

The  VIC  can  display  23  lines  of  information. 
When  Tiny  Plan  displays  a  row  or  column, 
there  is  room  to  show  ten  ntimbers  and  several 
messages.  Some  computers  can  display  a 
maximum  of  16  lines.  Line  2430  defines  a 
variable  NL.  Set  NL  to  however  many  numbers 
from  a  row  or  column  you  want  to  display  at 
one  time.  Don't  forget  to  leave  room  on  the 
display  for  the  message  lines  as  well. 

3.  Memo)y  size  check 

Most  computers  have  some  way  of  letting  )ou 
know  when  there  is  not  enough  memory  to 
run  a  program  or  store  additional  data.  The 
typical  computer  responds  by  stopping  the 
program  and  returning  to  the  command 
mode. 

Right  after  you  enter  the  number  of  rows 
and  columns  in  your  model,  Tiny  Plan  does  its 
own  check  to  see  if  there  is  enough  memory. 
Lines  290,  300,  and  2530  are  used  in  this 
check.  Line  290  estimates  memory  requirements 
based  on: 

a.  5  bytes  for  each  numeric  array  element 

b.  1 3  bytes  for  each  row  and  column 
name  (3  bytes  for  the  string  length  and 
pointer  plus  10  bytes  for  the  name 
itself). 

Consult  your  computer's  technical  manuals 
for  the  way  to  estimate  memory  requirements. 
Alternatively,  you  may  leave  out  these  three 
lines  entirely. 

4.  INPUT  statement 

On  the  VIC,  you  can  hit  RETURN  by  itself  in 
response  to  an  INPUT  statement.  If  you  do 
this,  the  contents  of  the  variables  in  the  INPUT 
statement  will  remain  unchanged.  The  VIC 
acts  in  this  ca.se  as  if  the  INPUT  statement  had 
never  even  been  executed.  Tiny  Plan  makes 
use  of  this  VIC  feature  when  it  asks  you  to 
enter  data  values. 

Some  compiuers,  however,  respond  a 
little  differently.  The  TRS-80,  for  example, 
will  set  the  variables  in  the  INPUT  statement 
to  zero  (or  to  a  null  string)  if  (jnly  the  RETLIRN 
key  is  hit.  If  your  computer  works  this  way, 
make  these  two  changes  to  Tiny  Plan: 

14070  R$  =  "":  INPUT  R$:  IF  R$ <> ""  THEN  DA(R,I) 

=  VAL{R$) 
18070  R$  =  "":  INPUT  R$:  IF  R$<>""  THEN  DA(I,C) 

=  VAL(R$) 

There  is  a  slight  price  to  be  paid.  The  V  AL 
function  does  not  let  you  know  if  it  encounters 
non-numeric  data.  So,  if  you  typed  U123 
instead  of  .123,  VAL  would  convert  the  input 
to  zero.  This  is  not  what  you  intended,  but 


there  would  be  no  error  message.  These  two 
modifications  should  work  well  for  most  appli- 
cations. Just  be  advLsed  that  extra  attention  is 
required  when  typing  in  numbers. 

There  is  yet  another  variation  in  computer 
behavior.  The  AIM  65  and  Commodore  PET/ 
CBM  simply  stop  if  just  a  RETURN  is  keyed 
after  an  INPUT  statement.  The  program  can 
be  resumed  by  typing  CONT.  For  this  type  of 
computer,  you  have  to  use  slightlv  diffeient 
operating  procedures.  Never  hit  RETURN 
without  first  entering  something. 
5.  Decimal  Places 

Tiny  Plan  normally  rounds  all  calculated  results 
to  two  decimal  places.  This  is  quite  appropriate 
if  you  work  most  often  in  units  of  dollars  and 
cents.  A  variable  DP  {for  decimal  places)  is 
defined  in  line  2490.  You  may  set  DP  to  zero  if 
you  want  all  calculated  results  to  be  integers 
(no  decimal  fractions  shown).  Also,  DP  may  be 
set  to  round  calculated  results  to  a  different 
number  of  decimal  places. 

Experiment  with  Tiny  Plan.  Start  by  setting  up 
very  simple  models.  Expand  on  the  simple  models. 
Compare  your  projections  with  reality.  Try  to 
account  for  any  differences.  Then  go  back  and  add 
additional  terms  to  your  models.  And  let  us  know 
of  your  results.  What  modifications  did  you  make 
to  Tiny  Plan  to  get  it  to  work  on  your  computer? 
What  models  have  you  developed?  What  have  the 
results  been? 


Program  1:  Microsoft  Version:  VIC,  PET,  Apple,  OSI, 
Color  Computer  (Extended  BASIC) 

100  HEM  TINY  PLAN 

110  GOSUB160 

120  GOSUB510 

130    IFR$="Y"THEN120 

140  PRINTCSS:PRINT"THANK  YOU.":PRItJT 

150  END 

160  REM  BEGIN 

170  GOSUB2410 

180  GOSUB240 

190  IFR$="N"THEN180 

200  DIMDA(NR,NC) 

210  DIMCNS (NC) ,RN$ (MR) 

220  GOSUB350 

230  RETURN 

240  REM  CONFIGURE 

250  PRINTCS$; :PRINT"HOW  MANY  ROWS  AND" 

260  PRINT:PRINT"COLUMNS  IN  THE  MODEL  ?":PRINT: 

PRINT 
270  NH=0:PRINT"#  ROWS  (ACROSS) ";: INPUTNR! IFNR< 

=0THEN PRINT" WHAT? ":G0T02 7  0 
280  NC=0:PRINT"#  COLS  (UP&DOWN) " ; : INPUTNC: IFNC 

<=9THENPRINT"WHAT?" :GOTO280 
29  0  MS=(NC+1)*(NR+1)*5+(NC+1) *13+ (NR+1 ) *13 
300  IFMS>SZTHENPRINT"NOT  ENOUGH  MEMORY" : PRINT: 

GOTO270 
310  PRINT :F0RI=1T0NR:F0RJ=1T0NC:PRINT"X"; :NEXT 

:PRINT:NEXT 
320  PRINT: PRINT" SHAPE  OK  (Y  OR  N)  ?"; 


NOW.  The  only  real  limitation 
for  your  VIC  20  Is  imagination. 


The  ARFON  MICRO  VtC  20  EXPAIMSIOW  CHASSIS  allows  you  to  fully  expand  the  VIC  20 
memory,  plug  In  Interfaces,  other  computer  peripherals,  cartridges  for  expanded  Basic 
language  functions,  programming  utilities  and  even  ROM  cartidges  of  your  own  design  to 
turn  the  VIC  20  Into  a  sophisticated  computer  control  system.  In  fact,  with  your  VIC  installed 
in  the  AFRON  MICRO  VIC  20  EXPAiMSIOlM  CHASSIS  the  only  real  limitation  to  the  uses  you 
can  find  for  the  VIC  20  is  imagination. 

VIC  20  SOFTWARE  FROM  ARFOW  MICRO,  U.S. 

case,  use  of  graphic  charaaers,  full  screen  editing,  full  cur- 
sor control  while  editing,  scroll  up  and  down  through  text, 
add,  change  and  delete  charaaers,  insert  and  delete  blocks 
of  text.  S25. 

TOTL  TEXT  2.5  has  all  the  features  of  TOIL  TEXT  2.0,  plus 
up  to  4  heading  lines  per  page,  footing  line  every  page, 
footnotes,  keyboard  imput  for  form  letters  (up  to  6  80- 
column  linesj,  special  characters  for  printer,  right  justify, 
and  3K  additional  working  memory  for  editing.  S35. 
ALL  TOTL  2.0  series  programs  work  with  tape  and/or  disk 
and  require  VIC  20,  8K  expansion,  cassette  deck  and/or  disk 
dhve,  VIC  printer  or  RS-232  printer. 
BALDOR'S  CASTLE  is  a  fast-moving  real  time  ad- 
venture—can you  fight  off  J 1  different  types  of 
monsters  with  just  your  bare  hands,  or  will 
you  need  bow  and  arrow,  magic  sword, 
potions,  and  more  to  steal  Balder'^ 
gold?  Game  cartridge  by  Martin  Ken- 
nedy. (More  fun  with  joystick. 
AJ?FCM\I  VIC  EXPANSION  CHAS- 
SIS comes  complete  with  al- 


TOTL  TIME  MANAGER  is  a  set  of  two  programs  which 
allow  you  to  create  personal  or  business  schedules,  calen- 
dars of  events,  and  checklists  of  activities.  Organize  reports 
by:  person,  projea,  or  aaivity.  Sort  reports  by;  beginning 
or  ending  dates,  or  aaivity  number.  Print  56  different  bar 
chart  formulas.  S25. 

RESEARCH  ASSISTANT  2.0  is  a  set  of  programs  which 
allow  you  to  keep  track  of  reference  data  and  create 
keyword  cross  reference  lists.  Keep  data  on  reference  sour- 
ces; author,  title,  bibliography.  Keep  reference  notes; 
page(s|,  text,  up  to  12  keyword  cross  reference,  print 
data  and  or  cross  reference  lists.  S25. 
TOTL  LABEL  2.0  is  a  very  useful  mailing  list  and  label 
program.  TOTL  LABEL  2.0  features  easy  editing,  add  or 
delete  labels,  define  your  own  labels  (width,  length,  num- 
ber of  printed  linesj,  sort  alphabetically  or  numerically  and 
more.  S20. 

TOTL  TEXT  2.0  is  a  complete  word  processing  program 
which  allows  you  to  create  and  format  professional 
looking  documents.  There  is  no  limit  to  the  length  of  a 
document,  TOTL  TEXT  features:  page  numbering, 
paragraph  control,  right  and  left  margin  control,  \/\C  prin- 
ter expanded  charaaers,  skip  to  top  of  page,  single, 
double,  or  triple  spacing,  centered  title  lines,  tab  position 
control,  chsracieT  and  line  spacing,  upper  and/or  lower 


^^\d 


^^r^!; 


^^:^o^ 


umjnum  cover  monitor  shelf. 


VIC   20  S,   COMMODORE  are  registered  trademarks  of  Commodore 
Business  Machines. 


l-^"^ 


&^ 


:Pldi 


Ask  your  VtC  Dealer,  or  Contact 

ARFON  MICROELECTRONICS,  U.S. 

1 1 1  Rena  Drive,  Lafayette,  La.  70503 

{318)988-2478 


72 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


A  Sample  RUN 

Here  is  a  sample  Rl'N  ui'ihc;  Modeling  I'iaunt'i 
using  Mr.  Flynn's  example.  l'r\  ji  on  your  com- 
puter, anri  vera  u-ilj  get.  a  feel  lor  ho^v  to  use  the 
Modeling  Planner.  Most  helpiui  is  the  ■'worksheet'" 
that  you  develop  before  you  run  the  program. 
You'll  need  lo  refer  to  it  often.  Here  is  Mr.  Flynn's 
worksheet : 

Principal    Yield     1983     1984     1985 
CD 

All  Savers 
Passbook 

Fiisi.  A  ell  set  up  this  worksheet  on  the  com- 
puter. User  input  is  shown  in  boldface.  Comments 
are  enclosed  in  brackets. 

RUN 

TINV  PLAN 

VERSION  l.OJULY  1982 

ELECri'RONIC 

SPREADSHEET 

HOW  MANY  ROWS  AND 
COLUMNS  IN  THE  MODEL  ? 

#ROWS  (ACROSS)?  3 

[Three  rows:  CD.  .A.!!  Savers,  .ilkI  Passbook] 

#COLS(UP&DOWN):-5 

[.')  columns:  Pnndj>al.  \\M.  !<)«;!.  198t.aiid  1985] 

xxxxx 
xxxxx 
xxxxx 

SHAPEOK<YORN):-Y 
[This  resembles  the  worksheet] 

WHAT  IS  THE  NAME  OF 
EAC:H  ROW  AND  COLUMN? 
NAMES  CAN  BE  LP  TO 
10  CHARACTERS  LONG 
lWe'\]  probably  have  lo  abbreviate] 

ROWS  (ACROSS)  FIRST, 

1  OF  3?  CD 

2  OF  .S?  ALL  SAVERS 

3  OF  3?  PASSBOOK 

COLUMNS  (UP  AND  DOWN). 

1  OF  5  ?  PRINCIPAL 

2  OF  5  }  YIELD 

3  OF  5  ?  1983 

4  OF  5  ?  1984 

5  OF  5  ?  1985 

*  DATA  ENTRY  STEP  * 

[This  is  the  second  step,  where  we  can  enter  as  much 
data  as  we  please,  in  either  rows  or  tokimiis.  We'll  enter 
the  jii  Liuipal  and  the  yield,  which  are  columns.  Using 
Mr.  Flynn's  table,  it  would  look  like: 

Principal    Yield  1983      1981      1985 
CD  10.000       16% 

A!!  Savers  8,000       12% 

Passbook  2,000        6% 


Nf)w  we'll  emei  the  first  imo  coinmns  inio  ihc  cnrupmcrf 

K  \  !  !;K  DAr.v  i'l,  X;?  V 

ENTER  ROWS  (V/N)?  N 

I  We  eiiuncd  "N""  hticiiirsf  we'll  ciiifr  rlatii  \>\  (ultjnsns:] 

ENTER  COL.S.  (V,\')?V 

COLNANfECR  i-.Xlr 
.'  PRINCIPAL 

[First,  we'll  enter  the  pr!nti]);ilj 

ENTER:'  \  .VLIES- 
i  FOR  EACH  ROW 

**C:t)L  PRINCIPAL** 

[Note  that  the  i.olumn  names  are  abbieviated  to  live 
chaiacters  iiere:] 

ROW  \ALUE 

PRiNC  0  :-   10000 

ALLS  0  :-   8000 

PASSB  0  :-   2000 

COL  NAME  OR  END' 
?  YIELD 

ENTERS  V AH T.S- 
1  FOR  E,\C.H  \lO\V 

***C:OL  YIELD* 

[Note  the  "0".  It  is  the  j^revious  value o(  the  row  element.] 

ROW  VALUE 

PRINC  0  ?    16 

ALLS  0  ?   12 

P.ASSB  0  ?  6 

COLNA.MECR'END' 

?END 

[Because  we're  through  entering  data] 

*CALCLI..\  IK.sTFP* 

CALCULATE  (V'N):-Y 

WORK  ON  ROWS  (Y/N)?N 

[We'll  be  calcidating  columns  ( 1983-198."])  from  the  fu'st 

two  columns.  H'e  won't  be  working  on  rows.] 

WORKt>XC01.S   iV,  Ni?  Y 

[Each  calculation  will  be  a  percentage  calculation  on  a 
column  against  the  yield.] 

1ST  COL  NAME  OR  END' 
?  PRINCIPAL 

+  .-.  ^. /,%,%  +  .  9;-,  %D 
}%  + 

2ND  COL  NAME  OR  END' 
?  YIELD 

ANS  COL  NA.ME  OR  'END' 

?  1983 

[The  answer  will  be  put  in  column  1983] 

WORKING... 

[Now  let's  calculate  1984  from  1983] 

1ST  COL  NA.MF  OR  'END' 

?  1983 

+  ,-,*,/,%,%  +  .%-.  %D 

?  %  + 

2ND  COL  NAME  OR  'END' 

?  YIELD 


(continued^ 


LEARN  TO  TYPE 

OR  GET 

BLOWN  TO  BITS. 


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a  blast. 

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or  the  aliens  ZAP  your  spaceship  into  oblivion.  The  results? 
Highly  motivated  and  enjoyable  learning. 

Masteriype  earns  a  ten-gun  salute. 

MasterType  is  fast  becoming  the  best  selling  educa- 
tional software  product  designed  for  use  with  the  Atari  800 
home  computer 

It's  no  wonder,  when  you  consider  what  InfoWorld 
magazine  had  to  say: 

"AAasterType  is  an  excellent  instructional  typing  game.  We 
had  fun  reviewing  it,  and  we  highly  recommend  it  to 
those  who  want  to  learn  typing  in  an  unconventional  but 
motivating  way." 


InfoWorld  also  went  on  to  rate  MasterType  as  "excellent" 
in  all  four  of  its  categories. 

A^steiiype  teaches  your  fingers  to  fly. 

Face  it.  If  you're  like  most  people,  the  most  inefficient 
components  on  your  computer  are  protiably  your  fingers. 
But  you  can  change  all  that  with  MasterType.  In  just  a  few 
easy  lessons  your  fingers  will  be  doing  things  you  thought 
them  incapable  of. 

AAasterTypc.  With  18  explosive  learning  levels.  You'll 
either  learn  to  type  or  get  blown  to  pieces. 

$39.95.  Requires  disk  drive  32k  and  basic. 


ightning  Software 


,0  BO.  W25»«o.CA  91505 
iai5>J3?-5290 


© 


74 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


(contrii  lu'd  from  page  72) 


,\\.S  COL  NAMEOR  'END' 
?  1984 

WORKING... 

[We  now  have  values  for  19S3  and  1984.  Try  to 
contimic  here  and  calciibte  1985.  We'll  just  slop 
calculating  and  look  at  some  data  now.] 

1ST  COL  N.'VME  OR  END' 
?END 

*  DATA  DISPLAY  STEP  * 

DISPLAY  DATA  (Y/N)?Y 
DISPLAY  ROWS  (Y/'N)?Y 

ROW  NAME  OR  END' 
?  ALL  SAVERS 

COLUMN  ALL  SAVERS 

0 

PRINCIPAL  80(11) 

YIELD  12 

l',)8:i  896(1 

1984  10035.2 

198.^  (» 

ROWTOTAl.li7iH)7.2 
SPACE  TO  CONTINUE 

ROW  NAME  OR 'END' 
?END 

DISPLAY  COLS  (Y/N)?  Y 
[Let's  display  1984] 
COL  NAME  OR  END' 
?  1984 

ROW  1984 

0 

CD  1:^4.56 

ALLSAVERS  U)0;«.2 

PASSBOOK  2247.2 

COL  rOTAL  25738.4 

SPACE  TO  CONTINUE 

COL  NAME  OR  END* 
?END 

(We'R-  ihiislud  illsplayingdaiaj 

MODEL  AGAl.X  (Y/N)?  N 

[.A.lthis  poinl,  vou  could  enter  "Y".  ^ou  touid  enter  or 
edit  the  ri;it.i.  re-do  the  calculations,  and  display.  This  is 
the  "w  hat-il"  power  ola  microcompuier.  You  can  jusl 
change  a  tew  values  and  re-calculate  dozens  of  others.] 

rilANKYOU. 
READY. 


330  GOSUB2260 

340  RETURN 

350  REM  SYMBOL  TABLE 

360  PRINTCS5;"WHAT  IS  THE  NAME  OF" : PRINT: PRINT 

"EACH  ROW  AND  COLUMN?" 
370  PRINT:  PRINT"NAMES  CAN  BE  UP  TO" : PRINT: PBI 

NT" 10  CHARACTERS  LONG." 
380  PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"ROWS  (ACROSS)  FIRST. ■•:PR 

INT 
390  F0RI=1T0NR 
400  RS="":PRINTI;"OF";NB; 
410  RNS{I)=LEFTS("R"+MIDS(STR${I) ,2)+BLS,10) 


4  20  INPUTRS:IFRS<>""THENRN5 (I)=LEFT£ (RS+BL$, 10 

) 
4  30  NEXT 
440  PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"COLUMNS  (UP  AND  DOWN).": 

PRINT 
4  50  P0RI=1T0NC 
460  R$="":PRIKTI;"OF";NC; 

4  70  CN${I>=LEFT5 ("C"+MID5 (STRS (I) ,2)+BL$,10) 
480  INPUTR$:IFR5<>""THENCN$(I)=LEFT5 (RS+BL$,10 

) 
490  NEXT 
500  RETURN 

510  REM  BUILD  MODELS 
520  GOSUB580 
530  GOSUB1140 
540  GOSUB1660 

550  PRINTCSS; "MODEL  AGAIN  (Y/N)?"; 
560  GOSUB2260 
570  RETURN 
580  REM  ENTER  DATA 

590  PRINTCSS;"*  DATA  ENTRY  STEP  *": PRINT 
600  PRINT'ENTER  DATA  (Y/N)?"; 
610  GOSUB2260 
620  IFR$="N"THEN750 
6  30  REM 

6  40  PRINTCS$;" ENTER  ROWS  (Y/N)?"; 
650  GOSUB2260 

660  IFR5="N"THEN690 

670  PRINTCSS :GOSUB860:IFETHEN690 

680  GOSUB760:GOTO670 

690  REM 

700  PRINTCSS; "ENTER  COLS.  (Y/N)?"; 

710  GOSUB2260 

720  IFR$="N"THEN750 

7  30  PRINTCSS : GOSUBl 050 :IFETHEN7 50 
740  GOSUB950:GOTO730 

750  RETURN 

7  60  REM  ENTER  ROW 

770  PRINTCSS; "ENTER" ;NC; "VALUES  -" 

780  PRINT"!  FOR  EACH  COLUMN .": PRINT 

790  PRINT"**  ROW  ";RN$(R);"  **":PRINT 

800  PHINT:PRINT"C0LUMN";TAB(11) ; "VALUE" 

810  F0RI=1T0NC 

820  PRINTLEFT5{CN$ (I) ,5) ; :PR1NTDA(R,I) ; 

830  INPUTDA(R,I) 

840  NEXT 

850  RETURN 

860  REM  GET  ROW  # 

870  E=0:N$="":PRINT"ROW  NAME  OR  'END'" 

880  INPUTN$:IFNS="END"THENE=1: RETURN 

890  N$=LEFTS (NS+BLS,10) 

900  FORI=0TONH 

910  IFRNS(I)=NSTHENR=I:I=1E6 

920  NEXT 

930    IFI=NR+1THENPR1NT"?    ";:GOTO870 

940    RETURN 

950    REM    ENTER   COL 

960    PRINTCSS;"ENTER";NR;"VALUES    -" 

970  PRINT"!  FOR  EACH  ROW": PRINT 

980  PRINT"**  COL  ";CNS(C);"  **":PRINT 

990  PRINT:PRINT"R0W";TAB(11) ; "VALUE" 

1000  F0RI=1T0NR 

■1010  PRINTLEFTS(RNS(I)  ,5);  :PRINTDA{I,C)  ; 

1020  INPUTDA(I,C) 

1030  NEXT 

1040  RETURN 

1050  REM  GET  COL  V 

1060  E=0:NS="":PRINT"COL  NAME  OR  'END'" 

107  0  INPUTN$:IFN$="END"THENE=1:  RETURN 

1080  N$=LEFTS(NS+BLS,10) 

1090  FORI=0TONC 

1100  IFCNS(I)=NSTHENC=I:I=1E6 

1110  NEXT 

1120  IFI=NC+1THENPRINT"?  ";:GOTO10e0 

1130  RETURN 

1140  REM  CALCULATE 


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Individiial  player  control  Tape  $34.95  •  Two  player  game 

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Complete  range  of  pitches  •  Requires  minimum  16K 


JNHOME  SOFTWARE  INCORPORATED, 

2485  Dunwin  Drive,  Unit  1,  IVIississauga,  Ontario  L5L 1T1  (416)828-0775  (416)  8280778 


76 


COMPUTB 


December  «8a  Issue  31 


1150  PRINTCS$;"*  CALCULATE  STEP  *":PRINT 

1160  PRINT'CALCULATE  (Y/N)?"; 

1170  GOSUB2260 

1180  IFR$="N"THEN1310 

1190  REM 

1200  PRINTCSS;"WORK  ON  ROWS  (Y/N)?"; 

1210  GOSUB2260 

1220  IFR$="N"THEN1250 

1230  PRINTCS$:PHINT"1ST  " ; :GOSUB860 : IFETHEN1250 

1240  GOSUB1320:GOTO1230 

1250  REM 

1260  PRINTCSS;"WORK  ON  COLS.  (Y/N)?"; 

1270  GOSUB2260 

1280  IFR$="K"THEN1310 
1290  PRINTCSS;PHINT"1ST 


:GOSUB1050:IFETHEN131 


0 


1300  GOSUB1490:GOTO1290 

1310  RETURN 

1320  REM  WORK  ON  ROWS 

1330  R1=R 

1340  GOSUB2180 

1350  PRINT:PRINT°2ND  " ; :GOSUB860 : IFETHEN1400 

1360  R2=R 

1370  PRINT:PRINT"ANS  "; :GOSUB860 : IFETKEN1400 

1380  R3=R 

1390  GOSUB1410 

1400  RETURN 

1410  REM  DO  ROW 

1420  PRINT:PRINT"WORKING " 

1430  F0RI=1T0NC 

1440  C3=I:C2=I:C1=I 

1450  GOSUB2300 

1460  NEXT 

1470  PRINT:PRINT"COMPLETED" 

1480  RETURN 

1490  REM  WORK  ON  COLS 

1500  C1=C 

1510  GOSUB2180 

1520  PRINT:PRINT"2ND  "; :GOSUB1050 : IFETHEN1570 

1530  C2=C 

1540  PRINT:PRINT"ANS  " ; :GOSUB105fl : IFETHEN157a 

1550  C3=C 

1560  GOSUB1580 

1570  RETURN 

1580  REM  DO  COL 

1590  PRINT:PRINT"WORKING. . ." 

1600  F0RI=1T0NR 

1610  R3=I:R2=I :R1=I 

1620  GQSUB2300 

1630  NEXT 

1640  PRINT:PRINT"COMPLETED" 

1650  RETURN 

1660  REM  DISPLAY 

1670  PRINTCS$;"*  DATA  DISPLAY  STEP  *" 

1680  PRINT:  PRINT"DISPLAY  DATA  (V/N)?"; 

1690  GOSUB2260 

1700  IFR$="N"THEN1890 

1710  PRINT:REM  ROWS 

1720  PRINT:PRINT"DISPLAY  ROWS  (Y/N)?"; 

1730  GOSUB2260 

1740  IFR$="N"THEN1800 

1750  PRINT:GOSUB860:IFETHEN1800 

1760  RT=0:FORI*0TONC:RT=RT+DA(R,I) :NEXT 

1770  N=INT(  (NC+D/NL)  :  IF(NC+1) -NL*N>0THENN=N+1 

1780  C=0:GOSUB1900 

1790  GOTO1750 

1800  REM 

1810  PRINT:PRINT"DISPLAY  COLS  (Y/N)?'; 

1820  GOSUB2260 

1830  IFR$="N"THEN1890 

1840  PRINT:GOSUB1050:IFETHEN1890 

1850  CT=0:FORI=aTONR:CT=CT+DA(I,C) :NEXT 

1860  N=INT{(NR+1)/NL):IF(NR+1)-NL*N>0THENN=N+1 

1870  R=0:GOSUB204a 

1880  GOTO1340 

1890  RETURN 


1900  REM  ROW  PANEL 

1910  F0RI=1T0N 

1920  PRINTCSS:PRINT"COLUHN     "; RN$ (R) : PRINT 

1930  FORJ=1TO10 

1940  IFONCTHENPRINT 

1950  IFC<=NCTHENPRINTCN$ (C) ;DA(R,C> :C=C+1 

1960  NEXT 

1970  PRINT:PRINT 

1980  PRINT'ROW  TOTAL  "  ;  RT 

1990  IFI<NTHENPRINT:PRINT"MORE  ..." 

2000  PRINT:PRINT"SPACE  TO  CONTINUE" 

2010    GETRS:IFR$<>"     "    THEN2010 

2020  NEXT 

2030  RETURN 

2040  REM  COL  PANEL 

2050  F0RI=1TQN 

2060  PRINTCS$: PRINT'ROW        ";CNS (C) : PRINT 

2070  FORJ=1TO10 

2080  IFR>NRTHENPRINT 

2090  IFR<=NRTHENPRINTRN$(R) ;DA(R,C) :R=R+1 

2100  NEXT 

2110  PRINTtPRINT 

2120  PRINT"COL  TOTAL  " ; CT 

2130  IFI<NTHENPRINT:PRINT"HORE  ..." 

2140  PRINT:PRINT"SPACE  TO  CONTINUE" 

2150  GETRS:IFRS<>"  "THEN215a 

2160  NEXT 

2170  RETURN 

2180  REM  GET  OPERATOR 

2190  PRINTrOPS^"" 

2200  F0RI  =  1T0NP:PRINT0P${I) ;",  ";  :NEXT:PRINT 

2210  INPUTOP$ 

2220  FORI=1TONP:IFOP$(I)=OPSTHENI=1E6 

2230  NEXT 

2240  IFI=NP+1THENPRINT"TRY  AGAIN" ;GOTO2190 

2  250  RETURN 

2260  REM  GET  Y  OR  N 

2270    GETRS:IFRS=""THEN2270 

2280    IFRSO'Y'ANDRSO'N'THENPRINTsPRINT-KEY    'Y' 

OR  'N' "; :GOTO2270 
2  290  RETURN 
2300  REM  CALCULATIONS 
2  310  IF0P$="+"THENDA(H3,C3)=DA(R1,C1)+DA(R2,C2) 

2320  IF0P$="-"THENDA(R3,C3)=DA(R1,C1}-DA(R2,C2) 

2  330  IF0P5="*"THENDACR3,C3)=DA(R1,C1)*DA(R2,C2) 

2  340  IFOPS="/"ANDDA(R2,C2)<>0THENDA(R3,C3)=DACR 

1,C1)/DA(R2,C2) 
2350  IF0P5="%"THENDA(R3,C3)=DA(R1,C1)*DACR2,C2) 

/100 
2360  IF0P$="%+"THENDA(R3,C3)=DA(R1,C1)+(DA(R1,C 

1)*DA(R2,C2)/100) 
2  370  IF0P$="%-"THENDA(R3,C3)=DA(R1,C1)-(DA(R1,C 

1)*DA(R2,C2)/100) 

2380  IFOP$="%D"ANDDA(R1,C1)<>0THENDA(R3,C3)=( (D 

A(R2,C2)-DA{R1,C1))/DA(R1,C1))*100 
2390  DA(R3,C3)=INT({DA(R3,C3)*D2+5)/10)/Dl 

2400  RETURN 

2410  REM  INITIALIZE 

2420  CS$=CHR${147):REM  CLEAR  SCREEN 

2430  NL=10 

2440  NR=0:NC=0 

2450  BLS=" 

2460  NP=8:DIH  OPS(NP) 

2470  FORI  =  1TONP;READOPS (I)  ;NEXT 

2480  DATA+,-,*,/,%,%+,%-.*D 

2490  DP=2:D1=10*DP:D2=10*(DP+1) 

2500  PRINTCS$;"TINY  PLAN" : PRINT:PRINT"VERSION  1 

.0  JULY  1982" 
2510  PRINT: PRINT: PRINT" ELECTRONIC": PRINT: PRINT 

SPREADSHEET" 
2520  FORI=1TO8000:NEXT 
2530  SZ=FRE(0)-150 
2540  RETURN 


For  the  Atari  400/800  Home  Computer 


ou  are  Sentinel  I,  the  latest  in  highly  maneuverable  strike  aircraft  and  you  have  a  mission,  to 
protect  the  metropolis,  but  the  alien  attack  will  stop  at  nothing  to  destroy  your  very  last  lines 
— ^  of  defense.  Your  senses  are  tuned  for  battle  and  the 
attack  begins.  ^ml|||*j 

Aliens  will  block  your  path,  destroy  your  ship,  ^^iS!\  •  -      '•  C^ 

deplete  your  fuel  and  sacrifice  their  lives  to  stop  your  -*^*^^  >^B«^ 

mission.  You  must  destroy  the  aliens  with  your  rapid 
fire  lasers  before  they  home  in 

and  destroy  you.  There  is  no  

escape—  you  must  destroy  them 
all  for  they  will  stop  at  nothing. 


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y  1  or  2  player  option 

■<  joy  stick  controls 

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INHOME  ~~i  SORWARE 


Inhome  Software  Incorporai-ed  2485  Dunwin  Drive,  Mississauga.  Ontario   L5L  ITl.  (416)  828-0775. 

Atofi  IS  a  registered  trade  mark  of  Aton  Inc.  Mode  in  Conoda. 


78 


COMPUTE! 


December  1932.  Issue  31 


Program  2:  Atari  Version 


lOO 

1  lo 

120 
130 
140 

150 
160 
170 
ISO 
190 
200 
205 

210 
220 
230 
240 
250 

260 

270 


280 

290 
300 
310 

320 

330 
340 
350 
360 


>0 
■THANK 


YOU.  ■'  5  PRIN 


TO  NC;DA (I 


REM  TINY  PLAN 

BOSUB  160 

GOSUB  510 

IF  R«="Y"  THEN  1 

PRINT  CS«:PRINT 

T 

END 

REM  BEBIN 

GOSUB  2410 

GOSUB  240 

IF  R*="N"  THEN  1 80 

DIM  DA(NR,NC) 

FOR  1=0  TO  NRiFOR  J=0 

J)=0:NEXT  J:NEXT  I 

DIM  CNt (NCtlO) ,RN»<NRtlO) ,N« ( 10) 

BOSUB  350 

RETURN 

REM  CONFIGURE 

PRINT  CS*;:PRINT  "HOW  MANY  ROWS  A 

ND" 

PRINT  :PRINT  "COLUMNS  IN  THE  MODE 

L  ?":PRINT  :PRINT 

NR=0:PRINT  "«  ROWS   ( ACROSS )";: I NP 

UT  NR:IF  NR<=0  THEN  PRINT  "WHAT?" 

:BOTD  270 

NC  =  0:PRINT  "«  COLS   (  UPScDOWN  )  "  |  ;  I  N 

PUT  NC:IF  NC<=0  THEN  PRINT  "WHAT? 

":BOTO  280 

MS= (NC+l)«(NR+l)t6+ (NC+1 >  «10+(NR* 

1  )  »10 

IF  MS>SZ  THEN  PRINT  "NOT  ENOUGH 

EMaRY":PRINT  ; BOTD  270 

PRINT  : FOR  1=1  TO  NR:FOR  J=l  TO 

CiPRINT  "X";:NEXT  J:PRINT  :NEXT 

PRINT  SPRINT  "SHAPE  OK  (Y  OR  N> 


IhO 


GOSUB  2: 

RETURN 

REM  SYMBOL  TABLE 

PRINT  CS«;"WHAT  IS  THE  NAME  OF":P 

RINT  : PRINT  "EACH  ROW  AND  COLUMN? 


370  PRINT  iPRINT  "NAMES  CAN  BE  UP  TO" 
:PRINT  SPRINT  "10  CHARACTERS  LONG 


3SO 

390 
400 
410 

420 

425 
430 
440 

450 
460 
470 

480 

4B5 
490 
500 
510 
520 
530 
340 
550 
560 
570 

sac 


PRINT 

)   FIRS 

FOR  I 

PRINT 

T*="R 

)  =BL« 

INPUT 

LEN<T* 

RN« ( 10 

NEXT  I 

PRINT 

AND  DO 

FOR  I 

PRINT 

T*="C 

)  =BL« 

INPUT 

LEN<T« 

CNS ( 10 

NEXT  I 

RETURN 

REM  BU 

GOSUB 

GOSUB 

GOSUB 

PRINT 

GOSUB 

RETURN 

REM  EN 


PRINT  : PRINT  "ROWS  (ACROSS 
T. ":PRINT 
1  TO  NR 
I ; "  OF  "; NR: 
:  T*  (2) -STR*  (  I )  !T*(LEN (T4>  +1 

R»:IF  R»<>""  THEN  T*=R*:IF 
XIO  THEN  T«  tLEN  (T«J +1  )  =BL» 

*I-9, 10*1 )=T4 

:PRINT  tPRINT  "COLUMNS  (UP 

WN) .": PRINT 

1  TO  NC 

I;"  OF  ";NC; 

: T« (2}=STR*  < I )  : T*  <LEN ( T« ) + 1 

R«:IF  R*<>""  THEN  T»=R«:IF 
KIO  THEN  T»  <LEN  (T«)+l)  =BL« 
«I-9, 10«I )=T« 


ILD  MODELS 

580 

1140 

1660 

CS«; "MODEL  AGAIN  (Y/N)?"; 

2260 

TER  DATA 


590  PRINT  CS«i"«  DATA  ENTRY  STEP  *":P 

RINT 
600  PRINT  "ENTER  DATA  (Y/N)?"? 
610  GOSUB  2260 
620  IF  R*="N"  THEN  750 
630  REM 

640  PRINT  CS*; "ENTER  ROWS  (Y/N)?"; 
650  GOSUB  2260 
660  IF  R*="N"  THEN  690 

670  PRINT  CS»: GOSUB  860! IF  E  THEN  690 
680  BOSUB  76O:S0TO  670 
690  REM 

700  PRINT  CS*; "ENTER  COLS,   (Y/N)?"; 
710  GOSUB  2260 
720  IF  R«="N"  THEN  750 
730  PRINT  CS«: BOSUB  1050:IF  E  THEN  75 

O 
740  GOSUB  950:B0TD  730 
750  RETURN 
760  REM  ENTER  ROW 

770  PRINT  CS»; "ENTER  »;NC;"  VALUES  -" 
780  PRINT  "1  FOR  EACH  COLUMN. " s PRI NT 
790  PRINT  "»»  ROW  " ; RN* (R» 1 0-9 , R» 1 0) ; 

"  *»":PRINT 
800  PRINT  SPRINT  "COLUMNtS  SPACES>VAL 

UE" 
BIO  FOR  1=1  TO  NC 
820  PRINT  CN« ( I»10-9, I *10) ; "    ";DA(R, 

n  , 
830  TRAP  840: INPUT  TT; DA <R , I ) =TT 
840  TRAP  4OOO0:NEXT  I 
850  RETURN 

860  REM  GET  ROW  M 

870  E=0; N*=" " :PRINT  "ROW  NAME  OR  'END 

880  INPUT  N*:IF  N»="END"  THEN  E=1:RET 

URN 
890  IF  LEN(N«)<10  THEN  N» (LEN ( N« ) + 1 ) = 

BL« 
900  FOR  1=1  TO  NR 
910  IF  RN* ( I «10- 9, I* 10) =N»  THEN  R=I:I 

=1000000 
920  NEXT  I 
930  IF  I=NR+1  THEN  PRINT  "?  " ; j GOTO  8 

70 
940  RETURN 
950  REM  ENTER  COL 

960  PRINT  CS«; "ENTER  ";NR;"  VALUES  -" 
970  PRINT  "1  FDR  EACH  ROW"!PRINT 
980  PRINT  "«»  COL  " ; CN* (C* 1 0-9 , C« 1 O ) ; 

"  t«": PRINT 
990  PRINT  : PRINT  "R0WC7  SPACES3 VALUE " 
1000  FOR  1=1  TO  NR 
1010  PRINT  RN* ( I «10-9, I tlO) ; "    " ; DA ( I 

,0  , 
1020  TRAP  103O: INPUT  TT : D A ( I , C ) =TT 
1030  TRAP  40000:NEXT  I 
1040  RETURN 
1050  REM  GET  COL  # 
1060  E=0: N*=" " :PRINT  "COL  NAME  OR  'EN 

D'  " 
1070  INPUT  N*:IF  N«="END"  THEN  E=1:RE 

TURN 
1080  IF  LEN(N«)<10  THEN  N* ( LEN < Nt > +1 ) 

=  BL* 
1090  FOR  1=1  TO  NC 
1100  IF  CN* { I *10-9, I «10)=N*  THEN  C=I; 

1=1000000 
1110  NEXT  I 
1120  IF  I=NC+1  THEN  PRINT  "?  ";:GDTO 

106O 
1130  RETURN 
1140  REM  CALCULATE 
IISO  PRINT  CS«;"*  CALCULATE  STEP  *":P 

RINT 
1160  PRINT  "CALCULATE  <Y/N)?"; 


ybr  the  !A.tan  400/800  tHome  Compuier 


s  their  cttfii  fiopc/or  siinwaf;  you  must  rescue  aided  space  ships  and  dims 
from  the£rasp  of  the  dcacffy  Qorn  and  his  guardians. 

'Jill!  (^uarrfifltis  of 'Die  Qom  are  hideous  spiders  lOaitir^£|  to  catch  anc  feed 
you  to  the  master  of  the  lUeb,  the  Qom.  'But  even  ivorsc,  the  Qom  iviUst  ddenly 
appear  lOiihoui  warning  to  do  his  oion  dirty  work;^ 

your  onhj  cftaiicc  i";  to  rescue  the  ships  aiui  aiienS;  and  return  tftem  to  the 
safety  of  tficir  (tome,  base  while  dismantling  the  tendrils  of  the  lOeb  and  destroy i?y 
the  Quardiajts  of  the  ^om.  - 


m^y^^iM^l 


^:^^^:C^r^if^'r-  : 


:  ■■v?'t'^?^iil<ii 


.^^ 


mMmi, 


1^  /(W%  macfiine  ianijttaje 

''  <^  1  or  2  pCayer  option 

^Joif  stic(^  contra fs 

#  MperU  fjmphic.i 

)gt  c!(p:iuh'c  coior  ' 

jjpH  /i>Ky/  sound  utUization 

Igim'niliitilc  in  ibL'\.tape^2Cj.q;;  1U./tituC< 

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ifficaffyour  local  dealer  for  more  infonnation 


SOFTWARE 


Inhome  Software  Incorporated  2485  Dunwin  Drive,  Mississougo,  Ontario  L5L  ITl.  (416)  828-0775. 
Atari  is  a  regiilered  trade  mork  ol  Alori  Inc.  Mode  in  Canada.  ! 


80 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


1170  GDSUB  22iO 

IIBO  IF  R*="N"  THEN  1310 

1190  REM 

1200  PRINT  CS«;"WORK  ON  ROWS  (Y/N)?"; 

1210  GOSUB  2260 

1220  IF  R«="N"  THEN  1 250 

1230  PRINT  CS*:PRINT  "1ST  " ; : GOSUB  86 

O: IF  E  THEN  1230 

1240  GOSUB  1320: GOTO  1230 

1250  REM 

1260  PRINT  CS«;"WORK  ON  COLS.   (Y/N>?" 

1270  SOSUB  2260 

1280  IF  R*="N"  THEN  1310 

1290  PRINT  CS*:PRINT  "1ST  ";: GOSUB  10 

50! IF  E  THEN  1310 
1300  GOSUB  1490s60TO  1290 
1310  RETURN 
1320  REM  WORK  ON  ROWS 
1330  R1=R 
1340  GOSUB  21B0 
1350  PRINT  :PRINT  "2ND  ";: GDSUB  860:1 

F  E:  THEN  1400 
1360  R2=R 
1370  PRINT  :PRINT  "ANS  ";: GOSUB  B60SI 

F  E  THEN  1400 
1380  R3=R 
1390  GOSUB  1410 
1400  RETURN 
1410  REM  DO  ROW 

1420  PRINT  :PRINT  "WORKING..." 
1430  FOR  1=1  TO  NC 
1440  C3=I : C2=I :C1=I 
1450  GOSUB  2300 
1460  NEXT  I 

1470  PRINT  SPRINT  "COMPLETED" 
1480  RETURN 
1490  REM  WORK  ON  COLS 
1500  C1=C 
1510  BOSUB  2180 
1520  PRINT  rPRINT  "2ND  ";: GOSUB  1050: 

IF  E  THEN  1570 
1530  C2=C 
1540  PRINT  :PRINT  "ANS  ";: GDSUB  1050: 

IF  E  THEN  1570 
1550  C3=C 
1560  GOSUB  1580 
1570  RETURN 
1580  REM  DO  COL 

1590  PRINT  SPRINT  "WORKING..." 
1600  FOR  1=1  TO  NR 
1610  R3=I  :  R2=I:  R1>=I 
1620  eOSUB  2300 
1630  NEXT  I 

1640  PRINT  :PRINT  "COMPLETED" 
1650  RETURN 
1660  REM  DISPLAY 
1670  PRINT  CS*;"»  DATA  DISPLAY  STEP  t 

1680  PRINT  :PR1NT  "DISPLAY  DATA  (Y/N) 

?■■; 
1690  GOSUB  2260 

17O0  IF  R«="N"  THEN  1890 

1710  PRINT  5  REM  ROWS 

1720  PRINT  :PRINT  "DISPLAY 

■?"; 

1730  GOSUB  2260 
1740  IF  R*="N"  THEN  1800 
1750  PRINT  ;6aSUB  860: IF  E 
1760  RT=0:FOR  1=0  TO  NC:RT= 

:NEXT  I 
1770  N=INT < SNC+l 3 /NL) : IF  (NC+l)-NLtN> 

O  THEN  N=N+1 
1780  C=1:G0SUB  1900 
1790  GOTO  1750 
laOO  REM 


1810  PRINT  :PRINT  "DISPLAY  COLS   (Y/N) 


ROWS  <Y/N) 


THEN  1800 
=RT+DA (R.I) 


1820 
1830 
1840 
1850 

1860 

1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 
1920 


1930 
1940 
1950 

1960 
1970 
1980 
1990 


GOSUB  2260 

IF  R*="N"  THEN  1B90 

PRINT  : GOSUB  1050sIF  E  THEN  1 890 

CT=0:FOR  1=0  TO  NR: CT=CT+DA ( I , C ) 

iNEXT  I 

N=INT ( (NR+I ) /NL) : IF  (NR+l)-NLtN> 

O  THEN  N=N+1 

R=l: GDSUB  2040 

GOTO  1840 

RETURN 

REM  ROW  PANEL 

FOR  1=1  TO  N 

PRINT  CS»: PRINT  "COLUMN 

{4  SPACES} "; RN* (R«10-9,R«10)  : PR  I 

NT 

FOR  J=I  TO  10 

IF  ONC  THEN  PRINT 

IF  C<=NC  THEN  PRINT  CN*<C«10-9,C 

«  1  0  )  ;  " 

NEXT  J 

PRINT  5 

PRINT  ' 

IF  KN 


; DA (R, C) :C=C+1 


PRINT 

ROW  TOTAL  ' 

THEN  PRINT 


;RT 

: PR  I  NT 


■MORE  . 


CONTINUE' 
2O10 


SPACES}' 


2000  PRINT  SPRINT  "SPACE  TO 

2010  GET  #1,A:IF  A032  THEN 

2020  NEXT  I 

2030  RETURN 

2040  REM  COL  PANEL 

2050  FDR  1=1  TO  N 

2060  PRINT  CS«: PRINT  "RDWt7 

CN* (C* 10-9, C«10) SPRINT 
2070  FOR  J=l  TO  lO 
2080  IF  R>NR  THEN  PRINT 
2090  IF  R<=NR  THEN  PRINT  RN»(R«10-9,R 

«10);"  "; DA(R,C) : R=R+1 
2100  NEXT  J 

2110  PRINT  : PR  I  NT 

2120  PRINT  "COL  TOTAL  " ; CT 

2130  IF  KN  THEN  PRINT  :PRINT  "MORE  . 


5  PRINT  "SPACE  TO  CONTINUE" 
,A:IF  A< >32  THEN  2150 


2140 

PRINT  ; 

2150 

GET  #1. 

2160 

NEXT  I 

2170 

RETURN 

2180 

REM  GE 

2190 

PRINT 

2200 

FOR  1  = 

( I, I+l 

2210 

TRAP  2; 

=  "  "iT' 

2220 

FOR  1  = 

I  +  1)=T' 

2230 

NEXT  I 

2240 

IF  I=NI 

N"  :GOTI 

2250 

RETURN 

2260 

REM  6E 

2270 

GET  *1 

22B0 

IF  R*< 

T  :PRI 

2270 

2290 

RETURN 

2300 

REM  CA 

2310 

IF  T*  = 

1)+DA ( 

2320 

IF  T«  = 

1) -DA ( 

2330 

IF  T«  = 

1) «DA( 

2340 

IF  T*  = 

DA(R3, 

2350 

IF  T«  = 

1  )»DA( 

T  OPERATOR 

1  TO  NP«2  STEP  2:PRINT  0P« 
)  ;  " ,   ";  sNEXT  I; PR I  NT 
210:INPUT  T«: T* (LEN (TO +1 ) 
«=T* < J , 2) : TRAP  4OO00 
1  TO  NP*2  STEP  2:  IF  OP*  !  I , 
»  THEN  1=1000000 

P»2+l  THEN  PRINT  "TRY  A6AI 
O  2190 

T  Y  OR  N 

, A:R*=CHR« (A) 

>"Y"  AND  R*<>"N"  THEN  PRIN 

NT  "KEY  'Y'  OR  'N'"::eOTO 


LCULATIONS 

"+"  THEN  DA (R3,C3)=DA<R1 ,C 

R2, C2) 

"-"  THEN  DA (R3, C3) =DA (Rl , C 

R2, C2) 

"«"  THEN  DA (R3, C3) =DA (Rl , C 

R2,C2) 

"/"  AND  DA(R2,C2)<>0  THEN 

C3)=DA (Rl ,C1 ) /DA(R2,C2) 

"7."     THEN  DA(R3,C3)=DA(R1  ,C 

R2,C2> /lOO 


...and  so  tiiere  were  keys 
forfheAlari400. 


.n  the  beginning  there  was  Ihc  membrane  keyboard. 

So  it  was  to  be  done  that  Inhome  Software  would  create  a  full-stroke 
keyboard  for  the  Atari  400  Home  Computer  and  it  would  be  called  the  B  Key 
400,  and  would  sell  for  $1 19.95  US.  funds. 

The  new  B  Key  400  was  made  so  easy  to  install  that  the  owner  could  do 
it  himself  in  a  miraculous  two  minutes. 

With  the  B  Key  400  keyboard  from  Inhome  Software,  you  will  follow 
into  the  land  of  professional  home  computers  that  are  powerful,  easy  to 
progrtim  and  have  a  great  capacity  that  can  be  made  even  greater  with  Inhome 
Software  48K  and  32K  memory  boards.  It  was  done  and  it  was  good. 


INHOME 

Inhome  Software  Incorporated,  2485  Dunwin  Drive,  Mississauga,  Ontario  L5L  ITl.  (416)  828-0775.  Made  in  Canada. 

ATARI  IS  a  regislered  trademark  of  ATARI.  USA 


SOFTWARE 


OUR  MOST  POPULAR  "ARCADE  GAME"  TAPE  PROGRAM 

FOR  VIC-20  COMPUTERS 

SUPER  PARATROOPER!! 

FANTASTIC  SOUND  AND  ACTION  WITH  SUPER  Hl-R£$  GRAPHICS 
(A  PROTECTO  ENTEHPRIZE  EXCLUSIVlc) 

By  Nic  Dudzik 


JOYSTICK 

OR 
KEYBOARD 


SUPER  PARATROOPER  is  a  High  Resolution  game 
that  doesn't  let  you  make  any  mistakes.  You  are  in 
charge  of  a  big  gun  that  sweeps  back  and  forth  by 
your  command.  Helicopters  fill  the  sky,  (and  we  mean 
fill  the  sky!),  dropping  paratroopers.  Your  mission  is  to 
keep  3  paratroopers  from  hitting  the  ground  on  either 
side  of  your  gun.  But  that's  just  the  beginning.  Vou 
score  by  hitting  the  helicoptors  or  the  paratroopers, 
but  if  you  miss  a  shot  it  subtracts  from  your  score. 
Therefore,  you  must  make  every  shot  count  to  make  a 
high  score!  IT  HAS  FOUR  FAST  ACTION  LEVELS 
TO  CHALLENGE  THE  BEST  PD\YER. 


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The  High  Resolution  graphics  helicoptors  are  fan- 
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then  they  drift  down  to  earth.  If  this  weren't  enough 
the  sounds  are  fantastic.  There  are  helicoptor  blades 
whirring  and  you  can  hear  the  howitzer  pumping 
shells.  When  you  hit  a  parachute  you  hear  this  ripping 
sound  and  the  paratrooper  falls  struggling  to  the 
ground!  NOW  HEAR  THIS!  -  If  you  let  three 
paratroopers  land,  they  bring  in  a  tank  from  either 
side  and  blast  you!!!  This  game  really  shows  off  the 
sound  and  graphic  capabilities  of  your  VIC.  SUPER 
PARATROOPER  IS  OUR  NO.  1  SELLING  ARCADE 
GAME  —  you've  got  to  get  this  game  to  believe  it  — 
we  are  so  sure  you'll  like  it  we'll  give  you  "10  DAY 
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RUNS  ON  STANDARD  VIC-20 


we  are 
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experts!! 


VIC 


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2400 
2410 
2415 
2420 

2430 
2440 
2450 
2460 

2470 

2480 
2490 

2500 

2510 

2520 
2521 
2530 
2540 


IF 

CI  ) 
IF 
CI  ) 
IF 

DA 
>  /D 
DA  ( 
O)  / 
RET 
REM 
OPE 
DIM 
AR 
NL  = 
NR  = 
DIM 
NP 
:OP 

FOR 
P*  ( 
DAT 
DP  = 
"  (D 
PRI 
NT 
PRI 
:  PR 
?  : 
IF 
SZ  = 
RET 


T* 

+  (DA 
T*  = 
-(DA 
T»=" 
<R3, 
A  (Rl 
R3,  C 
01 
URN 

INI 
N  ttl 

CS« 
SCRE 
lO 
0:  NC 

BL« 
Ss  DI 
»=" 


y.  +  "  THEN  DA  (R3,C3)=DA(R1  , 
(R1,C1>«DA(R2,C2)/100) 
7.~"     THEN  DA  (R3,C3>=DA(R1, 
(Rl ,C1 >  *DA (R2, C2) /iOO) 
7.D"  AND  DA{R1,C1)<>0  THEN 
C3)=( (DA(R2,C2) -DA (Rl , CI ) 
, CI ) ) «ioo 
3) =INT (  (DA(R3, C3>  «D2  +  5) /I 


TIALIZE 
,4,0,"K' 
( 1 > : CS»' 
EN 

=  0 

( lO) : BL* 
M  OP«(NP 
" : OP« (NP 


CHR* ( 125) ;REM  CLE 


1  =  1 
I)  =T« 
A  +,- 
2:  Dl  = 
P+1  )  + 
NT  CS 
"VERS 
NT  :P 
INT  ; 
?  :  ? 
PEEK  ( 
FRE(0 
URN 


TO  NP*2 
:NEXT  I 
,*,/,"/., 
INT ( lO" 
0.1) 
«; "TINY 
ION  1.0 
RINT  :P 
PRINT  " 
"PRESS 
53279) < 
)  -150 


=  '■{11  SPACES}" 
»2) , T* ( lO) , R» ( 10) 
«2)="  "!0P*<2)=DP 

STEP  2:READ  T«:0 

X+, X-, XD 

DP+0-  1 >  : D2=INT (  lO 

PLAN":PRINT  :PRI 

JULY  1982" 
RINT  "ELECTRONIC" 
SPREADSHEET" 


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COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


77//'\  jirngram,  with  both  Microsoft  (uid  Atari  vrrsions, 
(tin  help  yuii  to  lo.sc  weight  by  ciittitig calorics,  lie  sure  to 
cotisidl  with  your  doctor  before  using  this  program  or  any 
oilier  ireighi-Joss  tecli)ii(juc. 


CalCalc: 

Computerize  Your 

Charles  Brannon 
Editorial  Assistar^t 


Calorie  countinu;-  is  importatu  in  most  diet  plans. 
Unfortunately,  the  process  of  looking  up  every 
item  of  food  you  eat  is  discoinagingly  tedious.  And 
even  if  you  conscientiously  kee[)  track  oi  calories, 
how  do  you  kntnv  liow  much  progress  you're 
making? 

Your  body  burns  a  certain  number  of  calories 
per  day.  This  depends  on  your  sex,  build,  and 
activities.  In  oider  to  lose  weiglit,  you  nuist  eat 
fewer  calories  than  your  body  needs,  forcing  it  to 
convert  fat  tissue  into  carbohydrates.  On  tlie  othei^ 
hand,  if  you  cat  more  calorics  than  your  body 
"burns"  in  one  flay,  the  excess  is  converted  into  fa(. 

3500  Calories  =  1  Pound 

In  order  to  lose  one  pound  of  fat,  vou  ha\e  tt)  miss 
3500  calories,  fn  order  to  gain  a  pound,  yon  have 
to  ha\e  an  excess  of  3500  calorics.  This  is  not  on  a 
daily  basis;  calorics  accumulate.  So,  if  you  ate  1000 
more  calories  each  day  than  your  body  used,  you 
would  gain  one  p(nmd  in  about  three  and  a  half 
days. 

Since  anv  calculation  is  spiead  over  many 
days,  it  can  be  hard  to  see  progress,  or  to  predict 
how  long  it  will  lake  to  shed  thai  "excess  baggage." 
The  computer  is  of  great  aid  here. 

CalCalc  asks  vou  a  number  of  questions,  such 
as  your  sex  and  age,  to  determine  how  many  calories 
you  need  each  day.  Vou  then  enter  everything 
vou've  eaten  at  the  end  of  the  day,  selecting  foods 
and  quantities  from  a  list  (a  menu,  appropriately 
enough!).  Just  press  the  letter  corresponding  to 
the  food  vou  ale.  If  you  don't  .see  a  certain  food, 
press  RF.TURN  to  see  more  items. 

Adding  To  The  Menu 

What  if  you  ate  a  food  not  on  the  list?  This  is  not 
too  hard,  since  we've  included  only  a  sample  selec- 
tion of  foods,  found  in  the  D.VTA  statements  from 
lines  1 140  and  up.  To  customize  this  list  to  yoiu- 
preferences  and  habits,  just  purchase  a  pocket-sized 
calorie-counter  (a\-ailable  at  most  grocery-store 


checkout  counters).  Then  add  to  or  change  the 
DATA  statemeius. 

rhere  is  one  DATA  statement  for  each  food. 
The  f nsi  item  on  the  line  (after  the  word  1).\  IW)  is 
the  name  of  the  food,  .\hike  the  name  less  than  20 
letters  long.  The  next  item,  preceded  with  a  connna, 
is  the  number  of  calories  in  an  a\cragc  scr\ing, 
follow^cd  by  a  ctjmma,  and  the  description  of  the 
average  serving,  such  as  a  "1  CUP"  or  "I  8"  HAR." 
The  last  D.A'IW  siaiement  (line  1500  here)  should 
be  liN'D,U,0  which  marks  tlie  end  of  the  list. 

After  you've  pressed  the  letter  corresponcHng 
to  I  he  food  you've  eaten,  the  computer  will  display 
the  c|uantity  {such  as  one  cup)  and  calories  of  an 
average  serving.  You  enter  the  multiple  or  fraction 
in  decimal  of  the  quantity  given.  For  exam]jle,  if 
)'ou  drank  two  glasses  of  milk  for  breakfast,  enter  a 
2,  for  two  one-cup  portions.  If  you  had  half  Of  a 
nTcdiimi  orange,  enier  0.5.  CalCalc  then  displays 
the  calories  for  the  food  coiTsumed,  and  ihecnniula- 
tive  total  of  calories.  You  continue  to  enter  foods 
for  everything  \()u've  eaten. 

Guesstimating 

You  can  also  appi"oximale  calories.  I'"or  example,  if 
you  ate  a chicken-filet  sandwich,  you  could  select 
"T".  chic:ken  (one  four  oz.  serving),  and  "K",  two 
one-slice  portions  of  white  bread.  Or,  if  you  can 
look  on  the  wrapper  of  the  product,  you  can  enter 
the  calories  directly.  Just  jjress  the  number  sign. 
"#",  instead  of  a  letter,  and  enter  the  calories  liter- 
ally. 

The  Moment  Of  Truth 

After  vou've  finished  eiUcringall  the  foods,  the 
computer  is  ready  to  predict  weight  loss.  It  bases 
this  prediction  on  the  assumption  that  you  will  eat 
about  the  same  number  of  calories  each  da  v.  Just 
enter  the  number  of  days  you  want  to  '"look  ahead." 
and  CalCalc  will  tell  you  how  much  weight  you  will 
have  lost.  If  you're  eating  too  nuich,  it  will,  with 
ecjual  placidity,  show  you  how  much  \()u'll  gain. 
CalCalc  makes  dieting  much  easier.  It  goes 
l>ev()nd  mere  automation  of  a  calorie  counter  by 
letting  you  see  the  effect  of  cfianges.  By  only  cutting 
down  on  meals  and  checking  your  total  calories 
with  CalCalc,  you  can  .see  if  you'll  lose  weighi. 

Program  1:  Microsoft  Version 

100    POKE59468,12:PRINTCHR9(142) :GOSUB1020 

11.0    PRINT"  {DOWN]  {REV}WARNING  (OFF}:    CONSULT    YOU 

R    DOCTOR    BEFORE 
120    PRINT"  USING    THIS    PROGRAM    OR    ANY" 

130    PRINT"  OTHER   WEIGHT-LOSS    TECHNIQUE 

n 

140    PRINT" {DOWN}ARE    YOU    {REV}M{ OFF}ALE    OR    (REV 

REV}F{OPF}EMALE?" 
150    GETAS:IFAS<>''H"ANDA$<>"F"THEN150 
160    SX=0:IF   AS="F"    then   SX=1 
170    IF   SX=0    then    200 


Cardco,  Inc.  announces  five  All-American  ways  to 


Expand  your  VIC 
at  affordable  cwices 


A  universal  Centronics  parallel 
printer  interface  for  the  VIC-20 
&  C-64  computers.  Obeys  all 
standard  VIC  print  commands. 
Suggested  Reatil  —  $79.95 


The  CARDBOARD  3  is  a  fuse 
protected,  economy  expansion 
interface  designed  to  allow  the  user 
to  access  more  than  one  of  the 
plug-in-type  memory  or  utility 
cartridges  Inow  available.  It  will  accept 
up  to  three  cartridges  at  once. 
Suggested  Retail  —  $29.95 


A  light  pen  for  the  VIC-20  and  C-64 
computers  w/ith  a  switch  on  the  barrel 
and  6  good  programs. 
Suggested  Retail  -  $29.95 


All  Cardco  products  are  Made  in  the  U.S.A.  and 

are  individually  tested  to  ensure  quality  and 
reliability.  Superior  technological  engineering 
optimizes  the  value/performance  ratio  of  all  of 
our  products. 


The  CARDBOARD  6  is  a  fuse 
protected  ppansion  interface 
designed  to  allow  the  user  to  access 
more  than  one  of  the  plug-in-type 
memory  of  utility  cartridges  now 
available.  Additionally  It  allows  switch 
selection  of  games  and  other 
programs  now  available  in  the 
cartridge  format,  without  the  necessity 
of  turning  the  computer  off  and  on 
again,  thereby  saving  a  great  deal  of 
stress  on  your  VIC-20  and  on  your 
television  or  monitor. 
Suggestedl  Retail  ~  $139.95 


Specifications  and  prices  subject  to  change. 


Cardco,  Inc.  .  3135  Bayberry  •  Wichita,  KS  67226  •  (316)  685-9536 

CompuServe®  E-Mail  Address:  Cardco,  Inc.  •  73575,  1325 

Dealer  inquiries  invited.  ^„,^_on  ,.  =  ,..:..=,». 


k-^:-^M}:r^-l'^'^'m-£m 


©VIC-20  is  a  rsgistered  trademark  of  Commodore 


!:>^.«.j^i 


:'-%if.,-:';- 


Tomorrow's  Technology  Today 


a 


m.  Commodore  Computer 

VIC  20  Personal  Computer    S  299.95 

VIC1515GraphicPrinter $  395.00 

CBM  4016 S  995.00 

CBM4032 $1295,00 

CBM  8032 S1495.00 

CBM  SuperPet9000 $1995.00 

CBM  8050  Dual  Disk  Drive   $1795.00 

CBM  4040  Dual  Disk  Drive $1295.00 

CBM  2031  Single  Disk  Drive $  695.00 

CBM  4022  Tractor  Printer $  795.00 

CBM  8010  IEEE  Modem S  279.00 

CBM  Datasette $     74.95 

CBM-IEEE  Interface  Cable S     39.95 

IEEE-IEEE  Interface  Cable   $     49.95 

NEC  Spinwriter  Printer 

NEC  7730 $3085.00 

NEC  7710 $3085.00 

NEC  7720 $3610.00 

NEC  3510 $2290.00 

NEC  3500RD $1895.00 

Tractor  Feed  Options  are  available 


Atari  400 16K   $  399.00 

Atari  80016K(incl.  BASIC  cartridge).  $  899.00 

Atari  410  Recorder $     99.95 

Atari  810  Disk  Drive $  599.95 

Atari  822  Tliermal  Printer   $  299.95 

Amdek  Monitors 

Video  100C  (Limited  Quantity) $  179.00 

Video  300G $  200.00 

Color  1    $  449,00 

Color  2 $  999.00 

Diablo  630  Printer 

Diablo  630 $2710.00 

Tractor  Option $  350.00 


Professional  Software 

WordPro'"  — A  Family  of  CBM  Word  Processing  Programs 

WordPro  2  Plus $  199.95 

WordPro  3  Plus $  295.00 

WordPro  4  Plus $  450.00 

WordPro  5  Pius  (for  CBM  8096) $  450.00 

The  Administrator  (DataBase  for  CBM) $  650.00 

POWER'"  {Programmer's  Utility  ROM) $     89.95 

InfoPro'"  (DataBase  for  CBM) $  295.00 


Epson  Printers 

MX-70 $  299.95 

MX-80w/graphtrax $  645.00 

MX-80  FT $  745.00 

MX-100  FT $  945.00 

INTERFACE  CARDS 

8141  RS-232  Interface  Board $     75.00 

8145  RS-232  Interface  Board 

wl2K  Buffer 5  149.00 

8151  RS-232  Interface  Board 

w/X/ON-X/OFF $  170.00 

8161  IEEE  Interface  Board $     55.00 

8131  Apple  Interface  Card   $     85.00 

8232  Apple  Interface  Cable $     35.00 

8220  TRS-80  Cable $     35,00 


CIMDMupet 

MC-800AMupet Controller  $  995.00 

(Multi-User  Controller  for 

CBM  Computers) 
CM-1 00  Channel  Module  .  .  $  250.00 
Printer  Module $  350.00 

Qume 

Spring9/45   $2495.00 

Tractor  Option $  210,00 

WordPro,  POWER  and  InfoPro  are 
registered  trademarks  of 
Professional  Software  Inc. 


NEECO 

679  Highland  Ave. 
Needham,  MA  02194 


(617)  449-1760 

TELEX:  951021 


MON-FRI  9:00- 5:30  E.S.T. 


MASTERCARD  'VISA 


88 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


Conversion  Notes  For 
Apple,  OSI,  VIC,  Color 
Computer,  etc. 

Program  I  is  designed  lo  run  on  all  computers 
with  Microsoft  BASIC  (called  Extended 
BASIC  on  some  computers).  Becau.se  it  was 
programmed  on  a  PE  IVCBM,  some  changes 
in  screen  display  and  formal  are  necessary. 

Mosl  oi)viousare  lines  lOSO-1 100,  which 
display  the  CalCalc  logo.  Vou  can  use  your 
system's  graphics  cafjabilities  lo  do  this,  or  just 
delete  lines  1040- II 00,  and  change  line  1030 
lo: 

1030  REM 
(since  it's  a  target  line  of  a  GOSUB). 

All  statements  preceded  with  [REV] 
should  be  entered  in  inverse  video,  or 
preceded  uitli  INVERSE,  and  end  widi 
NORMAL.  All  statements  using  the  [DOWN] 
cursor  control  can  be  changed  from: 

610  PRlNT"[DOWN]ENTER..." 
to 

610  PRINT:PRINT'ENTER... 
The  [BELL]  character  should  be  entered  as 
CrrRL-C  [C^LPLAR],  or  clear  screen,  should  be 
changed  lo  HOME  on  the  .Apple  (outside 
quotes). 

The  statements  that  provide  a  "default" 
answer,  such  as  line  520,  which  positions  the 
cursor  on  the    0',  can  be  changed  to  delete 
llie  "0"  and  ihe  ihiee  cursor-lefts,  or  altered 
lo  provide  a  default  answei'  on  your  computer. 

Since  the  PET  lacks  absolute  X,Y  cursor 
po.sitioning  (itsing  relative  cursor  controls 
instead),  Apple  owneis  need  lo  use  HTAB 
and  VTAB  statements  instead: 

260PX==0:PY  =  5:GOSUB  1020 

300  HTAB   PXtVTAB  PY:1NVERSE:PR1NT 

CHR$(1  +  64):NORMAL:PRINT  ":";LEFTS 

(FOODS,  19) 
305  PY  =  PY  +  1 
310  IF  1=  13  THEN  PX  =  20:PY  =  5 

Also,  remove  the  11/  THEN  cjualifiers 
from  lines  ;i40-3(i0  (since  the  Apple  doesn't 
have  a  realtime  clock),  and  use: 

330  VTAB  20 

These  suggestions  are  a  good  general 
guide  to  follow  when  cotneriing  any  PET/ 
CBM  program.  Since  the  VIC  has  a  22-column 
display,  VIC  owners  should  change  line  270 
to  read: 

270  FOR  1=1  TO  10 
and  line  liliO  lo: 

330CP$  =  "[HQME][22  DOWN]  ' 


180    PRINT" {DOWN}AHE   YOU    PREGNANT" ; :GOSUB980 : IF 

YES    THEN    PREG=1 
190    PRINT" {DOWN}ARE   YOU    NURSING" ; :GOSUB980 : IF    * 

YES    THEN    NU=1 
200    GOSUB1020 

210    PRINT"ENTER    0    IF   NOT   KNOWN:" 
220    INPUT"NUMBER    OF    CALORIES    CONSUMED?    0{03    LE 

LEFT}"; GAL 
230    IF    CAL<0    THEN    PRINT"  {DOWNHBELL}  {REV}  IMPOS 

SIBLE" : FORW=1TO500 :NEXT:GOTO200 
240    IFCAL>=4500THENPRINT"{DOWN} ";CAL;"    CALORIE 

S?      ARE   YOU    SURE"; :GOSUB980:IF1-YES   T 

HEN20a 
250    IF   CAL    THEN    730 
260    PX=0:GOSUB    1020 
270    FOR    1=1    TO    26 
280    READ    FOOD$,CL, AMOUNTS 
290    IF    FOOD$="END"    THEN    330 
300    PRINT   TAB(PX) ;"{ REV}";  CHRS (1+64)  ;"{ OFF}  :°; 

LEFTS(F00DS,19) 
310    IF    1=13    THEN    PX=20:PRINT"{13    UP)"; 
320    NEXT    I 

330    CP$="{H0ME) {24    DOWN}" 
340    IF    TI-T>60    AND   TI-T<120    THEN    PRINTCP$; "ENT 

ER  {rev}#[off3  or  {rev)letter{off}  of 

FOOD"; 
350  IF  TI-T>I20  and  TI-T<180  THEN  PRINTCPS;"PR 

ESS  {REV}RETURNE0FF}  TO  GO  ON      "; 
360  IF  TI-T>180  THEN  PRINTCPS ; "PRESS  {REV}*{OF 

OFF}  WHEN  DONE     "; :T=TI 
370  GETAS:IF(AS<''A"0RAS>"Z")ANDA$<>CHR$  {13)AND 

A$<>"*"ANDA$<>"t"THEN34  0 
380  IFA5<>CHR$ (13)THEN410 

390  NX=NX+1:IF  FOOD$="END"  THEN  RESTORE;NX=0 
400  GOTO  260 
410  RESTORE 
420  IFA$="|"THEN600 
430  IFA5="*"THEN660 
440  FOR  1=1  TO  NX*26+ASC(A$)-64 
450  READ  FOODS, CL, AMOUNTS 
460  NEXT 
470  GOSUB1020 
4  80  PRINT" FOOD:  "; FOODS 

490  PRINT"CALOHIES  PER  ";AMOUNT$;":  ";CL 
500  PRINT" {DOWN} ENTER  QUANTITY  OF  ABOVE  FOOD 
510  PRINT"CONSUMED,  USING  A  MULTIPLE  OR 
520  PRINT"A  DECIMAL  FRACTION?  0{03  LEFT)";:INP 

UT  QU 
530  IF  QU=0  THEN  590 
540  IF  QU<0  THEN  PRINT" {REV} {DOWN} {BELL} IMPOSS 

I BLE" : FORW=1TO50  0:GOTO470 
550  PRINT" {DOWN} CALORIES  OF  "; FOODS ;":"; CL*QU 
560  PRINT" {D0WN}CAL0RIES  CONSUMED  SO  FAR:";:CA 

L=CAL+CL*QU : PRINTCAL 
570  PRINT"{02  DOWN}PRESS  {REV}RETURN{0FF)  TO  C 

ONTINUE.. ." 
580  GETAS:IFA$<>CHR$(13)THEN580 
590  RESTOHE:NX=0:GOTO  260 
600  GOSUB1020: PRINT" {DOWN} ENTER  ABSOLUTE  QUANT 

ITY" 
610  PRINT" iDOWN}OF  CALORIES  FOR  FOOD  NOT  ON  LI 

ST:" 
620  PRINT"{02  DOWN)?  0{03  LEFT) ";: INPUT  CL 
630  IF  CL=0  THEN  NX=0:GOTO  260 
640  IF  CL<0  THEN  PRINT" {DOWNS {REV) { BELL) IMPOSS 

IBLE" :FORW=1TO500:NEXTW:GOTO600 
650  QU=1:GOTO560 
660  GOSUB1020 

670  PRINT"TOTAL  CALORIES  CONSUMED: "; CAL 
680  PRINT" {02  DOWN}DOES  THAT  SOUND  REASONABLE" 

;  :GOSUB980 
690    IF   YES   THEN    730 
700    PRINT" tDOWN}DO   YOU    WANT    TO" : PRINT"RE-ENTER 

THE   CALORIES"; :GOSUB980 
710    IF   YES    THEN    CAL=0 :GOTO260 
720    PRINT"  {CLEAR}":END  {anihinted  <m  p.  90) 


"We'll  make  you  happy" 


With  new  and  exciting  games  created  ir^  NEXA  that  offer  you  hi-res.  color.    ar\d  3D-graphics,   superb  human   engineering,   super  sound 
ejjecis.  exciting  scrolling  displays,  multiple  game  levels,  andmore.  jjou  can  giue  your  customers  a  full  line  of  entertainment  software. 


/ 


JOURNEY  will  make  ihe 
D&D  type  game  enthusiast 
happy.  In  ihiigame  you  assume 
ihe  role  of  an  adventurer  who 
roams  a  vast  planet,  fending 
off  monsters,  seekin  g  treasures 
and  finally  conquers  a  kingdom. 
(Atari  400/800  w/48Kl 

MIG  FIGHTER  will  make  Ihe 
pilot  in  you  happy.  You  control 
a  jet  with  the  aid  of  radar  and 
missiles  to  pursue  and  destroy 
MIGs  before  (hey  destroy  your 
aircraft- 
(Apple64Kw/DOS3.3) 

CYBERNATION  will  make 
the  science  fantasy  connois- 
seur happy.  Cybernation  takes 
you  to  the  year  3922  when 
insect'like  aliens  (Emotions) 
attack  earth.  You  are  in  com* 
ma  nd  of  a  land  roving  lank  and 
must  launch  a  counter  attack 
against  (he  Entotions. 
(64K  Apple  l\  w/DOS  3,3) 


SUPERBOWL    FOOTBALL 

uill  make  ihe  armchairquarter- 
back  happy  with  ail  the  excite- 
ment of  professional  foolbail. 
You  can  name  either  offensive 
or  defensive  plays  and  you'll 
even  liear  crou.'ds  cheering  (or 
you, 

(Alan  400/800  w/48K  &  IBM 
PC) 

ADVENTURES  OF  THE 
BABY  SEA  TURTLE  will 
make  the  animal  and  arcade 
game  lover  happy.  In  this  game, 
you  must  guide  a  sea  turtle 
through  a  da  ngerous  trail  brav- 
ing predators  and  the  elements, 
until  you  reach  a  safe  haven. 
(Atari  400/800  w/4gK) 

DELTA  SQUADRON  «;ill 
make  the  super  war  sirategisl 
happy.  Your  mission  IS  to  pene- 
trate the  dele  nse  system  of  vast 
battle  station  with  50  fighters 
under  your  control 
(64K  Apple  II  w/DOS  3.3) 


11 

o 


DAS  UNTERSEEBOOT  will 
make  the  aspiring  submarine 
commander  happy.  This  fast 
p)aced  game  puts  you  in  control 
of  a  submaritte  whose  mission 
is  to  clear  the  waters  of  enemy 
ships.  You  determine  the  sub- 
marine s  speed,  depth,  course 
and  arsenal 
(Alan  400/800  w/48K| 

MAZE  MASTER  will  make  the 
maze  fanatic  happy  with  three 
different  challenging  levels  of 
play  We  dare  you  lo  try  our 
maze  game. 
(Atan  400/300  W/32K) 

CAPTAIN     COSMOS     w\\ 

ma  ke  the  young  at  heart  happy 
II  gives  you  the  satisfaction  of 
destroying  The  I^unchies  with 
Somanizer  rays  (arcade  fa- 
shion) before  your  very  eyes. 
(Atan  400/800  W/32K1 

iNirA  CORP 

P.O.  Box  26468 

SaT  Francisco,  CA  9JI26-6468 

(4  151387-5300 


90 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


730    GOSUB1020 

740    INPUT"WHAT    IS   YOUR   AGE?    20{04    LEFT}"; AGE 

750    IFAGE<20ORAGE>70THENPRINT"{DOWNl {REVlYOU    M 

UST    BE    BETWEEN    20    AND    70" 
7  60    IFAGE<20ORAGE>7  0THENFORW=1TO1000:NEXT:GOTO 

730 
770    IFAGE>  =  2aANDAGE<  =  30THEtJCPD=3200:IF    SX    THEN 

CPD=2300 
780    IFAGE>=30ANDAGE<=40THENCPD=3104:IF    SX    THEN 

CPD=2231 
790    IFAGE>=50ANDAGE<=60THENCPD=2768:IF   SX    THEN 

CPD=1990 
800    IFAGE>=60ANDAGE<=70THENCPD=2528:IF   SX   THEN 

CPD=1587 
810  CPD=CPD+1000*NU+450*PREG 
820  PRINT" {DOWN}ON  A  SCALE  OF  (REV} 1 {OFF}-{RSV 

REV}S{OFF}" 
830  PRINT"  (1=H0DERATELY  ACTIVE,  5=VERY  ACTIVE" 
840  PRINT"HOW  ACTIVE  ARE  YOU?" 
850  GETA$:I FA$ <"1"0RA?>" 5 "T HENS 50 
860  CPD=CPD+VAL(AS)*200 
870  GOSUB1020:PRINT''{DOWK}ESTIMATED  ENERGY  EXP 

ENDITURE":PRINT''IN  CALORIES  IN  ONE  DA 

Y:";CPD 
880  PRINT" {DOWN}TOTAL  CALORIC  INTAKE  IN  ONE  DA 

V:";CAL 
890  DF=CAL-CPD 

900  PRINT" {D0WN}NUMBER  OF  DAYS  TO  PROJECT" 
910  INPUT"WEIGHT  LOSS/GAIN?  l{03  LEFT}";ND 
920  IF  ND<1  THEN  910 
9  30  PRINT" iDOWN}AT  THE  CURRENT  CONSUMPTION,  YD 

U  SHOULD" 
940  IF  DF<0  THEN  PRINT"LOSE  ";:GOTO  960 
950  PRINT"GAIN  "; 

960  PRINTINT(ABS(DF*ND)/3500) ;"  POUNDS." 
97  0  END 

980  PRINT"?  (Y/N) : "; 

990  GETA$:IFA$<>"Y"ANDA$<>"N"THEN990 
1000  YES=0:IFA$="N"THENPRINT" { REV} NO" : RETURN 
1010  YES=1: PRINT" {REV} YES": RETURN 
1020  PRINT" {CLEAR}"; 
1030  PRINT"   S$$   S5   i     555   51   5    i 

i$ 

1040  PRINT"  NM   M  NM  M  'MM    NM   M  NM  M  'M^S   MM 
H 

1050  phint'_m;i(rev})   {off} 'm{rev} )  _{off}_|_  {r 

REV}  {OFF}   'hTrEV})    ToFF} ' mTREV} )  ~ 

_{off}_[_  {revT  {offT  _VM{REV}_)_  " 

1060  PRINT"_;_  {REV}  {OFF}    '  {REV}  {OFF}_^  {REV} 
{OFF}'  {REV}  {OFF}   '  TrEV}  {OFF} 
^    {REvT  {OFF}:  {REV3  TOFF}_;_  {REV}  {OF 
OFF}  _;_  {REV}  TOFF} 
1070  PRINT"J_  {REV}  {OFF)     '  {REV}  {OFF}  M{REV} 
{off}'  {REV}  {OFF}   '  TREV}  {OFF} 
^    {REvT  {off}  M{REV}  TOFF}_;_  {REV}  {OF 
OFF}  _;_  {REV}  {OFF} 
1080  PRINT"  M{REV}  {OFF}t#H'  {REV}      {OFF}_;_  {R 
REV}  {OFF]#H  M{REV.}  T5FF}»*M'  {REV}   - 
{OFF}_^  {REVT  {'OFF}#HH{REV}  {OFF}l#M 

1090  PRINT"   _{HEV}    {OFF}  M{REV}  {OFF}  M{REV} 
{OFF}  M{REV}    {OFF}   _IrEV}    {OFF} 
M{REV}  {OFF}  M{REV}  {OFF}  M{REV}    { 
OFF}  _{REV} 
1100  PRINTTABdl)  ;"S$$S$g$?$$$$_$$$$$$" 
1110  PRINTTAB(ll) ;"{REV)CALORIE  CALCULATOR" 

1120  PRINT" @@e@@@@gg@@e@@@@@§@@@8@e@@@@@§@@@@e@ 
i@" 

1130  RETURN 

1140  DATA  CHEDDAR  CHEESE, 113 , 1 ' '  CUBE 

1150  DATA  COTTAGE  CHEESE, 27,  1  OE 

1160  DATA  WHOLE  MILK, 166,1  CUP 

1170  DATA  NONFAT  MILK, 87,1  CUP 

1180  DATA  GRAPEFRUIT, 77,1  CUP 

1190  DATA  ORANGES, 70,1  MED. 

1200  DATA  CANTALOUPES, 37, 1/2  MELON 


1210  DATA  APPLES, 87,1  MED. 

1220  DATA  ORANGE  JUICE, 108,1  CUP 

1230  DATA  CORN  FLAKES, 96,1  CUP 

1240  DATA  WHITE  BREAD, 63,1  SLICE 

1250  DATA  WHOLE  WHEAT  BREAD, 55,1  SLICE 

1250  DATA  HAMBURGER  MEAT, 316, 3  02 

127  0  DATA  STEAK, 29 3, 3  OZ 

1280  DATA  LAMB  CHOP, 480, 4  OZ 

1290  DATA  BACON, 48,1  SLICE 

1300  DATA  HAM, 340, 3  OZ 

1310  DATA  FLOUNDER, 78, 4  OZ 

1320  DATA  TUNA  FISH, 170, 3  OZ 

1330  DATA  CHICKEN, 227, 4  OZ 

1340  DATA  EGGS, 640,1  CUP 

1350  DATA  SUGAR, 48,1  TBS 

1360  DATA  CARROTS, 68,1  CUP 

1370  DATA  POTATOES, 120,1  MED. 

1380  DATA  BEET  GREENS, 39,1  CUP 

1390  DATA  LETTUCE, 7, 4  SM.  LEAVES 

1400  DATA  SPINACH, 46,1  CUP 

1410  DATA  BAKED  BEANS, 295,1  CUP 

1420  DATA  LIMA  BEANS, 152,1  CUP 

1430  DATA  CORN, 92, 8''  EAR 

1440  DATA  PEAS, 74,. 5  CUP 

1450  DATA  TOMATOES, 30,1  MED. 

1460  DATA  4%  BEER, 150, 12  OZ. 

1470  DATA  BLACK  COFFEE, 9,1  CUP 

1480  DATA  COLA  BEVERAGES ,8 3 , 6  OZ 

1490  DATA  POTATO  CHIPS, 108, 10  2''  CHIPS 

1500  DATA  END, 0,0 


Program  2:  Atari  Version 

100  GRAPHICS  0:POKE  752,1:BDSLIB  1 

DIM  A* ( 1 > ,FOOD« f 19) , AMOUNT* ( 1 
105  OPEN  #1 , 4, 0, "K" : POKE  B2,0 
llO  PRINT  "  CDOWNlCaniCEIie:  CONSULT 

R  DOCTOR  BEFORE" 
120  PRINT  "£9  SPACESJUSING  THIS  P 

AM  OR  ANY" 
130  PRINT  ••  i9     SPACES>OTHER  WEIGHT 

S  TECHNIGUE, " 
140  PRINT  "{:D0WN}ARE  YOU  GALE  OR 

LE7" 
150  GET  4tl  ,  A:  A«  =  CHR*  (A)  :  IF  At<.^'■M 

D  A«<>"F"  THEN  150 
160  SX=0:IF  A*="F"  THEN  SX=1 
170  IF  SX=0  THEN  200 
180  PRINT  "<DDWN>ftRE  YOU  PREGNANT 

OSUB  980: IF  YES  THEN  PREG=1 
190  PRINT  "CDDWNJftRE  YOU  NURSIN6" 

SUB  9BO:IF  YES  THEN  NU= 1 
20O  GOSUB  1020 

210  PRINT  "ENTER  O  IF  NOT  KNOWN:" 
220  TRAP  220:PRINT  "fUPJ-CDEL  LINE 

BER  OF  CALORIES  C0NSUMED?0f2 

";:POKE  752,0:  INPUT  CAL:POKE 

1:TRAP  40000 
230  IF  CAL<0  THEN  PRINT  "(D0WN:{:B 

HZI-■JlbV-*^-^Wa"  :  FDR  W=  1  TO  500:NE 

;60TD  200 
240  IF  CAL>=450O  THEN  PRINT  "fDOW 

CAL;"  CALORIES''   ARE  YOU  SURE 

OSUB  980: IF  1-YES  THEN  200 
250  IF  CAL  THEN  730 
260  PX=0: PY=1 O: GOSUB  1 020 
270  FOR  1=1  TO  26 
2BO  READ  FOOD*, CL, AMOUNT* 
290  IF  FOOD*="END"  THEN  330 
300  POSITION  PX,PY:PRINT  CHR*(I+1 

"  :  "  iFOODt: PY  =  PY  +  1 
310  IF  1=13  THEN  PX=20:PY=10 
320  NEXT  I 
330  REM 
340  IF  PEEK(20)>60  AND  PEEK (20) <1 


020: 
0) 

YOU 

ROGR 

-LOS 

SEMA 

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92)  ; 


10    T 


SWIPTWARE 


FILE-IT  2  by  Jerry  White 

A  powerful  financial  database    '    ^ 
management  system.  6  user '^-    H 
defined  fields  are  created  with  '^     4a 
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handles  data  and  also  does 
math  computation  on  any 
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up  to  4  drives  including  the 
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DATALINKbyTonyDobre 

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MUSIC  LESSONS  has  every- 
thing you  need  to  know  to 
create  your  own  beautiful 
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This  highly  accurate  Disk      / 
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TACHMASTER,  using  100  per- 
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ATARI'    IS  a  rogislefed  trademark  ol  Alart  Inc..  a  Warner  Communications.  Co. 


92 


COMPUTE! 


December  19SZ  Issue  31 


350 


360 


365 
370 


380 
390 

400 
410 
420 
430 
440 
450 
460 
470 
4BO 
4  90 

5O0 

510 

520 


530 
540 


550 

560 

570 

5B0 

590 
600 

610 

620 


630 
640 


650 
660 
670 

680 

690 
700 


710 

720 
730 
74  0 


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OVE  FOOD 
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980 

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UB  1020:?  :7 

P  740sPRINT  "{UP:<DEL  LINE>UHA 

S  YOUR  AGE720C3  LEFT>";:POKE  7 

0: INPUT  A6E:P0KE  752,1:TRAP  40 

AGE<20  OR  AGE>70  THEN  PRINT  " 


760 

770 

780 

790 

BOO 

810 
820 
830 

840 

850 

860 
870 

880 

890 
900 

910 

920 
930 

940 

950 
960 

970 
980 
990 

lOOO 

lOlO 
1020 
1030 


1040 


1050 


YOU  MUST  BE  BETWEEN  ZB  RND 


FOR  W=l 


1  090 


1  1  1  <-( 

1  120 

1  130 

1  140 


CPD=2300 
AGE<=40  THEN 
CPD=2231 
AGE<=60  THEN 
CPD=1990 
ABE<=70  THEN 
CPD=1587 


CPD  =  3 


CPD  =  3 


CPD  =  2 


CPD  =  2 


(DOWN] 
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IP    AGE<20  DR  AGE>70  THEN 
TO  300:NEXT  W:GDTO  730 
IF  A6E>=20  AND  AGE<=30  THEN 
200: IF  SX  THEN 
IF  A6E>=30  AND 
104: IF  SX  THEN 
IF  AGE>=50  AND 
768: IF  SX  THEN 
IF  AGE>=60  AND 
528: IF  SX  THEN 
CPD=CPD+100  0*NU+4  50tPREG 
PRINT  'CDOWNJON  A  SCALE  OF  p-E" 
PRINT  " ( 1=M0DERATELY  ACTIVE,  5=VE 
RY  ACTIVE" 

PRINT  "HOW  ACTIVE  ARE  YOU?" 
GET  «1 , A; A*=CHR» (A) : IF  At<"l"  OR 
A*>"5"  THEN  850 
CPD=CPD+VAL (A*) *200 

GDSUe  1020:PRINT  "  (DOWN J  EST  I  MATED 
ENERGY  EXPENDITURE" : PRINT  "IN  CA 
LORIES  IN  ONE  DAY:":CPD 
PRINT  " CDDWNJTOTAL  CALORIC  INTAKE 

IN  ONE  DAY: " ;CAL 
DF=CAL-CPD 

PRINT  "  {DOWNS  NUMBER  OF  DAYS 
OJECT" 

PRINT  "WEIGHT  LOSS / GA I N? 1 {2 
";:POKE  752, O: INPUT  ND : POKE 
IF  ND< 1  THEN  9  10 

PRINT  "CDOWN>AT  THE  CURRENT 
MPTION,  YOU  SHOULD" 
IF  DF<0  THEN  PRINT  "LOSE  " 
960 

"GAIN  "; 

INT (ABS (DF*ND) /350O) 


TO  PR 

LEFT} 
752,  1 

CDNSU 

:  GOTO 


PDUN 


( Y  /  N  )  :  "  ; 
:  A*  =  CHR* ( A)  : 
'  THEN  990 

A*="N"  THEN 


PRINT  "CE": 


10  60  ? 


107  0 


lOBO 


PRINT 

PRINT 

DS.  " 

END 

PRINT 

GET  #1 , A: A*=CHR* ( A) : IF  A«<>"Y"  AN 

D  A«<>"N 

YES=0: IF 

RETURN 

YES=lsPRINT  "BSia"  :  RETURN 

PRINT  "CCLEAR}": 

?  "    <3  N}t3  SPACES} (2  N} 

{3  SPACES} {N} CS  SPACES] (3  N} 

{3  SPACES} {2  N} C3  SPACES} CN} 

{4  SPACES} {3  N}" 

?  "   {  F  }  {  G  }    C  G  ]■   C  F  >  f  G  }   f  G  }   {  B  } 

t2  6} 13  SPACES} <F} CGJ    16}  <F} 

<6}   CG}  {B}C2  G}    <  F } { B }    {G}" 

?  "  {B}  CG}  CH}  <:3  b<--J:l>)a.-1}  CB}  CG?  <H} 

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CB}  (6}  {H}Mi{J}  f  B}     ■    iB}(6}CH} 

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CB}  ■{3  SPACES}  CBJ  ■£  N }  < V }  ■ 
IBi     m        CB}  ■{3  SPACES} CB}  HCN} 
CV>fl<:B}  ■  CB}  ■" 
?  "{B}  HtS  SPACES} {&}  ■  CGJBCB} 

■  CB}  HCS  SPACES} CB}  ■  {G}H{B} 

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?  "    { 6 } Bc  2  M } c  G } c  B }    {4  aaiE@a> 

CB}     ■CM}CG}      i:G}BC2     M}<:G}CB] 


3} 

CB} 


{4     j^JhWaJg}  C  B }     ■CM}{;2     6}HC 
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CGJH     iSym    {G}<3     aJ:Trfabt} 

f3  aanHS] "  

?     :PD!-:E     85,11:?     "  EEHnS 

SSL" 

PRINT     "{40     R 

RETURN 

DATA  CHEDDAR 


M} 


.JilW-l'J^: 


CHEESE,  113,1''  CUBE 

(loii/iiiiit'd  tilt  p.  94) 


WIN  $5,000 

Plus  Royalties!* 


For  the  best 
Talking  Game 


Using  the  VOICE  BOX 


Nowyou  can  makeyour 
Atari®  400/800  or 
Apple®  II  games  and 
other  programs  come  a 

aUve  with  the  VOICE  BOX  k 


by  the  Alien  Group  —  the  first    \fe3_ 
low-cost,  smart  speech  synthesizer      ^\^ 
with  unlimited  vocabulary.  tn 

Add  jokes  to  your  programs.  Insults.  * 
Compliments.  Help  messages.  Stories. 
Alien  voices.  Animal  roars.  Have  your 
computer  talk  to  the  fire  department 
or  police  in  emergencies.  To  kids.  Or  blind 
people.  Teach  touch  typing  with  immediate 
spoken  feedback.  Or  just  about  any  other 
subject  —  the  tun  way.  Or  help  a  speech- 
impaired  friend  communicate  .  .  .  the  poss- 
ibilities are  limitless. 

The  VOICE  BOX  plugs  into  your  Atari's  serial 
port.  And  talks  directlythrough  your  TV  set.  Or 
into  any  Apple  II  slot.  No  power  supply  or 
special  intertaces  needed. 

Just  select  from  its  simple  screen  menu,  A 
dictionary  with  thousands  of  common  words 
(on  diskette  or  cassette)  automatically 
translates  your  text  into  speech.  It's  that  easy. 

But  don't  let  its  friendliness  fool  you.  The 
VOICE  BOX  has  all  64  phonemes  (basic 
sounds,  like  "ah" )  built  in.  So  you  can  precisely 
create  any  word  or  sound  you  can  imagine. 
And  store  it  all  on  diskette  or  tape.  Names  or 
foreign  language  words,  for  example.  Or 
wlerd  non-human  languages. 
Let  me  entertain  you  —  The  VOICE  BOX  is 
creative  too.  It  will  crack  you  and  your  friends 
up  with  non-stop  random,  grammatically 
correct  sentences,  using  words  you  specity.  It 


For  the  Atari® 
or  Apple®II+ 


Speech  Synthesizer 


-^^  also  has  an  amusing  talking 

^^^  I  face  wltn  lip-sync  animation 

H  —  d  real  crciwd-stopper.  Best  of 

all,  you  can  call  the  VOICE  BOX 
from  any  BASIC  program  and  make 
^/  your  program  really  hum  —literally! 

Singing  Apples?  —  Apple  owners  get  all  these 
capabilities  too  —  as  q  plug-in  card  plus 
diskette.  Or  there's  a  deluxe  version  with  the 
dictionary  in  ROM  (no  Idiskettes  to  bother 
with),  speaker,  and  ability  to  "sing"  (hey  we're 
not  making  this  up  folks)  in  any  key.  (Both 
Apple  versions  require  32K  or  more.  Applesoft 
and  DOS  3.3).  I 

Don't  confuse  the  VOICE  BOX  with  "dumb" 
speech  synthesizers  that  can't  learn  new  words.  - 
Or  software-based  ones  with  lower  speech ' 
quality — and  an  annoying  tendency  to  blank 
out  the  display  when  they  talk.  The  VOICE  BOX 
is  a  true  breakthrough  in  speech  synthesis. 
Small  wonder  thousands  of  Atari  and  Apple 
owners  hove  already  bought  the  VOICE  BOX. 

The  VOICE  BOX  is  available  now  at  leading 
cornputer  stores  throughout  the  worid.  Or 
direct  from  the  Alien  Group,  with  lO-doy 
money  back  guarantee  if  you're  not  com- 
pletely satisfied. 

VOICE  BOX  For  Atari,  S 1 69.00 
16K  and  32K  versions  included 
(Specily  diskette  or  cassette), 

VOICE  BOX  for  Apple  IL+  SI 39.00. 

(Requires  speaker.) 

VOICE  BOX  for  Apple  II+J  $215.00 

(Includes  dictionary  in  ROM  land  singing  capability. 

Comes  wltli  speaker- ) 

Enclose  check  or  moriey  order. 


CHECK  YOUR  LOCAL  COMPUTER  STORE  FOR  TALKING  "VOICE  BOX"  VERSIONS  OF  YOUR  FAVORITE 
GAMES  FROM  LEADING  SAME  COMPANIES 

"Win  a  S5,000  prize  —  plus  royalties  —  for  the  best  Atari  400/800  or  Apple  11+  game  using  the  VOICE 
BOX.  Deadline:  May  30,  1993.  Write  for  contest  details, 

Please  mail  to:  The  Alien  Group.  Department  PT  -  5    ,  27  W,  23  St..  N.Y„  N,Y,  1 00 1 0 

.Or  caU  in  order  to  (212)  741-1770 


Alan  Is  a  registered  trademark  ol  Alarl  Inc.  Apple  is  a  registered  trademark  ol  Apple  Computer.  I  nc.  VOICE  BOX  is  trademark  ol  the  ASien  Group 


1  150 

DATA 

1  160 

DATA 

1  170 

DATA 

1  IBO 

DATA 

1  190 

DATA 

1200 

DATA 

12  10 

DATA 

1220 

DATA 

12  30 

DATA 

1240 

DATA 

12  50 

DATA 

1260 

DATA 

1270 

DATA 

1280 

DATA 

1290 

DATA 

1300 

DATA 

1310 

DATA 

1320 

DATA 

1330 

DATA 

1340 

DATA 

1350 

DATA 

1360 

DATA 

1370 

DATA 

1380 

DATA 

1390 

DATA 

1400 

DATA 

1410 

DATA 

1420 

DATA 

1430 

DATA 

1440 

DATA 

1450 

DATA 

1460 

DATA 

14  70 

DATA 

14BO 

DATA 

1490 

DATA 

I500 

DATA 

COTTAGE  CHEESE, 27,   1  OZ 

WHOLE  MILK, 166,1  CUP 

NONFAT  MILK, 87,1  CUP 

GRAPEFRUIT, 77, 1  CUP 

ORANGES, 70. 1  MED. 

CANTALOUPES, 37, 1 /2  MELON 

APPLES, 87, 1  MED. 

ORANGE  JUICE, 10B,1  CUP 

CORN  FLAKES, 96,1  CUP 

WHITE  BREAD, 63,1  SLICE 

WHOLE  WHEAT  BREAD, 55.1  SLICE 

HAMBURGER  MEAT, 316, 3  OZ 

STEAK, 293,3  OZ 

LAMB  CHOP, 480, 4  OZ 

BACON, 48, 1  SLICE 

HAM, 340, 3  OZ 

FLOUNDER, 78. 4  OZ 

TUNA  FISH. 170,3  OZ 

CHICKEN, 227,4  OZ 

EGGS, 640, 1  CUP 

SUGAR, 48, 1  TBS 

CARROTS, 68, 1  CUP 

POTATOES, 120, 1  MED. 

BEET  GREENS. 39.1  CUP 

LETTUCE, 7,4  SM.   LEAVES 

SPINACH, 46, 1  CUP 

BAKED  BEANS, 295,1  CUP 

LIMA  BEANS, 152,1  CUP 

CORN, 92,8' '  EAR 

PEAS, 74, . 5  CUP 

TOMATOES, 30, 1  MED. 

47.  BEER,  150,  12  OZ. 

BLACK  COFFEE, 9,1  CUP 

COLA  BEVCRAGES, 83,6  OZ 

POTATO  CHIPS- 108,10  2''   CHIPS 

END, 0,0 


^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦MMMMMMMH»MMMM>MMMMMMMHH» 

\\   VIC,  CBM-64  OR  PET  SOFTWARE   | 

^  ^     ci]^  SYNTHV-U  ■  fliutic  wihttifcr  lor  CBM^4  V3S  [40|.  FANTASTIC  I 

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mod?:^  on  ifitn^  scrtpn'  Texl  A  graphics  icre^ns  SdvpUoad  pictures  lo'f/orYi  Mpt  or  diik  Re- 
quires 3K/DK  expander    With  »)mple  piogfjrrs  t-nti  uirr's  minudl    f2S  [iVi). 

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memory  Pliiti  pomis.  tines,  bowi,  tent  in  iirrt  del  Jil  104  X  152  points  With  iamplB(ira(*ami 
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l-CHtNC  lor  VIC  -  colorful  fortune  t<^lJ«r  ^lyei  you  inMle  mlo  yOur  life  from  ar^  ORIENTAL 
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Now  you  can  rapidly  eliminate  misspeiiings  from 
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Spellmaster  (CBM  8050  version)  is 
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The  Definitive  Cfiess  Game 
for  the  VIC-20 

10  Levels  of  Play 

Beats  Sargon  II 

Two  Clocks 

Wide  range  of  opening  moves 

En  passant,  queening,  castling 

Change  screen  and  board  colors 

Cassette 

Requires  8K  minimum  expansion 

100%  machine  language 

^39.95 


BONZO  (c)  by  Kavan 


HOPPER 


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One  of  the  most  popular  games  an 
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Watch  out  for  the  alien  guards.  100% 
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Joystick  or  keyboard,  minimum  ek  ex- 
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Avoid  the  cars,  dragsters,  buildings,  logs 
and  other  obstacles  to  bring  the  (rog 
safely  home.  Machine  language  lor  fast 
and  smooth  arcade  action.  Joysttck.  stan- 
dard VIC.  $20,00 


BONZO  strikes  again  as  he  takes  money 
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standing  under  the  shields,  Every  succes- 
sfully removed  bag  of  money  reinforces 
your  shejtds.  100%  machine  language, 
cassette  based.  Joystick  or  keyboard, 
standard  VIC.  SIS.OO 


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Commodore  64  version  o1  the  famous 
dice  game.  lO  player  capacity.  Watch 
dice  roti  across  the  screen.  Automatic 
tabulation  of  score  anc?  bonuses.  Sprite 
graphics  and  sound.  Cassette  based. 

S20,00 


H\qM  Crawler  S2S.O0 

by  lnt«r«»ting  Software 

Shoot  down  centipedes,  spiders,  mushrooms  and  all 
kinds  o!  bugs  before  ihey  get  you.  Machine  language 
arcade  action  on  standard  ViC  with  joystick. 

Tlia  Black  Caatle  $20.00 

Adventure,  travel  the  countryside,  fight  demons,  buy 
goods,  storm  the  castle.  Requires  3k  or  more  expan- 
sion. 

A  Mu9  lr>g  S12.D(I 

Travel  through  the  maze.  Game  of  skill  and  tense  ac- 
tion, Standard  ViC. 

Gobbler  fll.OO 

Sounds  easy?  You  have  25  seconds  to  get  him  and 
the  time  gels  shorter  at  each  higher  Je^rel.  Standard 
VIC. 

Hang  U  S12.00 

Traditional  Hangman  plays  against  the  VIC'S  250 
word  dsctsonary  or  another  person.  Standard  V5C. 

Cogglft  S11.00 

Computerized  version  ot  Boggle.  Standard  VIC. 

Gold  Brick  S14.00 

f^any  levels  of  play,  sound,  and  cofor. 

Complete  descriptive  catalog  $2.00 


3-0  Labyrinth  S14.00 

Escape  from  the  labyrinth,  Shown  in  3-D  perspective 

view  with  randomly  generated  mazes.  Standard  VIC. 
Air  Strike  $11.00 

Fly  the  new  super  bomber  V-20  on  a  mission.  Stan- 
dard VIC. 
Attach  on  Silo  III  312.00 

You  are  the  commander  of  Silo  111.  Defend  your 

country.  SianOard  VIC. 
Bauball  Stratogr  S12,00 

The  excitement  ol  baseball  as  a  video  strategic 

game.  Standard  Vic, 
V\c  Poker  S14.00 

PJay  poker  against  the  VIC.  Hi-res  graphics  and 

sound.  Standard  VIC. 
Frogger  by  (c)  Kavan  $14.00 

Eat  the  fiies  and  avoid  the  car.  Standard  VIC. 
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by  Intereillng  Software 

Pilot  the  spaceship  "Inhnily'   and  light  the  "Space 

Phreeks',    1&  different  attack  patterns,  33  Jevels. 

fh/lachine  language,  arcade  quality.  Standard  VIC, 

joystick. 

Dealers  Welcome  -  Authors  Wanted ! 


Mailing  List  $25.00 

Keep  mailing  list,  print  reports,  labels.  Sk  expansion 

□  r  l6k  expansion  required. 
Astra-Miners  $17.00 

Hi-res  graphics  and  sound  space  game.  Requires  3k 

or  8k  expansion. 
Panzer  Attack  $14.00 

Enemy  tanks  are  attacking  and  you  must  destroy 

them.  Hi-res  graphics.  Standard  VIC 
Pedestrian  Polo  $14.00 

Drive  your  car  thru  The  streets.  Based  upon  Death 

Race,  Standard  VIC. 
Yahlzae  $12.00 

Solitaire  version  of  this  famous  dice  game.  Standard 

VIC. 
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96 


COMPUTei 


December  1982,  issue  31 


for  77  99l4(or99l4A},  with  or  willwut  Extended  BASIC,  VIC,  Radio  Shark  Color  Computrr  ( 1 6K  Exteudi'd  BASIC), 
and  Apple  -  choose  from  (Ids  selection  of  four  different  sorting  suhrinil/iies. 

All  Sorts  Of  BASIC  Sorts 


C,  Regena 
Cedar  City,  Ul 


One  of  the  functions  ol'ii  computer  is  to  org;uii/.e 
thiia.  There  arc  all  kinds  of  sort  routines  or  al- 
gorithms to  arrange  your  data.  Ycni  may  want  to 
alphabetize  lists  or  arrange  events  by  dale  or  Ust  a 
class  in  ordci'  In  lesi  scores.  \'ou'll  need  a  sort 
routine  to  take  your  raw  data  and  arrange  it  in 
ascending  or  descending  order  (from  A  to  Z  or  / 
to  A). 

Computer  programmers  and  analysts  often 
enjoy  looking  at  sort  routines  and  comparing  speed 
and  efficiency.  Usiiallv  the  ainouni  oi'iime  it  takes 
a  computer  in  sort  depends  on  how  man)  items  arc 
in  the  list  and  Ikjw  out-of-order  the  items  are. 
Different  computers  vary  in  speed  also.  (Note: 
Although  the  1  I-'J9MA  computer  is  slower  than 
other  microcomputers  in  PRINTing  or  LISTing,  it 
is  just  as  fast  or  fa.sler  in  calculations  and  compari- 
sons. The  sort  routines  presented  here  were  not 
significantlv  slower  on  any  particular  microcompu- 
ter.) 

Here  are  lour  difterenl  sort  loiuines  written 
in  BASIC  for  you  to  try,  and  to  implement  in  your 
own  programs.  The  computers  and  languages 
tised  are'  I1-99/4A  (or  TI-99/4),  TI-99/4A  Extended 
BASIC,  VIC-20,  and  TRS-80  Color  C^omputer  with 
HiK  Extended  B.ASIC.  Oiily  BASIC:  programs  are 
presented  here;  machine  language  routines  are 
also  available  for  some  computers  and  are,  of 
course,  faster. 

In  the  listings.  Line  100  tells  which  computer 
and  vvhich  sort  is  used.  Lines  100-190  randomly 
choose  50  integers  from  1  to  iOO.  Ordinarily,  you 
would  INPUT,  READ,  or  calculate  the  numbers 
used.  The  actual  sorting  starts  at  Line  200.  Lines 
500  to  the  end  print  the  final  sorted  list  of  numbers 
in  the  example. 

Bubble  Sort 

The  Bubble  Sort  (or  simple  interchange  sort)  is 
probablv  the  most  connnon  and  easy  lo  understaufl 
sort.  It  is  fine  for  small  numbers  of  items  or  for  a 
list  of  items  that  is  not  much  out  of  order.  The 
program  compares  each  numl^er  to  the  next 
number  and  exchanges  numbers  where  necessary. 


If  (jne  switch  has  been  made  dining  a  pass 
through  all  the  innnbcrs,  the  loojj  of  comparisons 
starts  over.  In  this  example,  if  the  50  nimibers 
happened  to  be  in  exact  opposite  order,  the 
maximum  ninnber  of  passes  would  be  necessary, 
and  the  process  would  take  longer  than  i(  only  a 
lew  niunbers  were  out  of  place.  For  larger  numbers 
of  items,  this  sort  can  seem  to  take  forever. 

Shell  Sort 

The  Shell  .Sort  is  considerably  faster  than  the  Bubble 
Sort.  In  general,  for  a  random  order  of  50  numbers, 
the  shell  sort  is  about  two  or  three  times  as  fast  as 
the  Bubble  Sort.  The  Shell  Soi't  speeds  up  execiuion 
because  the  number  of  comparisons  that  need  to 
be  made  is  reduced. 

In  an  array  ol  N  numbers,  it  (irst  determines 
B  so  that  '2'^*<N<2'*"^ '  and  then  the  variable  B  is 
initialized  to  2**''.  The  kjop  varies  the  counter  I 
frtmi  1  to  N-B.  First,  it  checks  if  A(I)iA(I  +  B).  If 
so,  it  increments  I  and  continues  with  the  compari- 
sons. If  not,  it  exclianges  .^(I)  and  A(I  -I-  B)  and 
changes  the  subscript. 

When  I  reaches  the  value  of  N,  it  reduces  B  by 
a  factor  of  two  and  starts  the  loop  again.  When 
B  =  0  the  sort  is  complete.  I've  u.sed  a  couple  of 
extra  variables  in  the  example  for  clarity. 

SortC 

The  third  kind  of  sort  routine  offered  here  is  also 
faster  than  the  Buiible  Sort  if  the  niunbers  are 
cpiite  mixed  up.  The  program  goes  through  all  the 
numbers  and  places  the  minimum  value  in  tlie  first 
spot  of  the  array.  The  loop  keeps  finding  the  mini- 
mum of  the  numbers  remaining  and  replaces  it  in 
order. 

SortD 

I  his  sort  is  similar  to  the  previous  one,  except  that 
with  each  pass  through  the  numbers,  both  the 
minimum  and  the  maximum  numbet-s  are  found 
and  placed  at  the  approjjriate  end  spots. 

The  way  these  sorts  are  listed,  the  given  niun- 
bers will  be  arranged  in  a.scending  order.  To  change 
to  descending  order,  simply  exchange  the  less  than 


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New  from  Skyles:  the  VicTree,  a  coordinated  hardware  and  software  package  that  allows  your  Vic 
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16K *269 

32K *349 

48K *429 

410  Recordef $76.00 

810  DiSkDrivo $449.00 

ez2  Prinler $269.00 

825  Printer $589.00 

830  Modem SI  S9.00 

620  Printer S2S9.0O 

850  Interlace $1 69.00 

C)t40  Joysticks  (Pairl Si  8.00 

CX853  Atari  1  6K  Ram S  77.95 

ATAAl 

Pao  Man S35.00 

Centipede .535.00 

Caverns  of  Mara S32.0O 

Asteroids    , , $29.00 

Missile  Command $29.00 

Star  Raiders $35.00 

DATASOFT 

Pacific  Coasl  Higtiway $25.00 

Canyon  CUmtier , , ..,.., S25.00 

TumbleBuQS $25.00 

Stiooll  ng  Arcade $25.00 

Clowns  andBalloons $25.00 

Graphic  Master. ...,.,..,. ,  $30.00 

Grapl^ic  Generator $1  3.00 

Micro  Painter $25.00 

Text  Wizard SB9.00 

Spell  Wizard S64.00 

Bistiop's  Square $25.00 

ON-LINE 

Jawbreaker $27,00 

Sottporn S27.00 

Wizard  and  the  Princess - $29.00 

Tt\B  Nexl  Step $34.00 

Mission  Asteroid $22.00 

Mou5kattai;k $3 1 .00 

SYNAPSE 

File  Manager  800 $79.00 

Chicken $26.00 

Dodge  Racer $26,00 

Synassembler  $30.00 

Page  6  $19,00 

Shamus $26.00 

Prosector S2  6.00 

Nautilus $26.00 

SNme   S26-00 

Disk  Manager S24.00 

K-BYTE 

Krazy  Shoot  Out $32.00 

K-raiy  Krilters $32.00 

K-raiy  Antics $32.00 

K-slar  Patrol -.$32.00 

STICK  STAND  *» 


800  —  48K 

Microtek  1 6K  Ram $  74.95 

AxlonRamdisk|12eK) $429.95 

lnlec4eK  Board $159.00 

lntek32K  Board S  74.00 

One  Vaar  Extended  Warranty. , S  70.00 

CX481  Entertainer  Pac  kage $69.00 

0X482  Educator  Package $1 30.00 

CX  483  Programmer  Package $54.00 

CX  484  Communicator  Package $344,00 

Atari  aOO  Dust  Cover $6.99 

Atari  400  Dust  Cover $6.99 

Atari  810  Dusi  Cover $6.99, 

VISICORP 

For  Apple,  IBM,  Franklin 

Wside* $189.00 

Watfile $189.00 

visiptot $1 59.00 

Visiterm $189.00 

Visitrend/Plot $229.00 

VisiSchedule S22900 

Desktop  Plan $  1 89.00 

VISICALC   $179.00 

lor    Apple    II    plus.  Atari.  CBM    &    IBM 

Continental 

The  Home  Accountant  (Apple/Franklin) $59.00 

Die  Home  Accountant  (IBM) $119.00 

1  St  Class  Mail $59.00 


FLOPPY 
DISKS 

MaxeU 

MD  I  (Box  of  10) S36.00 

MD  II  (Bojt  Of  10) S46.00 

MFD  I  (8") $44,00 

MFD  II  (8"  Double  Density) $54,00 

Verbatum 

5  l/4-'SSDD......... $2600 

5  1/4"  OS  DD $36.00 

Elephant 

5  1/4"  SS  DO $19  99 


TIMEX 

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Diak  Drive*  For 
Atari  Contpntem 

51  Singlr  Drive SSBS.OO 

A 1  Add-on  Drive $339.00 

52  Dual  Drive $879.00 

Single  Side  Dual  Head  . .  $679.00 
Dual  Dhve  Dual  Head.. .$1046.00 


//-SCI 


MIGRO-SCI 

Disk  Drives  For 
Franklin  &  Apple 

A2 $319.00 

A40 $369.00 

A70 - $499,00 

CaConlrolter $79.00 

047  Controller $89.00 


MODEMS 

Hayes 

Smart $23900 

Smart  1200  (1200  baud) $549  00 

Chronograph $i  99.00 

Microdem  II $279.00 

Micfodem  1 00 $309.00 

Novation 

Cat $14400 

0-Cat S 1 59.00 

Auto  Cat $219-00 

2 1 2  Auto  Cat $589,00 

Apple  Cat  M $33900 

21 2  Apple  Cat  II $60900 

Anchor 

Mark  I  IRS-232) $79.00 

Mark  II  (Atari) $79.00 

Mark  III  (Tl-99t SI 09.00 

Mark  IV  (C9M/PET) $  1 25  00 

Mark  V  (OSBORNE) $95.00 

Mark  VI(I6M-PC) $  1 79.00 

Mark  VII  (Auto  Answer/Dial) $11 900 

9  Volt  Power  Supply $9.00 


MONITORS 

AMDER 

300e $169.00 

Color  I $339.00 

Color  II $699.00 

Color  III $429.00 

BMC 

1 2"  Green $  85.00 

1 3..  Color  1 400 $279.00 

13"  Color  1401  iMtdRes) $369.00 

ZENITH 

ZVM  121-    -- $99.00 

SHARP 

Sharp  13"  Color  TV $275.00 

PANASONIC 

TR-120  MIP(High  Res.  Green) $159.00 

CT- 1 60  Dual  Mode  Color $299.00 


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100 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


or  greater  llian  signs  in  the  sort  comparisons. 

If  voLi  arc  alphabetizing,  tlie  \ariable  terms 
will  iic  string  variables,  siith  as  A$(l). 

\()ii  tnay  have  several  items  wliirh  neetl  to  be 
associated  as  tlie\'  are  soiled.  I-Or  example,  suppose 
\()u  have  names  and  scores  to  be  arranged  b\'  score. 
The  names  and  scores  are  first  airanged  as  .\.S(1 ), 
S(l);  N.S(2),  S(2);  etc.  In  the  interchange  you  would 
need  to  soil  the  S  values,  and  ilieii  swiuh  bodi 
terms,  stieli  as: 

SS  =  S(I) 

NN$  =  NS(I) 
S(I)  =  S(I+I) 
N$(I)  =  N$(I+1) 
S(I+1)  =  SS 

N$(I+1)  =  NN$ 

Keep  in  mind  that  for  sorts  for  the  TRS-8U 
Color  Computer  and  the  VIC-20,  y<Hi  should  use 
lower  line  numbers  and  leave  out  spaces  to  conserve 
inemorv.  \au  mav  also  save  memorv  bv  naming 
yoiu'  \ariables  with  only  one  letter.  Too,  yoti  could 
combine  a  few  more  lines  than  I  did  in  these  ex- 
amples. You  shcmld,  of  course,  use  the  VIC-20 
abbreviations  wherever  possible  {such  as  D-shi!t-I 
for  DIM). 


140  A(I)=INT(RND*100+1) 

150  PRINT  A(I) ; 

160  NEXT  I 

170  PRINT  : : 

200  B=l 

210  B=2*B 

220  IF  B<=50  THEN  210 

230  B=INT(B/2) 

240  IF  B=0  THEN  500 

250  FOR  1=1  TO  50-B 

260  C=I 

2  70  D=C+B 

280  IF  A(C)  <=A(D)THEN  340 
290  AA=A(C) 
300  A(C)=A{D) 
310  A(D)=AA 

3  20  C=C-B 

330  IF  C>0  THEN  270 

340  NEXT  I 

350  GOTO  230 

500  FOR  1=1  TO  50 

510  PRINT  A(I)  ; 

5  20  NEXT  I 

530  END 


100 

REM   TI  BASIC  SORT  C 

TI-99/4  BASIC  Sorts 

1  1  0 

DIM  A{50) 

N=50 

100 

REM   TI  BASIC  BUBBLE  SORT 

J.   X  V 

120 

110 

DIM  A(50) 

130 

FOR  1=1  TO  N 

120 

FOR  1=1  TO  50 

140 

RANDOMIZE 

130 

RANDOMIZE 

150 

A(I)=INT(RND*100+1) 

140 

A(I) =INT(RND*100+1) 

160 

PRINT  A(I) ; 

150 

PRINT  A(I) ; 

170 

NEXT  I 

160 

NEXT  I 

180 

PRINT  : : 

170 

PRINT  : : 

200 

M=A(1) 

200 

LIM=49 

210 

IM=1 

210 

SW=0 

220 

FOR  1=2  TO  N 

220 

FOR  1=1  TO  LIM 

230 

IF  A{I)<M  THEN  260 

230 

IF  A(I) <=A(I+1)THEN290 

240 

M=A(I)  • 

240 

AA=A(I) 

250 

IM=I 

250 

A(I)=A(I  +  1) 

260 

NEXT  I 

260 

A{I+1)=AA 

270 

AA=A(N) 

270 

SW=1 

280 

A(N)=A(IM) 

280 

LIM=I 

290 

A{IM)=AA 

290 

NEXT  I 

300 

N=N-1 

300 

IF  SW=1  THEN  210 

310 

IF  N>1  THEN  200 

500 

FOR  1=1  TO  50 

500 

FOR  1=1  TO  50 

510 

PRINT  A(I) ; 

510 

PRINT  A(I) ; 

520 

NEXT  I 

520 

NEXT  I 

530 

END 

530 

END 

100  REM   TI  BASIC 
110  DIM  A(50) 
120  FOR  1=1  TO  50 
130  RANDOMIZE 


SHELL  SORT 


100  REM   TI  BASIC  SORT  D 

110  DIM  A(50) 

120  N=50 

130  FOR  1=1  TO  50 


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102 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


140  RANDOMIZE 

150  A(I) =INT(RND*100+1) 

160  PRINT  A(I) ; 

170  NEXT  I 

180  PRINT  : : 

200  S=l 

210  MN=A(S) 

220  IMIN=S 

2  30  MX=MN 
240  IMAX=S 
250  FOR  I=S  TO  N 
260  IF  A(I)<=MX  THEN  290 
270  MX=A(I) 
280  IMAX=I 

290  IF  A(I)>=MN  THEN  320 
300  MN=A(I) 
310  IMIN=I 
320  NEXT  I 

330  IF  IMINON  THEN  350 
340  IMIN=IMAX 
350  AA=A(N) 

3  60  A(N)=A(IMAX) 
370  A(IMAX)=AA 
380  N=N-1 
390  AA=ACS) 
400  A(S)=A(IMIN) 
410  A(IMIN)=AA 
420  S=S+1 

430  IF  N>S  THEN  210 
500  FOR  1=1  TO  50 
510  PRINT  A(I) ; 
5  20  NEXT  I 
5  30  END 

TI-99/4  Extended  BASIC  Sorts 

100  REM  TI  EXTENDED  BASIC  BUBBLE  SO 
RT 

110  DIM  A(50) 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  50::  RANDOMIZE::  A(I 
)=INT{RND*100+1) : :  PRINT  A 
(I) ; : :  NEXT  I  : :  PRINT  :  : 

200  LIM=49 

210  SW=0  ::  FOR  1=1  TO  LIM  ::  IF  A( 

I) <=A(I+1)THEN  230 
220  AA=A(I)::  A(I)=A(H-1)::  A(I  +  1)  = 

AA  : :  SW=1  : :  LIM=I 
230  NEXT  I 

240  IF  SW=1  THEN  210 
500  FOR  1=1  TO  50  ::  PRINT  A(I);::  " 

NEXT  I 
510  END 


100  REM  TI  EXTENDED  BASIC  SHELL  SOR 
T 


110  DIM  A(50) 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  50: :RANDOMIZE: :A(I)= 

INT(RND*100+1) : :PRINTA(I) ; 

: :NEXT    I: : PRINT    :     : 
200    B=l 

210    B=2*B     ::    IF    B<=50    THEN    210 
220    B=INT(B/2)::    IF    8=0    THEN    500 
230    FOR    1=1    TO    50-B    ::    C=I 
240    D=C+B    ::    IF   A(C) <=A (D) THEN260 
250    AA=A{C)::    A(C)=A(D)::    A(D)=AA 

:    C=C-B    ::    IF    C>0    THEN    240 

260  NEXT  I  : ;  GOTO  220 

500  FOR  1=1  TO  50  ::  PRINT  A(I);:: 

NEXT  I 
510  END 


100  REM  TI  EXTENDED  BASIC  SORT  C 

110  DIM  A(50) : :  N=50 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  N: :RANDOMIZE: :A(I)=I 

NT(RND*100+1) : :PRINT  A(I); 

: :NEXT  I: : PRINT  :  : 
200  M=A{1) : :  IM=1 
210  FOR  1=2  TO  N 

220  IF  A{I)>=M  THEN  M=A (I ) : :  IM=I 
230  NEXT  I 

240  AA=A(N)::  A(N)=A{IM)::  A(IM)=AA 
: :  N=N-1  : :  IF  N>1  THEN  2 

00 
500  FOR  1=1  TO  50  ::  PRINT  A(I);::  " 

NEXT  I 
510  END 


100 

110 
120 


200 

210 
220 

2  30 

240 
250 
260 

270 

280 
500 

510 


REM  TI  EXTENDED  BASIC  SORT  D 

DIM  A(50) : :  N=50  : :  S=l 

FOR  1=1  TO  50: iRANDOMIZE: :A(I)= 

INT(RND*100+1) : :  PRINT  A(I 

) ; : :  NEXT  I: : PRINT  :  : 

MN=A(S}::  IMIN=S  ::  MX=MN  ::  IM 

AX=S 

FOR  I=S  TO  N 

IF  A(I)>MX  THEN  MX=A{I)::  IMAX= 

I 

IF  A(I)<MN  THEN  MN=A(I)::  IMIN= 

I 

NEXT  I 

IF  IMIN=N  THEN  IMIN=IMAX 

AA=A(N)!:  A(N)=ACIMAX) : :  A(IMAX 

) =AA  : :  N=N-1 

AA=A(S)::  A (S) =A(IMIN) : :  A(IMIN 

) =AA  : :  S=S+1 

IF  N>S  THEN  200 

FOR  1=1  TO  50  ::  PRINT  A(I);::  ~ 

NEXT  I 

END 

contimied  on  p.  104 


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104 


COMPUTfl 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


^RS-80  Color  Computer  Sorts 

100  REM  TRS80C  BUBBLE  SORT 

110  DIM  A(50) 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  50:A(I}=RND{100) :PRI 

NTA(I) ; :NEXT:PRINT:PRINT 
200  LIM=49 
210  SW=0:FOR  1=1  TO  LIM:IF  A(I)<=A( 

I  +  1)THEN  230 
220  AA=A(I)  :A(I)=A{I  +  1)  :A(I+1)=AA:S 

W=1:LIM=I 
230  NEXT 

240  IF  SW=1  THEN  210 
500  FOR  1=1  TO  50:PRINTA(I) ;:NEXT 
510  END 


100  REM  TRS80C  SHELL  SORT 

110  DIM  A(50) 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  50:A(I)=RND(100) :PRI 

NTA(I) ; :NEXT:PRINT:PRINT 
200  B=l 

210  B=2*B;IF  B<=50  THEN  210 
220  B=INT{B/2) :IF  3=0  THEN  500 
230  FOR  1=1  TO  50-B:C=I 
240  D=C+B:IF  A (C) <=A(D) THEN  260 
250  AA=A(C) :A{C)=A{D) : A(D) =AA! C=C-B 

:IF  C>0  THEN  240 
260  NEXT:GOTO  220 

500  FOR  1=1  TO  50:PRINTA(I) ; :NEXT 
510  END 


100  REM  TRS80C  SORT  C 

110  DIM  A(50) :N=50 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  N:A(I)=RND(100):PRIN 

TA(I) ; :NEXT:PRINT:PRINT 
200  M=A(1) :IM=1 
210  FOR  1=2  TO  N 

220  IF  A(I)>=M  THEN  M=A(I):IM=I 
230  NEXT 
240  AA=A(N)  :A{N)=A(IM)  : A(IM)  =AA:N=N 

-1:IF  N>1  THEN  200 
500  FOR  1=1  TO  50:PRINTA{I) ; :NEXT 
510  END 


100  REM  TRS80C  SORT  D 

110  DIM  A(50) :N=50:S=1 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  N:A(I)=RND(100) :PRIN 

TA(I) ; :NEXT:PRINT:PRINT 
200  MN=A(S) :IM=S:MX=MN:IX=S 
210  FOR  I=S  TO  N 

220  IF  A(I)>MX  THEN  MX=A(I):IX=I 
230  IF  A{I)<MN  THEN  MN=A(I):IM=I 
240  NEXT 
250  IF  IM=N  THEN  IM=IX 


260    AA=A(N}  :A(N)=A(IX)  :  A  (IX)  =AA:N=N 

-1 
270    AA=A(S)  :A(S)=A(IM)  :  A(IM)  =AA:  S  =  S 

+  1 
280    IF   N>S    THEN    200 
500    FOR    1=1    TO    50:PRINTA(I} ; :NEXT 

510    END 


VIC-20  Sorts 

100  REM  VIC  20  BUBBLE  SORT 

110  DIM  A(50) 

120  F0RI=1  TO  50:A(I)=INT(RND(X)*10 

0+1) :PRINTA{I) ; :NEXT:PRINT 

: PRINT 
200  L=49 
210  S=0:FOR  1=1  TO  L:IF  A(I)<=A(I+1 

)THEN  230 
220  AA=A(I) :A(I)=A(I+1) :A(I+1)=AA:S 

=1:L=I 
230  NEXT: IF  S=l  THEN  210 
500  FOR  1=1  TO  50:PRINTA(I) ; :NEXT 
510  END 


100 
110 
120 


200 
210 
220 
230 
240 
2  50 

260 

500 
510 


REM  VIC  20  SHELL  SORT 

DIMA(50) 

P0RI=1  TO  50:A(I)=INT{RND{X)*10 

0+1) :PRINTA(I) ; :NEXT:PRINT 

: PRINT 

3=1 

B=2*B:IF  B<=50  THEN  210 

B=INT(B/2) :IF  B=0  THEN  500 

FOR  1=1  TO  50-B:C=I 

D=C+3:IF  A{C)<=A(D)  THEN  260 

AA=A(C) :A(C)=A(D) : A(D) =AA: C=C-B 

:IFC>0  THEN  240 

NEXT:GOTO220 

FOR  1=1  TO  50:PRINTA(I) ; :NEXT 

END 


100  REM  VIC  20  SORT  C 

110  DIM  A(50) !N=50 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  N:A(I)=INT(RND{X)*10 

0+1) :PRINTA(I) ; :NEXT:PRINT 

: PRINT 
200  M=A(1) :IM=1 
210  F0RI=2  TO  N 

220  IF  A(I)>=M  THEN  M=A(I):IM=I 
230  NEXT 
2  40  AA=A(N) :A(N)=A(IM) : A (IM) =AA:N=N 

-lilF  N>1  THEN  200 

500  F0RI=1  TO  50:PRINTA(I) ; :NEXT 

510  END 

contiiuiedonp.  106 


m^^ 


VIC- 20 
CASSETTE  SOFTWARE 


SOFTWARE  INC.   [ 


THE  GAMES  PEOPLE  PLAY  NOW! 


;  A  new  challenge  every  time. 


CRABS 

Agifity  Is  the  key  to  successfully  gtitding  HER- 
B1E  (the  halibut)  through  the^  maze,  avoiding 
the  deadly  gaze  of  SONIC  CRABS  while  fe^H- 
mg  an  delectable  night  crawlers. 

The  more  you  eat,  the  higher  your  score.  Each 
time  yoy  clear  the  maze  of  tasty  morcels,  you 
will  receive  more  time,  additional  lives,  and  a 
new  group  of  night  crawlers,  as  the  gsme  of 
SURVIVAL  continues 

But  Irtware?  With  the  passing  of  time  your 
presence  becomes  increasmgly  aggravatmg 


to  the  KILLER  crabs  who  lurfc  within,  improv- 
ing the  accuracy  of  their  menacing  sonic 
waves. 

Set  at  beg(  nner  or  advanced  levels,  each  game 
Is  played  in  a  totally  new  maze,  and  may  con- 
sist of  any  number  of  roi;nds  that  starl  identt- 
cally  for  each  player. 

CRASS  can  be  played  using  yourVIC-20  key- 
board Of  joystick,  and  will  work  on  alJ  standard 
VIC-20  memory  conftgurattons. 


TANK  WAR 

Your  opponent  watches  cJosely  as  tfie  BAT- 
TLEFIELD unfolds,  and  you  both  carefully 
plan  strategies  for  the  pending  CONFLICT. 
Suddenly,  bolti  LASER  TANKS  fire  to  initiate 
movement.  Vol  t»gin  to  thread  the  way  through 
your  tiome  territory,  avoiding  obstructions 
and  buildings,  as  you  proceed  toward  enemy 
ground. 

Outscore  the  rival  tank  Oy  destroying  enemy 
buildings,  as  well  as  placing  direct  11  its  on  your 
opponent  during  one  to  one  combat.  Higher 


skill  levels  will  add  addllional  targets,  moun* 
tain  ranges  and  landmines  to  the  battle  zone 
for  Increasing  EXCITEMENT. 

One  of  three  skill  levels,  with  a  new  battlefield 
created  for  each  game,  provides  a  new  chal- 
lenge for  both  playefs  every  time. 

TANK  WAR  may  t>e  played  using  your  VIC-20 
keyboard  or  paddles,  and  will  work  on  all 
standard  VIC-20  memory  configurations. 


Exciting  action  for  two  players. 


:  The  ultimate  inter-stellar  conflict. 


CYCLONS 

Full  Hl-Res  Graphics,  Arcade-Like  Action 

Coniinuingwith  their  plan  to  conquer  the  uni- 
verse, the  OVTRON  EMPIRE  has  chosen  your 
sector  as  the  tirst  target  in  our  galaxy.  As 
COMMANDER  of  the  protective  forces,  you 
must  manoeuvre  your  craft,  avoiding  colJision 
and  enemy  missiles,  to  attack  and  destroy 
enemy  war  ships. 

The  CYCLON  fighters  relentlessly  enter  the 
battle  zone,  attempting  to  iureyou  into  making 
errors  that  will  lead  lo  your  destruction.  The 
menacing  PULSAR  DEATH  SHIP  also  begins 
to  attack.  Its  only  purpose  to  zero  in  on  your 


locelion.  chase  you  down,  and  put  an  end  to 
your  defense  of  civilizatton  as  we  know  it. 

Our  future  lies  with  your  skill. 

CYCLON  requires  mennoryexpansion  to  lunc 
tion.  When  loaded  on  a  system  with  a  3K 
expanderlor  Super  Expander)  you  will  play  an 
advanced  level  game.  Loading  the  cassette 
onto  a  system  with  &K  or  more  expansion,  you 
will  be  allowed  to  choose  between  a  variety  ol 
difliculty/game-leature  options.  The  game  is 
controlled  with  the  VIC-20  joystick. 


Check  (or  avaifability  with  your  local  dealer,  or  use  the  order  form  provided. 
Dealer  enquiries  are  welcome. 


FORWARD  TO: 

SYNTAX  SOFTWABE  INC. 

33  ELMHURST  AVE.,  SUITE  502 

WILLOWOALE,  ONTARIO.  CANADA   M3H  6GB 

PHONE  (41S)221-«O0S 


D  CERTIFIED  CHEQUE        Q  MONEY  ORDER 

Please  Forward  Charges  To: 

D  VISA 

O  MASTER-CARD 

n  AMERICAN  EXPRESS 


CARD  NO. 


PLEASE  SEND  ME: 

CRABS        @  $15.95  (U.S.)/$1 8.95  (CDN.)  = 

TANK  WAR@  J1S.95  (U.S.)/Sta.95  (CDN.)  = 

CYCLONS  @  $19.85  (U.S.|/W3.95  (CDN.)  =  . 

SHIPPING  k  HANDLING  @  $1.00  PER  CASSETTE  = 
ONTARIO  RESIDENTS  PLEASE  ADD  7%  SALES  TAX 

Piease  Print:  TOTAL 

NAME 


ADDRESS  . 


EXPIRY  DATE. 

SIGNATURE  _ 


.POSTAL  CODE, 


VIC-20  is  a  registered  trademark  ol  Commodore  Business  Machines  Inc. 


106 


COMPUTE! 


December  -1982,  Issue  31 


VIC    20    SORT   D 

A(50) :N=50:S=1 

1=1    TO    50:A(I)=INT(RND{X)*1 

) :PRINTA(I) ; :NEXT:PRIN 

INT 

(S) :IM=S;MX=MN:IX=S 

I=S    TO   N 

(I)>MX    THEN    MX=A(I):IX=I 

(I)<MN    THEN    MN=A(I):IM=I 

M=N    THEN    IM=IX 

(N) :A{N)=A(IX) :A(IX)=AA:N=N 

(S)  :A(S)=A(IM)  :A(IM)=AA:S=S 

>S    THEN    200 

=1    TO    50:PRINTA{I) ; :NEXT 


100 

REM 

110 

DIM 

120 

FOR 

00+1 

T:PR 

200 

MN=A 

210 

FOR 

220 

IF   A 

230 

IF   A 

240 

NEXT 

250 

IF    I 

260 

AA=A 

-1 

270 

AA=A 

+  1 

280 

IF   N 

500 

FORI 

510 

END 

230   NEXT 

240  AA  =  A(N):A(N)  =  A(IH):A(IM) 

1:  IF  N  >  1  THEN  200 
500  FOR  I  =  1  TO  50:  PRINT  A(I),- 
510  END 


AA:N  =  N 


NEXT 


100  REM  APPLE  SORT  D 

110  DIM  A(50):N  =  50:S  =  1 

120  FOR  I  =  1  TO  N:A(I)  =  INT  (  RND  (1)  *  100 

+  1):  PRINT  A(I);"  "; :NEXT: PRINT: PRIN 

T 
200  MN  =  A(S):IM  =  S:MX  =  MN:IX  =  S 
210  FOR  I  =  S  TO  N 

220  IF  A(I)  >  MX  THEN  MX  =  A(I):  IX  =  I 
230  IF  A(I)  <  HN  THEN  MN  =  A(I):  IM  =  I 
240  NEXT 

250  IF  IM  =  N  THEN  IM  =  IX 
260  AA  =  A(N) :A(N)  =  A(IX):A(IX)  =  AA:N  =  N  - 

1 
270  AA  =  A(S):A(S)  =  A(IM):A(IM)  =  AA:S  =  S  + 

1 
280  IF  N  >  S  THEN  200 

5  00  FOR  I  =  1  TO  50:  PRINT  A (I);"  ";;  NEXT 
510  END  ( 


Apple  Sorts 

100  REM  APPLE  BUBBLE  SORT 
110  DIM  A(50) 

120    FOR   I    =    1    TO   50:A(I)    =    INT    C    RND    (1)    *    100 
+    1):    PRINT  A(I);"    ";;    NEXT    :PRINT:P 

RINT 
200    L   =    49 
210  S  =  0:  FOR  I  =  1  TO  L:  IF  A{I)  <  =  A(I  +  1 

)  THEN  230 
220   AA   =   A(I):A(I)    =   A(I   +    1) tA(I    +    1)    =   AA;S    " 

=    1:L   =    I 
230  NEXT  :  IF  S  =  1  THEN  210 
500    FOR    I    =    1    TO    50:    PRINT  A(I) ;    '    ' ; :    NEXT 
510  END 


100  REM  APPLE  SHELL  SORT 
110  DIM  A(50) 

120  FOR  1=1  TO  50:A(I)  =  INT  (  RND  (1)  *  100  + 
1):  PRINT  A(I);"  " ; :  NEXT  :PRINT:PRI 
NT 
200  B  = 
210  B  = 
220  B  = 
230    FOR    I    = 
240    D   =   C   + 


1 

2  *  B:  IF  B  <  =  50  THEN  210 
INT  (B  /  2) :  IF  B  =  0  THEN  500 
1  TO  50  -  B:C  =  I 
B:  IF  A(C)  <  =  A(D)  THEN  260 
250  AA  =  A(C):A{C)  =  A(D):A(D)  =  AA:C  =  C  -  B: 

IF   C    >    0    THEN    240 
260  NEXT  :  GOTO  220 

500  FOR  I  =  1  TO  50:  PRINT  A(I);  "  " ; ;   NEXT 
510  END 


100  REM  APPLE  SORT  C 
110  DIM  A(50) :N  =  50 
120  FOR  I  =  1  TON:A(I)  = 

+    11 :    PRINT   A(I) ;"    "; 

T 
200   M   =   A(l) ;IM   =    1 
210  FOR  I  =  2  TO  N 
220  IF  A{I>  >  =  M  THEN  M 


INT  (  RND  (1)  * 
;NEXT:PRINT:PRIN 


A(I)  :IM 


100 


COMPUTE!  The  Resource, 


J 


10  DAT 
FREE 
TRIAL 


mmmMn 

PLUG       DIRECTLY     INTO      VIC   ! 


9  0  DAY 
WARRANTY 


The 
"PROGRAMMER"® 

Plug    in    up    to  iH7 

3-VIC    PACKS. 

for    exarfipia: 

o  16K  RAM    PACK 
-a   PROGRAMMERS    AID   PACK 
-and  o  MACHINE    LANG.  MON. 


The 
"GAME  MACHINE"  jg^ 

Fast«r    than   a     Di^k    Drive! 
Pl^/g   in  up  to_6.0AME«r 

MEMORY  PACKS   ih*nSwJH:h 
,S«|*cl    aacK.  .  pr«if    RESET. 


The 

AUDIO 

INTERFACE' 


S29 


WAL  AM  Now  QoiTiD  01  ' 
configuration  vtilhout  to 
VIC     1'    f.movino    PACKS. 

Plug    in    up  to   32K    RAM  and 
all    Ihe    other    PACKS    Ihul 
CoiTMnodorc    hoj  to    offer. 
Folly   Buff»r.j. 


ff 


Connect    VIC   to  youf 
Stereo   -  for  odd'^d  Depth 
Qnti  Dimension   tosound- 
effe  cts  and   Music. 

&  f  AlKC     •!  IE  AUCH 

^Y  I  C     10    ■  I   <   TM   .i  C>.nm< 


fORDER 
CO.O.    oi 


IMC   1  VISAoccopt.d) 
CALL    14151651-3160 


PARS EC  RESEARCH 
Drawer  1766 -P 
Fremont.  CA.   94538 


Include   $2."  ihipping*  tipndling 

&6"/.  Ia»  for  CA.  res. 
(son=t    check    or  m.o.Awopoy  stiip.} 


Why  use  other  computer  media 

when  you  could  be  using 

MEMOREX 

high  quality  error  free  media? 

Free  Memorex  Mini-Disc  Offer-  Get  free  discs! 

You'ii  save  money  when  you  buy  Memorex,  because  every  carton  of  1 0 
Memorex  5y<  inch  mini-discs  sold  by  Communications  Eiectronicshias 
a  coupon  good  for  a  free  Memorex  mini-disc.  For  every  case  of  100 
Memorex  mini-discs  you  buy  from  CE,  you'll  get  10  free  Memorex  mini- 
discs,  directly  from  Memorex.  The  more  you  order,  the  more  you  save. 
Offer  expires  December  31,  1982.  All  Memorex  flexible  discs  sold  by 
CE  are  of  the  higtiest  quality,  certified  1 00%  error  free  and  backed  by  a 
full  one  year  factory  warranty. 

Fiextble  Disc  Quantity  Discounts  Availat>)e 

-Memorex  Flexible  Discs  are  packed  10  discs  to  a  carton  and  10 
cartons  to  a  case.  Please  order  only  in  increments  of  100  units  for 
quantity  100  pricing.  We  are  also  willing  to  accommodate  your  smaller 
orders.  Quantities  less  than  1 00  units  are  available  in  increments  of  1 0 
units  at  a  10%  surcharge.  Quantity  discounts  are  also  available. 
Order  500  or  more  discs  at  the  same  time  and  deduct  1%;  1 ,000  or 
more  saves  you  2%;  2,000  or  more  saves  you  3%;  5,000  or  more  saves 
you  4%;  10,000  or  more  saves  you  5%;  25,000  or  more  saves  you  6%; 
50,000  or  more  saves  you  7%  and  1 00,000  or  more  discs  earns  you  an 
8%  discount  off  our  super  low  quantity  100  price.  Almost  all  Memorex 
Flexible  Discs  are  immediately  available  from  CE.  Our  warehouse 
facilities  are  equipped  to  help  us  get  you  the  quality  product  you  need, 
when  you  need  it.  If  you  need  further  assistance  to  find  the  flexible  disc 
that's  right  for  you,  call  the  Memorex  flexible  disc  compatibility  hotline. 
Dial  toll-free  800-538-8080  and  ask  for  the  flexible  disc  hotline 
extension  0997.  In  California  dial  800-672-3525  extension  0997. 
Outside  the  U.S.A.  dial  408-987-0997  between9  AM  to4  PM  PacificTime. 

SAVE  OH  meuOREX  FLEXIBLE  DISCS 

Product  Dflftcription 

8"  SSSD  IBM  Compatible  {128  B/S,  26  Sectors} 
8"  SSSD  Shugart  Compatible,  32  Hard  Sector 
8"  SSSD  CRT  8000  Compatible,  Soft  Sector 
8"  SSDD  IBM  Compatible  (123  B/S,  26  Sectors) 
8"  DSDD  Soft  Sector  (Unformatted) 
8"  DSDD  Soft  Sector  (128  B/S,  26  Sectors) 
8"  DSDD  Soft  Sector  (256  B/S,  26  Sectors) 
8"  DSDD  Soft  Sector  (512  B/S,  15  Sectors) 
8"  DSDD  Soft  Sector  (1024  B/S,  8  Sectors) 
5'A"  SSDD  Soft  Sector  w/Hub  Ring 
5%"  SSDD  10  Hard  Sector  w/Hub  Ring 
5'A"  SSDD  16  H&rd  Sector  w/Hub  Ring 
5'A"  DSDD  Soft  Sector  w/Hub  Ring 
5'A"  DSDD  10  Hard  Sector  w/Hub  Ring 
S'A"  DSDD  16  Hard  Sector  w/Hub  Ring 
5'A"  SSQD  Soft  Sector  w/Hub  Ring  (96  TPI) 
5'A"  DSOD  Soft  Sector  w/Hub  Ring  (96  TPI) 

SSSD  =  Single  Sided  Single  Density;  SSDD  =  Single  Sided  Double  Density: 
DSDD  =  Double  Sided  Double  Density:  SSOD=  Single  Sided  Quad  Density: 
DSQD  =  Double  Sided  Quad  Density:  TPI  =  TraclfS  per  inch. 

Special  offer  on  Memorex  computer  tape. 

If  you  mail  your  order  to  us  and  enclose  prepayment,  deduct  SI  .00  per 
reel  from  our  quantity  100  prices.  This  means  Memorex  25J  Wean  be 
as  low  as  Si  2.99  in  100  quantities.  Memorex  Computer  Tapes  are 
packed  1 0  tapes  to  a  carton.  Please  order  only  in  increments  of  1 00 
units  for  quantity  100  pricing.  Quantities  less  than  100  units  are 
available  in  increments  ol  10  units  at  a  10%  surcharge.  Quantity 
discounts  are  also  available.  Order  500  or'more  tapes  at  the  same 
time  and  deduct  1  %;  1 ,000  or  more  saves  you  2%;  2,000  or  more  saves 
you  3%;  3,000  or  more  saves  you  4%;  4,000  or  more  saves  you  5%  and 
5,000  or  more  tapes  earnsyou  a6%  discount  off  our  super  lowquantity 
1 00  price.  If  you  need  further  assistance  or  information  to  find  the  tape 
that's  right  for  you,  call  the  Memorex  Computer  Tape  Technical 
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SAVE  OH  HEMOHEX  COMPUTED  TAPE  ^OOafxi 

Product  Oascription  Part*  per  real  (S) 

Memorex  IV  2400  feet  Vifrightline  Seal  25 J W  13.99 

Memorex  IV  2400  teet  Easy  Load  II  Cartridge        25JR  14,99 

Memorex  IV  1200  feet  Wrightline  Seal  25FW  10.65 

Memorex  Quantum  2400  feet  Wrightline  Seal       27 JW  16.20 

Memorex  Quantum  2400  feet  Easy  Load  II  Cart.    27JR  16.99 

Memorex  Quantum  1 200  feet  Wrightline  Seal       27FW  1 2.50 

Memorex  Cubic  HD  2400  feet  Wrightline  Seal      39JW  16.99 

Memorex  Cubic  HD  2400  feet  Easy  Load  II            39JR  1 9.99 

Memorex  Cubic  HD  1200  feet  Wrightline  Seal      39FW  13.99 


Part  s 

CE  quant. 
100  price 
per  disc  1*1 

306Z 

2.09 

3015 

2.09 

3045 

2.99 

3090 

2,74 

3102 

3.34 

3115 

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3.34 

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New  Memorex  Lifetime  Rigid  Disc  Pack  Product  Warranty 

All  Memorex  disc  packs  sold  by  CE  have  a  lifetime  product  warranty. 
This  is  your  assurance  that  Memorex  disc  packs  will  give  you  a  lifetime 
of  performance  and  service.  Only  Memorex  can  offer  you  the  superior 
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the  original  user  in  isolating  and  correcting  any  technical  issues  that 
relate  to  the  Memorex  product  as  well  as,  when  appropriate,  replace 
uptooneset  of  read/write  heads.  Ifyou  needfurtherinformation  tofind 
the  rigid  disc  that's  right  (or  you,  call  the  Memorex  rigid  disc  compatibil- 
ity hotline.  Dial  toll-free  800-538-8080  and  ask  for  the  rigfddfScfiofffne 
extension  1642.  In  California  dial  800-672-3525  extension  1642. 
Outside  the  U.S.A.  dial  408-987-1642. 


SAVe  OH  MEMOREX  RiaiD  DISC  PACKS 

Product  Description 

CE  cjuant. 
one  price 
Pari  »        per  pack  (Si 

Mark  III  5  MB-  Cartridge  Front  Load  (8  to  32  Seel.) 

95-5ZZXX-03 

65.00 

Top  Load  |l-to  24  sectors) 

94-522XX-03 

•70.00 

Cf«fD-1  6  "Phoenix  Type"  CDC  Cartridge 

98-26600-31 

1 60.00 

NCR  Cartridge 

98-26600-32 

1  60.00 

Mark  VIII  80  MB.  Error  Free 

72-16600-03 

330.00 

Flag  Free 

72-26600-03 

320.00 

Mark  XI  200  f^B.  Error  Free 

03-35041 

720.00 

Flag  Free 

03-35031-02 

560.00 

DEC  Flag  Free 

03-35031  -03 

560.00 

Mark  Xll  SOD  MB.  MCR/CDC  Flag  Free 

03-39001-01 

515.00 

Honeywell  Flag  Free 

03-39000-01 

515.00 

Mark  XIII  300  MB.  Error  Free 

03-47021 

795,00 

Flag  Free 

03-47009 

670.00 

Mark  XIV  80  MB.  Unformated  Error  Free 

74-16600-03 

365.00 

Flag  Free 

74-2660O-O3 

300.00 

Honeywell  Format  Flag  Free 

74-26600-08 

315.00 

CDC  format  Flag  Free 

74-2660009 

315.00 

Mark  XV  300  MB.  Error  Free 

03-4901 1 

825.00 

Fiag  Free 

03-49001-01 

725.00 

Smith-Corona  TP-1  Letter  Quality  Printer  Special  Offer 

Buy  any  Memorex  product  on  ttiis  page,  and  get  a  Smith-Corona  TP-1  letter  quality 
printer  tor  only  S585.00  plusSZO.OO  shipping.  Specify  serial  or  parallel  version. 

Buy  with  Confidence 

To  get  the  fastest  delivery  from  CE  of  your  Memorex  computer 
products,  send  or  phone  your  order  directly  to  our  Computer  Products 
Division.  Be  sure  to  calculate  your  price  using  the  CE  prices  in  this  ad. 
Michigan  residents  please  add  4%  sales  tax.  Written  purchaseorders 
are  accepted  from  approved  government  agencies  and  most  well 
rated  firms  at  a30%  surcharge  for  net  30  billing.  All  sales  are  subject  to 
availability,  acceptance  and  verification.  All  sales  are  final.  Prices, 
terms  and  specifications  are  subject  to  change  without  notice.  Out  of 
stock  items  will  be  placed  on  backorder  automatically  unless  CE  is 
instructed  differently.  Minimum  prepaid  order  S50.00.  Minimum 
purchase  orcferS200.00.  International  orders  are  invited  with  a  S20. 00 
surcharge  for  special  handling  in  addition  to  shipping  charges.  All 
shipments  are  F.O.B.  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan.  No  COD'S  please,  Non- 
certified  and  foreign  checks  require  bank  clearance. 

For  shipping  charges  add  S8.00  per  case  or  partial-case  of  100  8- 
inch  flexible  discs  or  S6.00  per  case  or  partial  case  of  1 00  S'A-inch 
mini-discs.  For  tape  shipping,  add  SI  .00  per  reel.  For  Disc  packs  add 
$1 0.00  per  cartridge  (Mark  II I  or  CM  D-1 6)  or  S 1 5.00  per  disc  pack  for 
IJ.P.S.  ground  shipping  and  handling  in  the  continental  U.S.A. 

Mail  orders  to:  Communications  Electronics,  Box  1002,  Ann  Arbor, 
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108 


COMPUTE! 


December1982,  Issue  31 


ll  hit  the  unliurtal  nav.s  ivircs  and  was  (juickly  picked  up  by  local  media:  a  letter  in  Octobers  New  England  journal 
of  Medicine  suggested  that  home  computers  and  video  game  machines  used  with  old  color  TV  sets  could  expose  people 
to  potentially  hazardous  doses  of  radiation. 

IsYourTVA 

Radiation  Hazard? 


Tom  R.  Holfhill 
Features  Editor 

It  miglu  be  considered  a  flattering  measure  of  the 
exploding  ]M)pularity  of  home  computing  that  a 
small  item  in  a  medical jomnal  could  attract  so 
much  attention.  Coidd  an  old  color  TV  hooked  up 
to  your  computer  or  video  game  really  create  a 
radiation  hazard?  Or  was  all  the  fuss  just  a  rerun  of 
the  color  TV  "radiation  scare"  of  the  late  1960s? 
What  docs  it  reallv  mean  to  home  compulerists 
and  video  game  addictsr 

Firsl ,  in  case  you  missed  the  story  —  or  more 
likeK'.  in  case  your  local  media  carried  a  frustrat- 
ingly  al)l)re\  iated  \  ersion  —  here  are  the  details. 

The  New  England  Journal  of  Medicine,  a  re- 
spected medical  pui^licalion  closely  watclied  hy  the 
general  news  media,  pul)lished  a  letter  from  two 
doctors  at  the  Veterans  Administration  Medical 
(Center  in  Washington,  D.C  The  letter  warned  that 
pre-197()  color  TVs  emit  more  X-radialion  than 
sets  built  later.  This  could  pose  a  danger,  especially 
to  voung  people,  when  these  TVs  are  hooked  up  to 
home  computers  and  video  game  machines.  The 
doctors  reasoned  that  many  families  plug  their 
comjniters  and  game  machines  into  "spare"  color 
TVs  to  avoid  tying  up  the  hou-sehold's  main  set. 
Also,  they  noted  that  people  playing  video  games 
or  involved  in  progrannning  tend  to  sit  much 
closer  to  the  screen  than  they  do  when  watching 
TV  shows.  They  also  tend  to  become  engrossed  for 
hours. 

Doctors  Suggest  Caution 

Clo.se  exp(jsure  over  prolonged  periods  to  older- 
model  color  TVs  raises  the  possibility  of  radiation 
do.ses  larger  than  reconnnended  limits,  suggested 
the  doctors.  Specifkally,  a  young  person  using  a 
computer  or  video  game  for  two  hours  a  day  over 
one  year  would  receive  about  eight  times  the  gov- 
ernment's recommended  limit  -which  is  100  mil- 
lirems  per  >ear  for  a  person  under  18.  The  two- 
hour-a-day  game  addict  would  ab.sorb  780  millirems 
in  the  eyes  and  890  millirems  in  the  thyioid  gland. 


(The  ladiation  limits  are  different  for  adults,  and 
some  adults  get  higlicr  doses  because  of  their  occu- 
pations; a  typical  flight  attendant,  for  example, 
might  get  500  millirems  per  year  due  to  exposure 
in  the  upper  atmosphere.) 

Now,  before  you  panic  and  start  worrying 
about  acquiring  a  permanent  glow  from  playing 
Space  Iiroaders,  there  are  several  things  to  keep  in 
mind.  First,  the  doctors'  caution  covers  onl\  color 
TVs  made  before  1970  which  aie  used  at  closer  than 
average  viewing  distances.  (The  tloctoi  s  defined  the 
average  viewing  distances  as  rotighly  live  feet  for 
childicn  and  eight  feel  for  adults.) 

.Second,  the  doctors  did  not  actually  measme 
radiation  levels  or  perform  any  primary  research. 
Instead,  diev  look  <lata  published  in  the  late  lOfiOs 
on  l'\'  radiation  emissions  and  irsed  standard 
fornuilas  to  estimate  the  radiation  ab.sorption  at 
closer  distances.  It  was  not  a  formal  study. 

"It  was  a  lark,"  savs  Dr.  Louis  Korman.  one  of 
the  letter's  authors.  "I  am  not  a  radiation  expert. 
We  were  just  sitting  around  one  day  talking  about 
buying  microcomputers,  and  the  subject  came  up 
that  most  people  who  buy  home  micros  tend  to 
hook  them  up  to  older  color  TVs  to  avoid  tying  up 
the  newer  set.  They'll  get  this  TV  from  the  attic,  or 
buy  it  used  at  a  shop....  We  were  aware  of  the  radi- 
ation scare  in  the  late  sixties  and  just  wanted 
to  caution  that  these  .sets  should  be  used  with 
prudence. 

"You'll  proliablv  sec  a  lot  of  letters  next  month 
from  jieople  who'll  say  we  don't  know  what  we're 
talking  about." 

C)ne  of  those  letters  may  well  be  ^vritten  by 
someone  from  the  Klectronic  Instrument  .X.ssocia- 
lion.  .A.  trade  group  representing  TV  maiudac- 
lurers.  the  F.IA  did  not  take  kindly  to  all  the  fuss. 
■■We  want  to  make  two  main  points,"  says  Alan 
Schlosser,  EIA  public  reladons  director.  "There 
are  a  slatisdcally  insignificant  number  of  pre- 1 970 
color  TV  sets  out  there.  .\nd  also,  we  believe  the 
people  who  use  home  microcomputers  tend  to  use 
these  state-of-the-art  devices  on  up-to-date  TV 
equipment.  We  don't  want  to  pooh-pooh  all  this. 


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The  SO  U  N  D  commands  allow  you  to  initiate  a  note  of  series 
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112 


COMPUTE! 


December  1 982,  Issue  31 


liur  we  fion't  think  ihe  body  of  evidence  supports  il." 
Solid  State  Is  Safer 

(^on^ress  passed  radiation  statidards  iortolor  I  \'s 
in  the  late  I9()()s.  l)iil  the  standards  applied  only  to 
new  models.  Models  then  in  use  were  not  required 
to  be  mochfied  because  il  was  never  actually  proven 
thai  llie\  eniilled  flant^erous  rarliation.  says  the 
ElA.  1  !u'  whole  st ate  was  triggered  when  one 
manufacturer  recalled  one  model  which  leaked 
radiation  through  a  small  vent-hole  in  the  bonoin 
of  the  set. 

Before  (Congress  passed  the  regulations,  about 
23  million  color  I'X's  were  made  between  19()0  and 
li)7(),  nearlv  all  in  the  lale  HKlOs.  Il  has  been  esti- 
mated that  1.3  to  16  percent  of  these  sets  exceeded 
tlie  radiation  limits  set  by  the  Food  and  Drug  Ad- 
ministraiions  Bureau  of  Radiologic  Health  in 
1 97 1 .  Since  the  average  life  of  a  tube-type  TV  is  I  I 
years,  most  ol  these  sets  arc  no  longer  in  use. 

NearK  all  the  radiation  is  cmillcd  from  the 
vacuum  tubes,  not  the  picture  tube.  After  the 
scare,  mamilacturers  beefed  up  the  shielding  and 
turned  toward  safci' soli<l-siaie  circLiiiry.  B\   197ii, 
virtuallv  all  TVs  were  solid-stale.  The  greatest 
hazard  is  from  oltter  r\'s  which  were  improperly 
ser\iced.  sa\s  Gene  Koschella.  who  heads  the  F.IA's 


technical  training  program.  11  a  serviceman  did 
not  replace  the  tube  shielding,  or  jacked  up  ihc 
voltage  to  prolong  the  life  of  a  fading  set,  more 
ladiation  than  normal  may  be  leaking  from  the 
'I'\'.  Due  to  the  naiine  of  the  radiation,  the  dosage 
is  more  acute  at  close  range. 

"The  radiation  decreases  rapidly  as  you  back 
awav  from  the  set,"  explains  Koschella.  "We've 
taken  measurements  and  iound  that  at  four  or  live 
(eel  there's  practically  no  radiation  at  all.  At  aiiv 
rate,  the  ratliation  we're  talking  about  is  ver\  soft. 
It's  not  anything  like  the  radiation  voii'd  get  from 
an  atomic  bomb  or  .something.  In  fact,  it  will  be 
absorbed  b\'  clothing  or  glasses." 

(  f  hai's  win  the  \'A  doctors  calculated  radiation 
absorption  in  the  eyes  and  thyroid,  areas  normally 
unprotected  b\'  clotliing—  miless  the  compiuerisi  is 
wearing  glasses  and  a  neck  scarf.) 

If  you  are  usinga  pre-1970  set  for  prolonged 
periods  at  close  range,  and  are  still  worried  about 
radiation  exposure,  Koschella  suggests  having  the 
TV  checked  out  to  insure  that  no  shielding  was 
removed  and  that  the  picture  tube  \()hage  was  not 
cranked  uj).  But  he  emphatically  warns  against 
checking  the  voltage  yoin-self  —  the  voltage  is  very 
high  and  probably  a  lot  more  flangerous  ilian  the 
radiation.  © 


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•  Adds  6  slots  to  the  memory 
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•  On  board  master  reset  button 
allows  you  to  reset  cold  start  your 
VIC-20  without  powering  down. 

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common  external  power  supply 
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•  Simple  plug-in  installation. 

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•  Features  a  high  quality  8x8  dot  matrix. 

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standard  time,  December  31, 1982.    -^ 


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114 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Part  II: 

This  is  tilt'  ronsltisiaii  of  a  liilorial  hcgini  last  month.  Pavl  II  dcnionstralcs  how  to  hcnidlc  romplrx  nniltlpli/filion  in 
macltitie  languagr.  Thoiigli  slwcific  to  Coininodvrc  iiiachiiii's,  the  t('chni(HU's  can  apply  to  any  inicrocomputcr.  In 
addition  to  providing  an  introduction  to  the  use  of  SYS  which  alloivs  you  to  take  advantage  of  the  machine  language 
routines  in  \onr  BASIC'S  ROM  chips  -  this  article  also  demomtrates  a  way  to  pass  information  between  BASIC  and 
machine  language. 

How  To  Use  SYS 


John  C,  Johnson 
McKinney.  TX 


VV'ith  knowledge  ol  the  .subroutines  discussed  last 
month,  ii  is  now  possible  to  write  some  extremely 
powerful  machine  language  extensions  to  BASIC 
with  reduced  effort.  Our  example  problem  is  a 
complex  arithmetic  subroutine;  the  complex  nuilti- 
plication  portion  will  be  dLscussed  in  detail.  This 
problem  was  selected  both  because  it  is  iLseful  and 
i)ecause  it  illustrates  the  concepts  of  multiple  inputs 
and  outputs.  (A  discussion  of  the  rules  for  complex 
arithmetic  is  given  in  Rue!  V.  Churchill's  Co>iiple.\ 
Variables  and 'Applicaliuns.  McC-raw-Hill,  I960.)  The 
Format  for  the  statement  is  that  given  last  month  in 
line  200.  A  and  B  are  the  outputs,  and  C,  D,  E.  and 
F  are  inputs;  the  asterisk  {*)  signals  complex  multi- 
plication. The  sequence  of  steps  required  to  pro- 
duce the  result  is  given  below. 

1.  Fetch  the  operation  character  (*  or/)  and 
save  it. 

2.  Save  the  line  scanner  address  for  later  use. 

3.  Scan  past  the  output  variables. 

4.  Evaluate  each  input  expression  and  save  it. 

5.  Save  the  line  scanner  position  onto  the 
stack,  and  reset  the  line  scanner  to  locale  the 
output  variables. 

6.  Test  for  operation  <  haracier. 

7.  Perform  the  multiplication  operation  for 
the  real  part. 

8.  Save  the  result  in  the  output  variable  #  1 . 

9.  Perform  the  multi]5licalion  operation  for 
the  imaginary  part. 

10.  Save  the  result  in  output  variable  #2. 

11.  Fix  up  the  stack  and  CHRGET  address. 

.\  description  of  the  program  operation  tied  to 
the  above  description  follows.  The  initialization 
portion  is  contained  in  lines  52  to  64.  The  purpose 
of  this  section  is  to  change  the  L'SR  vector  to  point 


to  the  start  of  the  sul:)routine  to  allow  a  call  with 
SYS  0.  This  is  important  because  the  conversion 
time  for  .^SCII  0  is  quite  eftlcient,  but  the  time  to 
convert  30747  is  substantial. 

For  example,  you  could  avoid  this  by  assigning 
30747  to  some  variable  and  call  by  SYS  .\\.  The 
efficiencv  of  this  approach  is  slighttv  better  than 
SYS  0,  but  lacks  the  programming  convenience. 
The  initialization  also  sets  the  top  ol  niemory  to 
protect  the  machine  code  from  BASIC!  strings. 
Tvpc  S\'S  30720  to  initialize;  the  screen  will  clear 
and  show  READ\'. 

The  first  two  steps  are  accomplished  by  lines 
68-73  and  77-80,  respectivelv.  The  line  scanner  is 
operated  to  retrieve  the  operation  character.  *  or  /, 
to  determine  which  oitwo  subroutines  will  be 
active.  Some  error  checking  is  accomplished,  and 
the  address  of  the  line  scanner  is  saved. 

Accommodating  Commodore  BASIC 

Step  3  is  accomplished  by  lines  84-89.  Fhis  section 
merely  scans  the  line  for  all  items  between  the 
commas  so  the  line  scanner  will  be  positioned  for 
accessing  the  inputs.  One  may  ask,  "Why  omit 
picking  up  the  output  addresses  at  this  point?" 
The  reason  is  strategic  and  involves  the  wav  in 
which  Commodoic  bask;  handles  variables  that 
are  subscripted. 

The  subroutine  as  w  ritten  allows  subscripted 
variables  as  inputs  and  outputs.  If  an  arrav  ele- 
ment's address  is  determined  before  computing 
the  inputs,  then  the  outpiu  variable's  location  may 
change.  This  will  occur  only  when  a  variable  is 
used  as  an  input  before  it  has  been  defined.  The 
BASIC  interpreter  will  put  the  variable  into  the 
variable  list  and  move  array  elements  as  nece.s.sary. 
If  the  destination  variables  are  skipped  at  this 
point  atid  all  inputs  are  evaluated  Fust,  this  problem 
will  not  exist. 


=""W  ■".-■■' 

°  ST*  *'   i  "  ° 

j^^  t>fp  - ')   ° 

°  -K 

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£^^t.^-^^  -^       ° 

^j^y 

S-i==*:«ix^^ 

^^W-. 

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nnliairtt  madrand^rt,  dnd-^bLd^i 

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rqiifliliininndilir  ih*FiElpihthft'|.|«if  Ala^rtnti  Ynu  t«>ipl»CliCt-B»"tvmnT  njpm*rh»i  ■mlnaiiqadUnu'.Inq  rrtdialt 
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i^tMikliiint  IC-CIUI  (nil  iNf  llf*  *>lHr  r""il(jrn»(i(diig  fnf  .fhangn  In  wind,  ■.'raihrr  anJ  imain  ^C^l^  pen!  re  I  mij  laluatilr 
dhitiur.  j  .'an  inuk  In  tiailiing  pf^ialxitt.  Lifelike  v,rJ*hl«  .i<-  pn.^^d  t..  mabrf  IJKl.^  t  f  IflL-  i.rrv  ^n.pmwk.l 
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iiiinrlalpdd«ccltflkmi.jitFrjiiN-hitKH*  tIaViralflhar  rhf  rVfT^nriHipiiiar-iPTlrtitl  AiK^nfucrpcuflram*.  making  lhi% 
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r;  SI4.9!  Ci 


IbK  A 


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RL!B[K"5CUHESOLVER(A*ail»blcforiIlcompulcr^)         Prlcc:SI4.9; 

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Hrirhnndr^ing 

LI  L"  MEN  FROM  MARS  lAlariorl] 
Dr^ndi.'OLrtif'IP  Tlie  fitlle  mm  froTn  Mai 
arilina[<J  giaphks  {arcad^l  ^smi 


kS?T 


ALVIN  [Atari  unlj] 

ALVIN  it  a  9>ra)  a.tdhlr  gamr.  Y' u  aif  coi 
cllh*^.  You  ail'  MlliinpllFvgTn  Ifim'i  ihnr  ti 
COMMAKD'  In  irvriwr],  A1»i.  vnu'  cud' 
hKitrnaPywiC  Iwmwhi'ftipirW'rni  «■■*<■(«  ih 
Hill  Ah'--\r  rh*»r  *Uir*fi  vm  hat*  liw  adva^ 
Thrirlnirrndrhiri'ViUTaHal  thrtnl-vlialr 
and  qukklv  ritipa}  In  Ih*  Uin.  A  hin  gnm 


HT^alrdlvrhifpinqfli 
nptWAiC.  addiTnj  ri  ihr 


»talrvr»,(p«HiTrt  V..r 

HbFrfJra>lirnl>ir  Im 
»tt' S«T  ihnnhuarpcr 

PfiCTlSIJ-flJ    Ci 

-C..<vlin%*kn«lfa(k 
nt  iMr  Ii  twiu.ii-d  by  i 
.r«.nASAI   OC 

JiOS<^t!U.Ar<C: 

Uiikellc 
Invkn^lbl- 

tc/iandd 
inqjrard 

in  in  grt«>m?lv™ '''"'■ 
dt^  much  III  Ihr  Ala 

PciM;Siq.95  Ca5wii*:533-M  DisLeue 

g.iihemfint.Tliisnahrlanouihighc«fllulinn 
>'i,  priiL^c.  Rrquirps  one  jir^'slicii- 

Pcigr:  S|7-=);  Caswiir:S3L95  Diikww 

1  uhlFr  on  Itir  H»m<-  lln^p  li^.lrq  tr  a^^ld  Ihrtr  irtm<l%r  fiip  (HlSStU-. 
1*»  hprn  damrji-d  m  Ihml  vifij  can  r.nly  ipr  dimnwaidv  Thli  wiiaM 

Price:  SI5.95Ciss«tc,SI9,9.^  Diil^eEEj: 
*ithLSCAP£(HOMVOLA\THJM'T'.pwaprvn.niu,T 
th?  guardian  ls.illhaul  bring  ralml  Uhrk*  killrd  viilh  a 
irif.Ht™,Tirr.theriwi.  dor..  ™HMii^'nl>*n  indrfLllirrlv.il 
I  appears.  Somptimrs  yn"  ca^iima'.hlht'nijg'hlhr  di'K*(  bv 


■  iShr>k>.rUnll/av 
•nd  snund.  Rur 


ALPHA  FIGHTER  lAiari  ooljl 

TsiH  r-kcrlWhi  giapHirt  tii)4  arTHiq  pingtami  in  nnr'  ALPHA  l'lGl^t--l4 
pa«.tMg  lh)>i'i>ghiVMil  ■iwiini.l  ihc  g«lj»v,  AI.H^I^^AV.  Ivlnlhr  pathiil 
andl»M-'a*nw!vid'>  HHht^riKt  innirrihr  (n^iliri.  anil  15^1  prn^miKrli, 
riGltTfR  11.111  'un  .m  IdK  *rHrm* 


n  I6K 
priMiSI3.9?  C«WIW  SI7.95  Oiskclle 

tlFl>  Iniailnnj  In  llvr  U>'t>  i  »(l  hU 
iffHulEtliaM^hnvnuifOFrf  ALPHA 


Tri£  RINGS  OF  THE  EMPIRE  (Atu.Minl.l 

Thr  rrrtpiii!  hAi  dnrlcpcd  a  n^n  boiflr  M^il-m  pimi 
ilngianddnlTn^'ihu'Vioiicin.  iJirrmpici'il^rlopi.ai 
I6K  Jvsleinii.  erFcJoi"i  4Bi.rnvbur  graphics  and  soui 


Pr;H;il4.95  Ca^^cEtf  518.95  Diskclic 

ii-L^al^nrrgy.  tach  time  yea  biai^l  ihcnuEfh  ihr 
wed  bv  ciiLr  or  I.l>o  pla^n 


INTBLIDEH  ALERT  lAlari  o 

ritrhid.  Iia'.-'  Ivriiali'Tlpdandari 


Price;  SI5.95  Ca3senBfSI9,9!  Dtskciie 
lich  p^li^^es  v<>uin  [hr  niiddli-iiflhf'Dicadstai' having  juK  lilntmilii  plans.  Th« 
|pdlnd<^rrn<jvnniil  ■llciF'tli.Ynu  muilllridAodfnlrrvDurihlpTriPKaprHilhlhr 
.\.drd   [NrRUDER  ALERT  ir^uii^  a  (.v^iick  ajid  win  nil  »n  16K  ii'twnn 

Prkc;  514.95  CasieiU  SIS.9*  Di^kefle 

Ihr^nnirnf  BanlrihJp    II  nlUri  rhr  ih^llrn^rt.  iil  ^[ratiegv  ftnd  rfiftnf*   V'lUi 
.TPP^nrni  mn  br  ^iiwvih'ft  human  in  llv  ri>mpulji    Cnlni  <^n[ihi[%  «rd  inund  air  ^iih  inrludrd    Itjnt  in  IttK 

COLh  PRO  lAtiriofllv}  Pri«;SIT,95  Cawciir  S2I.95  Diskciic 

H.,il»ira]lnnandb«autirtlgraphif%orT)olni«dlr>afrhTr!BiCtH_FPB()!npirdur*-|hrbnt^WHmutalmnav*ll;ilr  1.. 
iralliiappr*cial*thi*gam».i«Ta»hi'wldhr<vrflrnl"iTVs.iihali'<iucan'iJPPch*-sriTnnllhr'fairiiav-ilieblijrn(lh»u*iri 
hjiaids.aodth*»'HilBModi|fh«''ropi,  Vnu  inrnBttiihaii-fictd:.  jspynucuFd^inthpsand  li-ap.and  puiinnihrgi'rrTj 
ilHia!H,1uldb*d"n7cvnihiT<iuT-.r  8hnu.[iHilirAtailtnyi)UTfiipn]Jsbrlh  GOLF  PRO   Rrquiiri  IbK^mdnnrlnivillfk. 

GAMES  PACK  I  (Available  for  all  coitipulersl  PriK:  5ld,9?  Caiwtit  518.05  DiskeiiE 

GAMF^  PACK  [  <n.nralni,  Ih*  cEesiJc  rojrputcr  ganHTi  f-l  BLACKJACK.  I.U«AB  IAM>FR.  tKAPS.  HOttStHACI. 
SA'ITCH  and  mnrr  TTipm  gameshav*  lw*ri  combiTi'rdlTHni.nr  l.flfgrpfiiginmt«ira.wln  loaiSng  Thpvajrlrtdiv^dualiv 
Mr*iiMdhvacDnwnl*r>rmrM,Thli(nilir<:rinn|»»mHh+hirp''lcp|u*lfi.rlhrDVWAtnMt'v*radon.nfBLAt:UACK 

GAMES  PACK  II  lAiatlabtc  for  all  CompbliWl  Prlf«:SIJ,75  Caitflti*  SIP.W  Oiskeiie 

(iAMhSPACRII  l-«rlyd«lhf^5»r"p^  CRAZY  HCIIT1>.J(nT(l.ACtV-I)l]C:EV,IJFr.U.T;MPI)hii«diHhr.,  Atvirh 
CAMLS  PACK  1   *ll  Ihr  g*mr.  arr  l..adra  «>  nnr  pir^>nm  and  arr  lallrd  l.nnia  ™rn..   Vnb  mII  |MIIKulark  rtih-^ 
l>YNACi;MP'»ivr.vrrt  nfCHA^ViaOHfS 
Whv  luiv  14  4S  nimocr  pre  prngram  «hrn  v'ki  car  1^uv  n  I]VI>4ACOHP  .'lillrfllnii  (iir  |iiU  SH.4S? 

MOON  PROBE  lAiailableroralleoinrulfnil 
TTiii  i>.an  nrrrrwlv  ihallfn^ing  "lor»Br  Iflndrr'  1" 
Idii'^rirrnthf  irKKUi's  luHacr.  Ynu  Ton'rol  1  br  ihi-L 
appiiF.iHh  hogtr.  IlLini^  in  1&K  Atari. 

SPACE  TRAP  (Ariri  orJj.  I6.KI 


Price:  5t-J.95  CasidH  SIR.9;  DM 
■^iifw*rahla<-^holF.Vnurontrnlvr>iiri,pi.rr"ahnm<(ih.-in, 

hit  poftl^Ir  fiffniv  ih^  hlarh  hrAr  rlinn  aluiul  will 


Piicc:£l4.9?  Ca^ 
anddr'tifiiHjtnlttkm.  !»■«  v<'iiii'rnui««i>i>dk*rp  «n<^'i 
irdapth  (hafg^ctploiilnrtdf'plhandHnicbihrm  .in 
•<jf  [lwA[ftfi'tJiFapfiiti*r«f*Hhundir*p(ihiS|riF..Onri 


«  S;.V9S  Di^krtt*: 


TWO  PLAYER  GAMES 


d  l>v   llYNACMMi*.   lln 


ipuicrn:  J2H.  di%h  diikelle  iinl}  1 

I  ihrl-rtl  pIghrH  Klli'm's  *aP5*.rr)M.Thnrtn'''pl»v»iliani.riB.ri 
•  fimpyiiri  bi.i  hai«"4tocp  li*»Fnnnv*mrd  loplavofv^llofiTfricmpnirr*  rnrrr"! 
»r  <i<FC  li.riivnij  and  d#\rb>pmrnl  ro«l>.  wnr  w>  liw.  nVNAtOMP  jrflrr.  fKt. 
SIS.1S  ditkrlw.Sll.^^  dhh.llvhullkru«igamx'^,lhr<illii>.|t#h#,qninsiur« 


-1-  PANZER  Jinit  BLITZKR 

EG 

l)a[p:33tjnv 

t<M3   Placr 

:S»-i.r,, 

mllr.w 

41  .l(  K>t\ 

Huiii 

a.Thf  TlLtil&ri 

la 

v/  jjit  lib 

fralrd  K 

t>. 

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ch  Ihr  Grm 

an  ^cc 

%»+iich 

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nqlo 

1  a  lail  itifrfri. 

IT*mp[f 

halt  thr 

Hii 

mi  an 

advar 

SUt2KRlLG 

l<)40  PUc- 

Mnnhni 

itFltrKr 

Thrrrffm 

anbl 

:jkrl«3inth«<a 

atcniop 

rlr.GrFn 

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Blttrtion  in,  c 

T^niiFran 

rr  ThTl>nnanFn 

irrlhasprnriri 

irf  rheArdTtnr 

dMr""- 

rhrhrm 

nIDii 

fiUik 

itflrnM-ollKr 

Ai»n.-5nn.r 

nrpntili 

n.andth 

rnnalcnl 

apip 

(ihrFrrfiEharn. 

1* 

inlhruiuThhaiB 

p. 

strd.And.  n 

Vi-7    STARSH IP  TROOPERS  Jfld  INVASION  OF  THE  MUD  PEOPLE 
STARMiiCTKCKiPtHb 

Dar'-:  l-nrTlrth  Crrlurv  Pla^r' Arafhnul  plan 
n|ualkiir«nITpnanandalwnuiili.  ThrnutcDmrwtll  vt  ITircnuri 

IMlASrO^J  !1F  THK  MUU  PiltlfTj. 

A  PrruL^an  armv  faallalinn  hat  br^r  dispalchrd  In  a  ccnuilr  ^dla$P  il 

|r»m  -.cnirv  n!  ^limv  mud  iintn  Khich  lavp  ntfdiv  br^ufi  fawtning  ar 

Sri  -1:  FALL  OF  THE  THIRD  REtCH  and  ARMORCAR 
FAIJ.OF  the;  THIKIJ  HLtCII 

Oriir  March.  19«S  Plarr  Hrmaim,  ■GrTmj.nv  Tlv  nlliPi  undri  fir 
Gpimanii  had  UlWd  in  drmn^'inq  thr  IndmdnrH  TalPriiad  hi<di^.  all 
firaPv  f'LlUpvrd  nn  Maxrh  |  7  and  .r,  Ihr  alti.-i  hr«an  (twi.  d.i"- 
AKMIIKCAK 

Dair  Z'rh  Iti-i  Plarr:  Mlmk,  Hniila  A  Grcman  liml-llnr  UnrI  Hl 
uipptlri    A  rrEii-l  rnnvt'ti  i<f  aimJi^rd  (nil  nu.f  f.-xi  h  ihrni  ihinugh 

S*i  M:  MOUNT  SURIBACKI  anij  MIDDLE  tARTH 

MiJUMSHHiPACHI 

I/arr:  ItiTf^b    I<)1S   PIjip   EunJi'na    Thp  Jajiar-rv 'ip'rrd  rici-lrrni 

prrtichnn->h«[vd  ivEand.  Ounlirp  Imm  thp  hilE  cnuld  t<tvri  ihr  mill 

AnfricaniATrcloeapTu.randullllcrlhrall-lmpi'nanlaicripM.HnHn 

fff^lrrdrd  poiiliiTnT  in  riv  J«iaiw%r  thpalrr  iJ  wac. 

Mlt)t)LL  EARTH 

tJarr:  1*97  Pltrr:  MIDPLF.f.AJtTH  Tlnnii^haniajipnrtuniwli 

hnm  rn  |n*rriir  u4cann  in  SoBlh  Amrilca.  t  Emm  i>l  Uniird  Nail 

iPnrhi.iirdlinniirf^llvcnilPTiJfhpf'JkrCti  AHri  ■  priiliui  pvlii 

»rrl.«d  nl  llir  l.ailh'a  t^nt,  a.  land  of  fljunri.    ilra.m.  r>tran1.  , 

MEEJEIEE    1  ATlTllapppaipd     .     unmarchrd  b%' ih«  mati  Ftighl 


[nuni  fiflfihachi  as  itir  marinn  landed  nn  ihr 
ifland.  thus  ir  was  a  crilical  "bfrcii^'r  il  ihr 
in.i'rh«ehiph"hL'rdrob*™K'rtirb«'rTmi''«!i'nn*ilv 

ndt'irkiipattagrKayf  dlKo^'rlrdN■4d■^l•l 

ari'llTTI  ha-V-r  uodrilakro  a  mimunn  m  an 
I  IWrlndllf  t^lfral  nmnlhi,  ihriTil.Uiinha. 


MISCELLANEOUS 


CRYSTALS  lAiacinFi 

A  uniquF  plgmiiVim  r 
[laririi^iLa^rllljilt.Nli 
<  HVSrALShai  brrr 


lu-d  If 


Price:  SI  4.?i  Cas wile, 518.95  Di*kr!rc 

phiri  di%i)laj,i  aiiirmjianlrd  wllh  ti>nn  utiith  van;  r.i  ihr 
nrmhplrd  rfl+i'l  f-'ltw  iourd  iPd  5r*phicf!irr  mfimrriliiKI 
ir  thr  *.«iod  atvd  fol.ir  (rdHntrt  nt  ih*  Aiarl    Runi  In  IVA 


NORTH  STAR  SOFTWARE  EXCHANGE  IISTSSI^I  LIBRARY 

tlYMACr)M?nn»{ll>Hhuir<lhi-;3>;>iEumpMSSI.Iihrarv  Tlwur  diikpTlriiarn  (imuin  many  progranit  and  «r(rr  «n 
iHimandhrvj  valv  Iit  ihr  puirhau-  [uirr    Thrv  thrald  bp  pait  nf  rvri^  NnrTh  Star  uiti't.  f  iiik<iJoii    Call  M  ihrNlr 
IJVMAtf  IM?  f»,  dn^lK  rrtafdin^  Ihr  ttmnn  ..f  Ihr  NSRE  i:..llrrll-.n, 
Prk*:  S9  95  rarh  JA  95  r«h  [«  m  j«wrl 
Th*c-»mpl*'lrc<MV<ii'-imayhr...«rhaipdt.f  ilSfl.'^^ 

5'.."  DISKETTES  Iwrfl  KCiortd  leu  Mctoredl  Pri«i  539.95  20  Diikeiies 

Aiv™™iflhttn»aa*np,DYNACOHPjiurrha4riiitl(rrn»inl»rarqi.*niiTir^andari.hMl»>uiTpprJcpi  *F»«ilinpa« 


BUSINESS  and  UTILITIES 


Prke:  S69.95  <«ii^Dnkel 


fOftTFOLlO  MANAGEMENT  (Apple  onM 

rhir  PORTrOUO  MArfAGKMENT  patkaqr  «.'it  wiiircrtx.'  ■  ti.Kh  tnt.Kti  u.  ht\s>  m*ni^ 

'i>i  cliritt  Mhi(haTrariractivr1v  and  prolritliinHtlii  Idu3  ciut.  Thf  uirr  ntjkv  d<^rw  hli-  h<rii 
ranrFOUO  MAKAGEM£NTI»KtDp  ifdi^iiy.  ^rrahiiimAl  lool  tihkhui 
^iu|  M4litK>HivrTr>FnhBnct'v^iirappFarincrBi4n4tfincril<r>dup  ir^di 
<ur  dtfkcTTn  ■l'>T>f  Willi  D  3D  [t>9c  ^ntTrurtion  Dintisl 

PERSONAL  FINANCE  SYSTEM  IA>ailable  tor  all  compuwrs]  Pijee:  %W.9=  DisXft 

fTi'iia  (ingle  dithclte.  n-rrtu-cirierltd  SJjMini  rom[ws«f  ol  tenditfrTeni  progrsTnj  Bciidn  i«r>rttin5  t-nur  rvpi-nji 
jyidla^  drdudib^  ilimi.  Pf  S  will  tonindiiurn'marji?  nipt';»ii  tK'  ■uvrr-  ard  d'jplovinl^rinjliir  •!<■<  fip(r(litur*-\  I 
-.r^  .ir?*.  UMT  drFi-rd  r»d*»  by  m.nnih  .it  tv  Ptvrr  PF5  ^III  fith  p.i.dprT'  mnniWk'  Iwt  gtjipht  ..I  yiLi  ™p.-f.»-^  I 
■  rilrer^v'  Thdiirnvnlul  [UTkagr  tpqulirn  rnK  iinr  rfiih  HiHvr  m-rUmal  mrmnrv<j!4H  AhArd.3ZK  ^i«lh^liii]«iid  a. 
iliirriip  III  fi4l0iprri>EliiiFr  rink  (and  m.Tr  1IKID  innrdi  prrdlik  (ivmalilnBa  trw  >ilinpirrhiintrii.tiJ  Ifir  jirngraniih  S'l 
can  iriiirilchnliiplinlBthrkfivnvii  uilhail  yiiii  canflnalK' vr  vhrlr  inisJi  miinrvfiwi  andrllminiilr  yur>.>ivi>rk.«i 
jihaJidCkliuIaiHirti  CiihiliJrikhJBh«;nrdma{hinrUnB>'*aT'a--<>l.  I'Fhhai  liFirtdrnii>n«ir>Blrd  nn  pirtuoiklC'S 


:r:  SIJ."*?  DklkrHf 


IV 
lAMILV  BUDGET  lApple  afid  Aiari  oil>J 

r^.HIIY  BUDGET  li  a  uvrvcrnvdlwnlfiiiAiiclalTrcon^kr^pfT.^prngrdin  -^  iii.i  vll  br  ahlp  En  krcpltwh  i-i  i jiiA  jincl 
FAMII  Y  BUDCrr  tl^.piti'.vin  a  ClinlinuChU.  Irrrrrd  ■■(-11  trintil  IlimuTliaiu.  Yr>u  [<n  mAkr  ilaitj,  i><.harid  cl-ui^r 

<rlibt'&ioim.i<il2I  ditfcr«ni«i(Mnse'ACCQLjni4atiif«ll>s.ic  E  pa^Eii^landlahacfcuiiu.  Dalai£^r««aiil!.  i^ine«,'<dQjiing 
ihf  iHTT  ccmpE<tr  CDnlinl  DtfT  an  DthtntiK  complicalf-d  land  uniugianizifct!)  lub^fcr. 

TtXT  MAI^TER  (Apple  StK.  drtktne  otik)  Pri^*:  S49_95  DisLdic 

n-XT  vmsTF.R  IS  a  y-riH-ial  thirrpow  Imt  rOliur  lut  thr  Appk  II  tnminUM,  II  ii-nlum  pii.rrlul    E't1')l<•^-I1'l<'^lrd 

t  .j,l»p»rdrni..  I  .jinliuEai  p>riqTa>n>,  Jala  In  hr  uord hyilhri  pf-igiamv  «ni3  moir  TKKT  MASIl  R  alv.  Inltilao 
«1lh  ilnv  pxnir.  riHinrUFd  l»  ft.ur  Appir  ThrirnUilmum  >«>.lrn>  rrquilirmrnli  a>p  32K  »(  HAM,  AniLr.^ll  r.nfiOM:.  at 
ii-Mi  (^n.  diik.  *ad  i  (•»'»  £«.u  Adapifi.  Ti:XT  MA<<TE,K  t*<\  piM+M  4nv  Irnaihfitr  ^^imm:  bi'  trdn-.m  Thut  ii  .t 
poiiil^!»in  prfict^t  (liLfi«i  |jir£f  «t  a  diiihrnt-  Cnmri  rninpl'T^  iiiihiari  rHitkm  lApi^niAnujtl.  TJIKT  MA^TLR  ii 
^uiiatfitl  inf  ApAbiliTV  in  ma'i^  wati  pitif  (utng  iinirmi  ca-itlng  3  k  oi  mnr*  ir  pure.  The  f^cnmtrdi  ai  a  liable  in 
TEXT  MASTLWare  taLLtCl.  LISL.  LXtCini.  NONUM.  INSLHl.  MliKG[_  blOK  RLNUM.  DhLLTL.  ^-VVE. 
COF=Y  IHtL.  HLrij\CL.  WA(I.  MOVE.  LENGTH.  USl  HLSAVL.  CL(_rVK.  AU70.  HETKY,  APltM).  S£l 
MANl.'M   Ctl^NGL   SCRAICH.  SHOW  CATALOG.  MQUlfV.  COMKARL.  >iL'M.  UISPI^V   HELP 

INTEEINK  (Aiars  unli]  Ptice:  SJ-J.^.^  Distc(fe 

Thii4d(tli>,afr  jMCkiigr<i>riiainiamefitj-dili'efi  c'oIlM'TKhitHpr-igri&mikkrrBrJlllaimsefBcienTmr-iii'A^  cacnmunkalhorii 
thrfkiigh  lit  full  duplriL  modrm  [irqulEf^rcf  u«f'j.  In  nar  infide  nf  nprralHtn  you  ma|i  Conner  I  loadauimlcfleg..  T?if 
SOURCE 'lie  Mkti>N«'ilia4idquKkS't<:iaddATAtij<hK'i'tlnrli.qkHjiahi>ritiHit[iv->"'d>tliellT'lbilalr(tieuing.Thhtgf'edllv 
ir>MJu(4i  "rirtinMi  II  Hi*"  tiii  ihiit  ilir  Brdkrthaf;)*'.  Vciu  mdv  aUii  miiidthrf-untpkir  runienii  jila<r>fniniini(.*il'>n^ 
'tV'Xikifi  Addiitnp'llv.  pibgiant  w(iri«i^  in  BASIC.  TORTRAM.  *ii.  m^vtt*  buLli  bl^1ini>  ut^lnti'rK«'iuppiiiiir>.i  ediT-"r 
dndtiiiTi  *uplu»d(d''  lu  annfliti  camput* i.  making  the  AiaTl  a  I'f'v  tnian  leinHniftI,  teen  Ai an  BASIC  pi irS'Bin't  m*v 
l)e  uplihAded  runhei.irKij'mmindhle  mavlw  built  iiff-lineanduin]  Ul«r  ai  i  niilriillknglnpiilt<>rikllm«-thrtre^vtr<in 
Thai  Ii.  unu  ztn  lel  up  vn'ii!'  uque n<e  of  lime-xhaie  cumtnanil^  and  picfiiarnk.  and  the  Auii  ^Hl  tiarktnll  them  »•■ 
nrrdiid:  t>Alch  pmcfiilng.  All  thi<  add^  up  ir-  iai\-f<ig  twlh  fvnneci  iime  and  vaut  rimt 


PAYFIVE  (ApiElc  IJ  plus  dhhciic.  iv.t>  diives  required! 

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PAVEK'H  pilms  chceiciand  complin  Ihe  ieqtiii«d  ledfial.  i 
nwthodf  may  b«  hourly.  saJarv.cnrimiiiS^DnoranvcoiTi'bmal 
dluiranbeuspdHndnycamblBdhun.  PAVF^ly'F.  Incltidc-smar 
ujth  a  201!  pagF  iDBnuat   thf  mdniidl  mAy  he  puirrtawd  sr| 


cluanglnei  ai 


.'    Runii 


Price;  Sl-J^.^ 
t«  and  lineal  loimi  h^i  jp  i 

1.  TIWEf'ai'tfflLjElplf'CFpll^ 

rdlelw  liii  $311.  ard  thai  pavflirnl  lairr  applied  In  iFir 

PfiCr$i;,1*Cfl^M;lie  SI6,9J!  DWstKr 

hr  uaxvrmarkpi   (Ich or  gi  1^119  ithuppln-|.if  ifriilremirul 

Fitviap^ilitE]  1 14.1  and  the- 1iililcii%l  Aildiiiii. 


^  \t,K 


I    Tt\T  pill 


I  Piiet;  559.95  j)M,f!tr 

romputed  by  d!l  lax  mpihofH  ti^^iat.  ^pr^imv  aii^^^ng,  rtt^ilmum  ^nd  ^HFrTn^'Ev-  rninlmum  Mh^  Thi^  ui.rT  m^^- 
immedlite^  obsen.r  i>h-t,4>  ?«.¥(■  lilfriUC^I  BrT«r.f  i,l  ^FOS™-.  TW  OPTIMIZER  ha*  Vrr  rlviTr.„glllvlirldlrMrd  m 
tFA  oSfleei  and  remrs  rnmplfir  uiih  itw  currivi  mi  ipt|l*i  in  Hi  e«M  Rk*   TAX  OPTIMIZER  I*  '«i  tlrdiniltile' 

STOCK  MASTER  STOCK  PLOT  (Apple  4BKI  Piice:  S59.95  Diskciic 

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hr  rn^lniairird.  Yiu  mav  rrcnrd  prim.  Tevrnue.eamlngt.ihair  H(>E.{pjan>rrly*Arnliig«>r>ddMd<nd).tiankKlir4ii, 
tr.ns.ihnrlTrimgalnt.  P  K-4ndr>>evllTJ.  SAP.NA<»nAp]ardM«RE'YiiunMVPl<«<IHmESilh*pHr#hHlihrycl«>>y 
iincfc  agjiiriii  *nv  niSrr.  iiiiK,  fir  thr  mdne*   Pnnljijifi  t.«l^if  Fn#.y  I}*  fvaluafed  ai  any'  rinw  Cofi's  h  'imnl'ir  viiih 


TURNKEY  AND  MENU  (Atari  <.nl>} 

TURNKEY  k  a  uTilltv  pr'igraiii  uhicb  allosti  ycu  To  CFrale  aLflDboDt'aLiKitidi 
TIJRNKF.V.  land  ihr  pingiari  dLtltfllr  ui  br  rxHlirif  ri.  and  Hntitcr  ihc  que%lin 
uiih  mis  2-0  *i«i  inrJurff*  «~>Tl«T  ptnsram.  MENU   MEMU  liiliihe  cooiei 


Piicc:  £17.45  Diskci 
dl>ketl*E  eailFy.  dimply  loAd  and  ri 
ni  The  TUKNKEYdifhetle  alwi  cncn. 
li'if  ynur  difft«llc  alphalKTically.  ar 


LI'Thl. 


1  iri  oriiW>U  I^r  Uatk  flUlkil  wul 

Ftili.  ai  hell  atliACfhintr  wllh  ii^clilaEof*.  YiijTAiiiJwm. 
EatytPI.  ST^JCKAin  t}\.,w%  ylKt  ll,  Itlfml  daitv^tA  wliFi  a  I 
Tcl'uded  aie  ^u^h  diMdend  and  «plll  Hdgii^tmenl  faaa'bllil 


Price;  SJi?. 95  DiiketEc 

I,   With  STOCKAID  t^u  can  diipUv  itoinl  a^d 

)l^l]ltkrlEril[>faarT«|jablllrv'..f  J39davia  1^ 
.  A  ^rl%'  |]frhlri»fiil«l  paSkA^r' 

Prkt;  Sil.t*-  Dip-LtTic 

rinq  nnd  plirllms  Sr4   "liitk  SIricli  f  icHiang.F 
^rart  iif  dMly  dala    NYISJIIEX  1«  An  riLcpllrnf 


N¥l^fD£XiA1«I;l>^lvl 

NYIMUEX  It  a  rixtipirheniitY  wjl^apr  pai-k^gr  li>i  ^Tixlng.  tt 
inrnrmailbli.  Tl»  dallv  dala  IfrAird  Includri  ihr  riimpmilr  indi 
Graph  i>ral  diiiplayi  inrlude  [hr  abi^iirpluii  ibr  mdn  <iHlllai<ie,i-ui 
Data  entry  and  ediling  ii  tail,.  The  diskette  lAtlud^i  mi^f  r  ibaii  1 
rnmpani™!  ir.  BTOCKAID 

PLAYER-MISSILE  GRAPHICS  TABLET  (Aiari  oiti] 

Th<PLAVi:K-KISBILEGRAPMICFi;TA51-F.T.in>ersJ9iirdl<>ia^Fi 
GRAPHICS  MUDL  7.  Mo  khnjeF  will  ifi«i  hai.r  lo  iwMi  ihr  kn:aE»ni  of  ihp%r  Uny  Ulniki  nn  vni 
calculalfPLUTiandDKAWTOi  WilhPMGs«i>uiiitlb«jibiWir.r^«ilvllrii^Ticnl<irfuliiraphiciJivpla« 
and  Hvf-lhfnJin  diiVlte  Ini  lalfr  rerill 


LIFE  CYCLE  ANaLVSISANO  DEPRECUTION  lApple  dIvUiie  «nl>) 

ThItiipMhikaiepaikagf  crealf'iadaialllriilbutiiiie^'riprnirl  kii  equip  EnrnriLhith  car  lain  Lr  ufied 
ditpEavB  ^elleKl■l  rapbrik  V<kj  may  plujill  annual  cniii,  lilndlhr  prevnl  worth,  cieair  drpipcialir 
lutlihrraY  deduTiliiirhir.  Tbe  eialiuiinn  i^ih<i.ii|un.ci>ii.lLiim  lH>M>nda9idi.w1  bv  Irdriala^ncbev  Th4i 
package  loT  any  biJtmeumanw?u.h»iiMeiirdknrL,i.ipn>mi  LIFE  CYCLE  ANAEVSIKIraiurnan  pa 
crfation  if  clian  and  pro^iidfi  kimaiie^d  hirdcnpv  it-gKiiiti  Im  uu-  Ingnrienlalinni  iir  (m  Ijitceirnid  ki 
Uhen  uwd  |nr  geneiraimg  EAXJrhlbiiHATinn.  ihli  pnc^k/iar  i%  1m  dnJurlihir'  Aequirps  4flh   Coit^n.  a 


11  an  invaluable 
i.Vtauu'dilal.14' 
'^ingpuipcju-t 


i  rh,  MAGir  MECBOMAGJC  otfttt 


MICHOMAGIC  (Apple  distetTe 

TTie  eBnpha.tJs  o(  Ehi.s  prograni  it 
kencliftri  aft  a  itand  a  Inmr  pnlertajji  1 

dhrMTlv  frism  iW  hr^bnai^d.  cira 
pM-luff  Jlcarhtkeu^^dnndiiku- 
lbrn  pUvrd  hnrk  aE  high  tfin^  In  c> 
Fhlt  pBrka'S)«'<iimei  compWie'iiiJih  drftiAmitMInn  pil-grnnmn  thatrvenn 
dF'tgrammiog  kkilU  aie  nrcetuiv  tn  u><-  MJCROMAGtC  If  ^.lu  h^ntr  b«-n 
giwhirt  imasn  tiHih  tiH>idj  compurei,  MlCRdHAC.IC  tedl  deliqhi  v<h 

SHAPE  MAGICUN  lAppk  II.  i»K.  dUkeiK  onlyj 

'\l  laitfAruiiJItvloE  palnlrHtvt'iraiins'giaphiiriihdpftlbi  btvApplr.  C"' 
rhen  be  usetl  lo  devi-liip  atcailCr  gaiurs  ni  ro  simply  enTisnce  your  prn^i^i 


Pfktr:  S39.95  DiskMie 
miljng  lersAurny  in  11&  abihK  iir 
menlpaifka^erii  at  a  uilliivpTn^eni  it>trea<r  II  Ljnnir>9an>rn  oEfd  graphics  hii  uieir 
I  MlcROMAOlC'i  iprtis^  >n  irtTm  gtaph^i  idimr.  Y™  rtmtroragTaphiciTurtrr 
lug  high  r»w]iillcin  Imaftn  uidng  all  It,  avadablr  cHsr^  Wh^n  usu  ar*  dt>w  i»|ib  f 
h  n  ti|i>fl'rkeV  c<7inmand,  Upti  24  Inu^t  ranb«"taied*h'~hkmti"i>la  itinvir.  and 
n  c>eai  ■hnii  jtnimatrd  k'fqurncek  Thf  rffniii  are  iruly  Mannhnii). 


.nffrimfMdi^i' 


(.d  K' ihe  eflnh 


1,  Add  ihar  i>rt4enio 


lulrrd  IK 


retulu.  Nil 


ORDERING  INFORMATION 


I  i>idrrft.aiv  pTCKPupd  aim!  thippi^d  iL-i|l 
tnpolpr  InfmniaLlon.  (I  [taying  hv  ' 
Shipping  md  Haadlin^  Cl^ii^o 
A'nhin  Nonh  Ani*'rifa.   Add  S 2. 00 
UutiKlfNcnh  AmeHCfl    Aifi:l  IS%.4;< 


H-fP  M  l)»L^ 

Add  i2  El)  in  l^e  l.«ird  dukrTle  piii 


Mall) 


h'i>jr!   ("FeaH  tr^Joie  payir^nl  uiib  urdrc 
\ncl^&  all  numbi-rf  .in  raid.  Pui 
Dpliiwv 
All  !!ritt»k»tludirg  tK>cihsl  are 

lTarn»:  20^  i^hf  n  cidef  hng  S  i>r  m.ir*  [Irak.  < 

■Ach  r  Clnppv  JHk  IIBM  "Tft  *rti,v,ed  CPM  d 


I  Piagiairiiiuciiindri 


aitabtri 


diiki.  Nnrth  Siai.  (Xboinr.  Supeidiain  and  IMIdL 
[CelaiiedjipscTipilons  iil  rhfu-iiirdnl her  programs 


DYNACOMP,  Inc.  (Dept.  e) 

1427  Monfoe  Avenue 
Rochester,  New  York    14618 

24  hour  message  and  order  phone:  (7J6)  442'873I 
Tnll  free  order  phones:  (8001  8!8-677! 
(8001  828-677J 
Omce  phone  IIAM-JPM  ESTl;  (7!6)  442-8960 


EDUCATION 


HODGE  PODGE  (Apple  4SK  onh  I 

Lei  lUIIJGf-  PIHJOF.  f!*v!-(>r  rhild^  ir«hrr  P.r 
"happfnlng'n'lalrdlrjthrl'rltriii"  nLimhrrH^lihe  > 
rhUril'nl'i'imaq^t  |  '^t  „'  7  HUHGI  f'Mlllil  it  a  n 
uu-iiUi.mpui1t  in  rdufiTliM   S<-Fihrr»e]lrnl  ii 


iFuoiirihK. 


.uW  prill 


iiifl(NFOWi:jRi[>Bn<isnr[AiK 


r:SI5.95Cii5ietle  Sn.SJ  DKkHic 

TTvfiivi  moduli- tHniiidftiddiiinnaad 


TEACHER'S  AIDE  {Atari  and  PETonU]  P 

TEAChERS  AIDE  <rni;5»qhhm  basic  Trr.>dDl»ri<rif.iin(Hd  in  iinriJin^i 
vj&traction  Ei.erciin  ol  varying  IrvTliifd'tficuliy  Thr  iirriii(lnioitLlrMio5i-s.iti>l  muiilplicaluiinpiat 
J11>d*ilt  niav  b*  1«Ii>cd  ben h  in  lh»  Kn«!  nnHin  and  .ir  nr  ihtr  subluld!  an.Uirrs.Jr  ihr  Jang  hand  pi 
Irvfh  ofrnnipl'i^^  b'p  ptmidri!  Iwrpai.  wfli.  T>ip  third  RiDdulpcirrtist'S  r:\  diijs.icin  piGblrmt:  rrni 
Iraliarnllhrdlt.'lficin  module  It  ihal  lh«  inn;}iAnddrbi5nin  tlrp^  cdnbc  ili-HiliffVpd  nLons  withlhe  Irn 
iipailydVmcnisETatpthep.oceduTeb\nlinhhh..rma..ick-Mirtrriv.il  U..r.i3TL.^{:HF,HSAir>Eiir.^E 


STATISTICS  and  ENGINEERING 

DIGITAL  E-TLTtR  lAvaitstbl?  for  all  cam^uWTK}  ?t]ct:  ii^ti  CsmcIic  S4X<)5  £>i%hct(e 

tllCilTALl-iLrLRiiaciimprpKeMtivrdalBprncrivhItPiiiar.atKu'hKhp'irUi'kihr  uteiindfitgnhiknunhllfrtuncllnn 
niEhtiDtpliciniarn«'nu<i(ri1leT(Dr>nv]nlhpriplhiiTdr>.igriin(MJeth>t-iihaprnFihellf'4LMne|ilranileihinclifKvi'iip<r)f>ed 
bydirccilv  enlfnng  pnirltalitrg  thv  dniirJI  Men  lun-r.  In  rhe  menu  mnde.  ideal  Idil  pan.  hiigh  pass  and  bandpa»'« 
liilei^inav  l)Fapp[ci<iind4eiJ  Id  vailing  i.Vgire-.ific[ijidLiigtiirh«ntimber  of  puinli  tiled  InthecalcuJaEJ^Ti.  The»e  lilE?r> 
mav'npii'i'F'Atlv  ihn  b^^^ll1hlhrd  iLnEha  HafiTing  fLrclkor>.  In  additFRFV.  mu]tl-itag(Uuneru^'iTTlti^hcr»mB|!b«  trkrird 
Fparun-vnPrJlCIT.'M'FILTFRjiicSLdr  p[irliir3'rr+thedatabripT<'BrnJotter(ihering.BS".rllB»diiplwntihrrhiitrTifilipt 
(unciii>M   Alui  inirludrd  ocr  (iintriiiriM  d.*ia  iliifagi-   irtTiekal  and  edilivg  pro-cedure*. 


DATA  SMOOTHER  INm  i 

Thi>  tp«[ial  Jala  imHiniriliVB 
mqlnrarrlng  iLrfiatthlEhflcrrq 


ailihle  Frtr  Atari] 


Prii 


eTSI9.gJ  Cawell: 

i23.95  Dihkellc 

■ul  (nlfiniwuifiFi  Imm 

ni-iii  biitinr^i  itnd 

arrT«tP>diangei<rlll. 

twel^BiFsmo'ithed 

iFlihemptit  dai4  and 

trT>i>-iihed  iniilu 

FOURIER  ANALYZER  4 AvailiibtF  for  all  c 

andpLilllrrgiilEhrLnpLldal-d 


^rld■L, 


,dbutine 


TEA  ilrarsftrFunciirn  Analjjierl 

Thit  it  a  tpccroal  tnElib-arF  pockviiEV  i^'biirh  ft 

ani]]ii(]pri  And  filtrrt  hw  riamining  ihrit  ri 

AN-^LVZER  and  ctniaiT.,  «r  »i.g.iwriina-.itir.itr4  detibeL  versa 

U.^Flrat  I^OLRILR  ANALYZLRji  dnJi|Twdtn)rducHti.>nAlandt 

HARMONIC  VNALY^ER  lA^eilabk  Tni  ill  eompiiwrM 

HAKMIlMt.  Ar*AI  V/thoat  deiii|nri4  (nr  thnprrtrunianalvi. 
^ririarii'Mi,  rdiliti^and  tirira^  Fetrteial  at  well  at  tlnrartndtpec 
Ihrinpul  dat*'wrd  11"  he  wlJJilliitpaiednrirfiidrt    Ihr  riiiginal 
|n  I  irai*'  ihf  <ldiu  file  irqujirJ  hy  ihe  FiPT  alqcif  ilhm 
FutJRILRAMAlV2LR_TTAandKAR.MOWC  ANAlYZFRinavtM-pui 
tihcc>?  cat«ljn|  and  563- ^S.  FEhrrr 


Tipuifrtl  PfJceiSlW.'i  CaweKr  S2.1.95  Dinkeltc 

indimlirddutaiicinttgnali  The-progtBrn^faTUTftaulnnBCk-irating 
t1  appllt  allien  I  include  Ihrafialviii'nl  complicated  paiirrrtt  hntuc^ 

Friee:  5I9.9S  &23.45  Diskette 
ihe  iiamtei  hiiuliont  of  fviiem»  such  as-  hi-b 
•,.  TfA  is  a  mair^  mr<IilicB[:rci>i  iJ  FOURIER 
freqjencv  pl-oTas  VicK  a;  data  ediring  lea'vie^ 
itJcu^e.TTAi'ian engineering innl  AtailaHelni 

Pr»cc:S2J.S!  Ca<.sciie  SJS.45  &3>hhtiie 

■  p«  14 Ilir  Havrlnont,  Irauf  r'«  iniliidHr  darafllr 
pinning.  I >i^r  paiii^ulaflv  uniau*  facility  liihat 


REGRESSION  I  lAtallahle  Feral 
R^GBF.!;Sla^  l  is  a  unique  md  ti 
pifigiam.  FeaEUTt^  IrcludeiFrvhhgh 
(<(  hitiiig  lunili-Ki^:  data  edillng:  au 
dfMaEji^n.tcrrelarnir.tintfteliTir.  fi 
HI  C^HI.^SRIN  t  I*  lerlalnhi,  Th*  cm 


iTinr  pfigTa 


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biredpT 

^r-^ISSI  Ii 

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e:5ISi.9J  Ca^se 

«  S2.1. 

?  Diskeiie 

rati  «,ua,r.  >.iv 

m.tnlar 

Lini.e  fitting 

ernal  library 

1  pi..i. 

ni    ■  lUiitfiifll^an 

aktltle 

q     ilandairi 

mnylHlrirdwIltifi 

ng  Ihr  da  Id 

n-hiti 

tnllnairllhrao' 

KEGHESSION  II  ( AvaKihk  for  all  eminpulTrM  prfcd  ^I«h9S  Caweiri;  SJJ.fl?  Diskeiie 

I'AH^f  IT  ,<.  dr^iijrifd  Hhhandtr  ihn"  cawi  m  wTHrhlhr  p4T|imrirF>.a  imhrddrdlpiiitililv  mmbneaFUl'iifhefilillnB 
hin(.liihn  The  iiiei  simply  Inwituhe  tHnillJ-nalfilni  4ni  Ming  Ihr  pAraJnrEfrtiAlh.  FVil-el'  I  amrwdiinBrr  flA^lt 
tialemenl  lir>*s  Ujla.  r**ulls  and  ric*ldi»lt  rnov  h.  muriLpulaiwI  anj  pi.n.rd  *t  wlih  NLCHLSSION  (  U"- 
HLGHL^SKJIS  I  for  poUnntrtial  tilting,  ar^  Pi^RAFIT  fm  ihnw  iiimplLraird  luncimnt 

ML'LTIL[SEARREGBE5SION(MLR)(A\ailalikfMaHcofnpu[efs)       Pr»c«:S:4.95  CasselM  S:S.9S  Diskellc 

MLR  it  a  pcottiinnal  saFiuvriuickiis*'  k>i  andly/Jeig  dala  i.ersrnnlatnlng  EuiiiM  maielineajl^indepfndenE  variables. 
Besrilr*  peTfocming  ihp  (wtic  ipgiptwim  CBlcul»Eiiiii.  Ehis  pE^iam  alu  piMides  easy  tr  iiM>  dala  *nlry.  Moi-ag?. 
irtneval  and  editing  (unclinn'!  In  addilinii,  iSf  uMt  may  irtierrcrgate  Ihe  wlulion  t^  s[ippl|:irs  valun  (or  lh» 
independpri  vaciablc^  The  numb*!  r.1 1 uriitiiFs  and  daFa  ^iir  n  hmJiMl  i.nl^  by  the  available  nwrnniry 
HLGRl:SW(tPi  I.  T!  and  MULTILINEAR  KLGHLibPON  Fnw  ^^  pu.ehBjrd  ingnbrr  ht  %i\  Vh  li>iir<-  tM«-irrt|.  r.i 
St  J'^S  Ithrer  duVeEtei] 


ANOVAiNn 

J^flilahlcn 

Am 

CPtXIlt  1 

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Pr 

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E'd.cmg.  del 

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BASIC  SCIENTIFIC  SUBROUTINES.  Volumes  I  and  2  iNol  ptaiUWe  For  Aiflri) 

DVNACOMPi.  ih«  ehcluiJi.-t' disiflTHiriir  (nr  thFUiIra  are  kciKif  m  Ihe  pnpEdai  im&  BAJICSCrE/i'nFtCSUBi^fOtJn.t'E.^. 
l^fj^bmn  liiiorfJ?bvF  Rurkdewliellsee  ady^roiternmls  inBVTll  magarine]  Thnr  si>hrriulin«  bavebernos»rm'tikd 
iritii'iins  In  riMplft    Infliidrd  with  v*(h  -(iillfflitin  i«  *  menu  pTr<giBnv  which  srieos  ard  demnnillBtri  each 


Culler li-un  ■■    Chaplers  1  and  3  ■  Dala  aad  luncTHin  phtlllng:  tv 

Cidlvclkm  >]    Chapler  4  ■  Extended  ntalrti  aiid  v-rcltii  npetMhii 

Ci-lletllon  '3.  Chaplvr'i  S  and  6-  Fandfmv  number  sfnnaioitlpi 

Pricr  pn  cNlKlion:  Slb.9J  CasHlle-  52095  Diikrtir 

'\|l  ihTFr  ciPlecliin*  nrr  mailsW*^  k"  544  95  fh-T  ra«ei«t3  4nd  S53  95  (ihi« 

Ci>tiPriiiai  -]:  ChspiFt  I  -  IJnrai.  pal^nnmlat.  muIiidlnHnswmat.  paiamrlTic  In 

C>>ll>riH>n  -2  Chapiw  2  -  S"it^-ipprDi1mation  l«hnlquH  |pcanii.miiailr>n.  inte 

Cniirriiiai  -3-  Ch-ipirt  3  -  Funninnal  afiptfi.iinaiir^t  by  hirtaibnn  and  rrruiti.ii 

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DYNACOMP  IS  a  leading  distrihu1.li  nF  t»iall  titrnn  xid.jir  MiEh  t.<tr-.  tpannms  Elir  woHd  (cunmllv  in  rtcptt  i 
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111  dii;i>i>  prJiducts  ivr  gKr  adt'c*. 


118 


COMPUTE) 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Step  4  activates  the  expression  evaluator  and 
computes  input  expressions.  This  is  done  by  lines 
93-107.  The  program  sets  the  ininiber  of  inputs  lo 
four  (line  9'^).  and  a  loojj  evaluates  the  in|DUt  ex- 
pressions and  stores  ihem  in  memory  localions 
labeled  VI  to  V'4.  Some  error  checking  is  also 
employed.  When  this  loop  is  finished,  the  last 
input  will  be  in  V4  and  u  ill  also  remain  in  the 
floating  accumulator. 

Step  5  is  accomplished  by  lines  1  I  1-1  IH.  This 
step  saves  ilic  line  scanner  address  onto  the  6502 
stack.  It  will  be  necessary  to  restore  it  before  re- 
turning to  B.\SIC.  The  line  scanner  position  is 
reset  so  that  the  subroutine  is  left  in  a  position  to 
scan  for  the  outpiu  variables. 

Step  6,  lines  122-127,  is  required  to  direct  the 
subroutine  to  the  proper  segment  of  code.  This 
method  is  adequate  for  small  table  sizes  like  this 
example,  but  for  larger  tal)le  sizes  this  technique 
would  certainly  not  be  ojjtimum.  .\n  alternate 
technique  can  be  found  in  the  MONITOR  listing 
in  the  PET  manual. 

Steps  7  and  Odines  1 60- 1  73  and  IS  1-1 96, 
respectively)  begin  the  actual  compulaticju  lor  a 
complex  multiply.  The  real  part  is  computed  first, 
and  the  result  in  line  173  is  incorrect  by  a  sign 
which  subroutine  NEGATE  corrects.  Step  9  does 
much  the  same  thing  for  the  imaginary  part. 

Steps  8  and  10  are  identical  in  cocle  allowing 
the  use  of  a  subroutine.  DES  1'.  lines  2  1  7-260. 
activates  the  variable  lookitp  for  each  output  \ari- 
able  and  stores  the  contents  of  the  F.ACC  there. 
This  subroutine  could  be  used  for  any  number  of 
numerical  outputs.  Lines  250-256  handle  the  special 
case  when  the  output  variable  is  INTE('>FR. 

Lines  217-227  handle  the  divide  option  and 
cause  the  F.A.CC  to  be  divided  by  the  magnitude  of 
the  complex  divisor  which  was  calculated  in  lines 
131-154  if  a  divide  was  specified.  In  this  way  the 
complex  multiply  section  is  connnon  to  both  and 
saves  memorv.  Lines  228-233  saves  the  F.-\CC 
temporarily  onu>  the  stack,  and  lines  235-24 1 
restore  the  F.A.C;C'.  to  allow  the  use  of  subscripted 
variables  as  otupuis. 

Step  1 1 .  lines  204-208,  concludes  the  sub- 
routine bv  retrieving  the  line  scanner  addi'ess  IVom 
the  stack  and  placing  it  into  TXTPTR.  When 
BASIC  resumes  ct)ntrol,  the  line  scanner  will  be 
positioned  at  the  end  of  the  calling  statement  either 
on  a  colon  or  null  character  to  allow  B.ASIC:  to 
continue  normally. 

Speed  Increases 

The  aijove  technique  for  creating  tnachine  language 
subroutine  linkages  with  B.ASlCoffersconsiderable 
flexibility  in  passing  information  between  the 
BASIC  program  and  the  subroutine.  It  avoids  the 


problem  of  having  to  POKE  and  PEEK  the  trans- 
ferred information. 

Tlie  program,  as  written,  incorporates  a  few 
optimizing  decisions  both  from  the  standpoint  of 
conserving  memory  and  speeding  execution.  No 
claims  arc  made  that  the  program  is  optimum  in 
either  respect.  Optimizing  in  either  case  is  fre- 
quentlv  accomplished  at  the  expense  of  the  otlier. 
The  program  was  written,  however,  in  a  manner 
that  would  make  the  linking  concepts  described 
easy  to  imdersland. 

Ultimately,  the  results  will  be  put  to  the  test 
with  timing  comparisons  and  with  as  many  different 
results  as  there  are  people  Irving  them.  .My  results. 
which  may  not  be  cjptimum,  show  about  an  eight 
percent  faster  execution  for  a  complex  multiph 
and  about  30  percent  for  a  complex  divide.  These 
results  were  obtained  by  carefully  allocating  the 
variables  for  BASIC  so  that  the  variable  lookup 
times  would  be  minimized:  however,  in  actual 
programs  the  machine  language  version  cotild 
show  even  greter  improvement. 

Tiie  algorithm  tor  the  B.ASIC  and  machine 
language  versions  ate  the  same;  they  even  use  the 
same  arithmetic  subroutines  in  ROM.  The  only 


Expression  Evaiuator  Summary 

1.  Uses  the  line  scanner.  ClHRClF.r,  lo  obiain 
input. 

2.  Starts  witf  the  current  position  of  the  line 
scanner. 

3.  Alternate  entrv  point  SCC9F  causes  ilu-  line 
scanner  to  hack  up  one  address  location  heiore 
evaluating  an  expi  ession. 

4.  Uses  any  valid  format  for  a  B.VSIC  ^tau  nient 
that  <an  be  used  on  the  right-hand  side  of  an 
(.'tjiials  sign. 

5.  Leaves  evaluated  unnierii  results  in  the 
iloaling  accu  mulaioi .  F AC  '.C 

6.  Leaves  the  tine  scanner  on  the  .se))araior 
character  (cfimiTia,  colon,  or  null). 

7.  Leaves  pointers  to  the  location  of  tlie  string's 
length  and  address  in  the  table  at  .$14  and 
%\f->. 

8.  Leaves  $7  sei  to  ilie  [\pe  oi  resuh. 


saving  comes  from  the  variable  lookup,  which  must 
be  done  twice  for  a  BASIC  program  and  only  once 
for  the  machine  language  version.  More  compli- 
cated subrt)titines  could  save  considerably  more 
time  than  this. 

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120 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


disk),  a  SASE  mailer,  and  $3. 

John  C.  Jiiliuson 
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McKiiiiin:  'I'X  75069 

References: 

1.  DonahiK'.  {.:arroll  S.,  ;iikI  Juiiice  K.  Kngcr.  PETlCJiM 
Personal  Conijmti'f  Guide.  Berkeley,  Clalifoi'iiia:  OsbnniL"/ 
M<(;raw-Hill,  1^)80. 

2.  Biiiicrfleltl.  )im.  "Machine  l.angiuit^f.-  Staiiniiin  ilu- 
Slack."  COMPUTEI.  ]aiuiar\  I98K>8,' pp.  1()'_>-1(')6. 

3.  CliUfchill.  RuL'l  \'.  ('.(imjdfx  Variubles  and  Appliailions. 
New  York:  M(  (;tav\-Hili,  1960. 


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INETHUCTION 

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in    TABLE 

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eeii  evee 

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8821  eiee 

8824  8888 

8825  0898 

8826  8888 
CONVERSION 

8827  8888 
TABLE 

8828  etea 


8829 
8818 
8831 
8812 
8813 


0888 
11888 


0888 

8888 
MULTIPLICATION 
8814  8888 
883S  8888 
HEM/AFAC 
8816  8888 
«8]7   8888 

m:th  /8  CK 

9818   8888 


8848   8888 


8844 

8845 
8846 
8)47 
8848 
8849 
8  8  58 


7888 
7888 
7B88 
7888 
7888 
7888 
7888 


EXPRESSION 

8852  7888 

8B53  7892 

8854  7884 
PROGRAM 

8855  7886 

8856  7888 

8857  788A 

8858  7eec 

VECTOR 

8859  73eE 

sise, 
BB6g 

8861 
8862 
8  86  3 
8864 


7S18 
7312 
7814 
7816 
7818 


A9  78 
IB  86 
A2  98 

85  21 

86  22 
A9  *C 
AB  78 

A2  IB 


84  82 
A9  91 
4C  02  FE 


8868 
8969 
8878 
8871 
8872 
8871 


78  la 
7816 
7828 
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7826 
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8877 
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8879 
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78  2A 
7S2C 
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28    78    88 
P8    SE 

BD    78    79 
28    78    88 
C9    2C 
DB    54 


A5    77 
SD    72    79 
AS    78 

SD    71    79 


LINE 

iSVSTEM    EQUATES 

UERVEC=B 

INTFLa=S 

STHFLa=7 

INDEXI'SIE 

HEMSII-34 

FACC»S5E 

FSIt;N-FACC*5 
VAaADR-S41 


CHRGET= 
CHRGOT= 
TXTI>TR= 
NEGATE- 
FACALT- 
LDFACC" 
STFACC- 
FLPIST" 


s^e 

676 

S77 

SDEAl 

SDB18 

SDAAE 

SDAEB 

SD89A 


L00KUP=SCF6D 

EJtEVAL=SCCA7 

STXESR-SCEBS 

PHTeBR-SCSS? 

PADa-SD773 

rSUB=5D733 

rMUL"SD914 

FMULUFHUL+l 
?0IV=SDA1B 

F[>1V1  =  SDA11 
FD1V2=SDA1E 


;USR    VECTOR   JUMP 

;I«TEGE9    FLAG 

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J  INDIRECT    INDEX    II 

iTOP    OF    RAM    POINTER 

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jBICN  OF  FACC 

J  LOCATION  OF  VARIABLE 

[GET  NEXT  CHARACTFS 
;GET  LAST  CHAflACTER 
;CHRGET  ADDRESS 
; CHANGE  SIGN  OP  FACC 
jTRANSFEH  FACC  TO  AFAC 
I  LOAD  FACC  FBOK  MEMORY 
(STORE  FACC  INTO  MEMORY 
[FLOAT  TI  INT 

; LOCATE  VARIABLE  IN 

[EVALUATE  EXPRESSIONS 
.-PRINT  "SiNTAX  ERROR' 
[PRINT  ERROR  MESSAGE 
[FLOATING  ADDITION 
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[FLOATING 

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•-3B728  [37888  STARTING  ADDRESS 

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':•     IS  OP  CHARACTER  *  OH  /,  A  t  B  ABE  OUTPUTS 
ic,  D,  E,  AND  F  ARE  [HPUTS 
i INPUTS  CAN  BE  ANY  VALID  BASIC  NUMERIC 


IHIT 


LDA  l>INIT 

BHI  Bl 

LDX  KIMIT 

STA  MEMSIIH 
STX  MEHSII 
LDA  IS4C 
LDY  IJCARITH 

LDX  KCAHSTH 

STA  USRVEC 
STX  USRVEC+l 
STY  USRVEC+2 
LOA  1147 
JMP  WRT 


[SET  TOP  OF  MEMORY 

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[1.  FETCH  THE  OPERATION  CHARACTER  AND  SAVE  IT 


CARITH  JSa  CKRGET 

BEQ  ERl 

STA  OPCHAR 

JSR  CHRGET 

CMP  I', 

aNE  SRI 


GET  THE  OP  CHAR 
EXIT  IF  :  OR  NULL 
AND  SAVE  IT 
GET  COMMA  SEPARATOR 
CHECK  IT 


;2.  SAVE  LINE  SCAN  ADDRESS 

LDA  TXTPTR 
STA  ASAVE 
LDA  TXTPTH+1 
STA  ASAVE+I 


GET  AND  SAVE 

THE  ADDRESS  OF 

THE  LINE  SCAN 

FOR  FUTURE  REFERENCE 


8084 

7834 

A2 

B2 

8885 

7836 

28 

78 

88 

8086 

7839 

C9 

2C 

e»87 

783a 

D9 

F9 

8888 

7830 

CA 

8889 

7B3E 

D9 

F6 

VARIABLES 

e89i 

7848 

889  3 

7B48 

A9 

94 

8B94 

7B42 

8D 

71 

79 

8  89  5 

7845 

29 

A7 

CC 

8896 

7848 

A5 

87 

8897 

7B4A 

F8 

83 

8898 

7B4C 

4C 

14 

79 

BB99 

784F 

AD 

71 

79 

ADDRESS 

eiee 

7852 

BA 

OF 

8181 

7853 

AA 

8IB2 

7854 

BC 

93 

79 

8183 

7857 

BD 

92 

79 

9184 

785A 

AA 

8185 

7B5B 

28 

E9 

DA 

8186 

7S5E 

CE 

71 

79 

8187 

7861 

08 

E2 

B109 

7863 

gill 

7863 

A5 

77 

8112 

7865 

48 

8U3 

7866 

A5 

78 

8U4 

7868 

48 

8115 

7869 

AD 

72 

79 

8116 

786C 

85 

77 

9U7 

7e6E 

AD 

73 

79 

8118 

1871 

85 

7B 

8128 

7873 

8122 

7B73 

AD 

79 

79 

8123 

7876 

C9 

AC 

8124 

7B78 

FC 

42 

8125 

7B7A 

C9 

AD 

8126 

7B7C 

F8 

81 

8127 

7B7E 

4C 

11 

79 

8129 

7881 

Bill 

7B81 

AD 

84 

79 

9132 

7984 

49 

88 

9U3 

7S86 

SD 

84 

79 

9134 

7889 

28 

18 

DB 

9135 

788C 

AS 

5E 

9136 

788E 

28 

37 

D9 

9137 

7891 

A8 

79 

9118 

7893 

A2 

SD 

9119 

7895 

28 

£B 

BA 

9148 

7B9B 

AB 

79 

9141 

789A 

A9 

7E 

8142 

789C 

28 

AE 

DA 

9143 

789F 

28 

18 

DB 

9144 

7aA2 

AS 

5E 

9145 

7BA4 

28 

37 

09 

9146 

7BA7 

AB 

79 

8147 

73A9 

A9 

BD 

8148 

78AB 

29 

73 

D7 

8149 

78AE 

AB 

79 

8158 

7BB8 

A2 

BD 

9151 

78B2 

28 

E8 

DA 

9152 

78BS 

AB 

79 

9153 

7887 

A9 

83 

9154 

78B9 

28 

AE 

DA 

[3.  SCAN  PAST  2  OUTPUT  VARIABLES 


8188 

7aBC 

AB 

79 

9161 

TBBE 

A9 

79 

9162 

78CB 

28 

14 

09 

9163 

7803 

28 

69 

79 

9164 

7806 

AB 

79 

9165 

7eCB 

A9 

74 

9166 

78CA 

28 

AE 

DA 

9167 

78CD 

AB 

79 

916B 

73CF 

A9 

7E 

B169 

79D1 

29 

14 

09 

8179 

78D4 

A8 

79 

8171 

78D6 

A9 

aa 

9172 

78D8 

28 

33 

n7 

8173 

7308 

28 

Al 

DE 

8175 

78DE 

8177 

7BDE 

29 

19 

79 

9179 

78E1 

9181 

7BE1 

A8 

79 

8182 

7aE3 

A9 

79 

8183 

7eE5 

28 

AE 

DA 

81B4 

7BE8 

Ae 

79 

91BS 

7eEA 

A9 

7E 

1886 

7flEC 

29 

34 

D9 

1987 

7BEF 

2S 

69 

79 

8188 

78F2 

AB 

79 

91B9 

78  F4 

A9 

74 

9198 

78  r6 

28 

AE 

DA 

9191 

78  F» 

AB 

79 

8192 

78FB 

A9 

83 

9193 

79FD 

28 

31 

D9 

9194 

7988 

Aa 

79 

LDX  12 

JSR  CHRGET 
CMP  I ' , 
BNE  SCI 
DEX 
BNE  SCI 


[SET  UP  FOR  2  OUTPUTS 
[GET  A  CHARACTER 
(CHECK  FOR  COMMA 
[LOOP  UNTIL  COMMA 

[LOOP  FOR  2  OUTPUT 


[4.  EVALUATE  4  INPUT  EXPRESSIONS 


LDA  14 

STA  PARMS 

EVl     JSR  EXEVAL 

LDA  STHFLG 

BEQ  EV2 

JMP  TYPHIS 

EV2     LDA  PARMS 

ASL  A 

TAX 

LDY  VTAB+1,X 

LDA  VTAB.X 

TAX 

JSR  STFACC 

DEC  PARMS 

BNE  EVl 

[S.  ADJUST  LINE  SCAN 

LDA  TXTPTR 

PHA 

LDA  TXTPTBtl 

PHA 

LDA  ASAVE 

STA  TXTPTR 

LDA  ASAVE4-1 

STA  TXTPTRtl 


SET  FOR  4  PARAMETERS 

SAVE  COUNT 

EVALUATE  EXPRESSION 

CHECK  FOR  STRING 

NOT  STRING 

PRINT  'TYPE  MISMATCH' 

SET  UP  DESTINATION 

FOR  A  FACC  STORE  OUT 

THE  VARIABLE  TABLE 
GET  ADDRESS 
MSB  IN  Y 
LSB  IN  X 
STORE  I 

DECREMENT  COUNT 
CONTINUE  UNTIL  9 


[GET  LINE  SCAN  ADDRESS 
[AND  SAVE  IT  ON  STACK 


[GET  PREVIOUS  LINE  SCAN 
[AND  RESTORE  IT 


TEST  FOR  OPERATION  CHARACTER 


LDA  OPCHAR 

CHP  1172 
BEO  CMUL 
CHP  1173 
BEO  CDtV 
ERl     JMP  ERR 

[COMPLEX  DIVIDE 


LDA 
EOR 
STA 
JSR 
LDA 
JSR 
LDY 
LDX 
JSR 
LDY 
LDA 
JSR 
JSR 
LDA 
JSR 
LDY 
LDA 
JSR 
LDY 
LDX 
JSR 
LDY 
LDA 
JSR 


V4tl 

ISBB 

V4*l 

FACALT 

FACC 

FMULl 

l>V6 

KV6 

STFACC 

l>V3 

KV3 

LDFACC 

FACALT 

FACC 

FMULl 

♦  >V6 

KV6 

FADD 

l>V6 

KV6 

STFACC 

l>V4 

KV4 

LDFACC 


CHECK  ARITHMETIC 

'TOKENS' 

MULTIPLY? 

YES 

DIVIDE? 

YES 

WROHG  SYMBOL 


[CONJUGATE  THE  DIVISOR 


[PUT  INTO  AFAC 
[SET  Z-FLAG 
[SOUARE  IT 
[SET  UP  V6  ADDRESS 

[SAVE  0  V6 

[SET  UP  V3  ADDRESS 

[LOAD  V3  INTO  FACC 
[PUT  INTO  AFAC 
[SET  Z-FLAC 
[SQUARE  IT 
[SET  UP  V6  ADDRESS 

[ADD  PREVIOUS  RESULT 
[TET  UP  V6  ADDRESS 

[SAVE  IN  V6 

[SET  UP  V4  ADDRESS 


[COMPLEX  MULTIPLY 

;7.  FIND  REAL  PART 

CKUL    LDY  l>V2 

LDA  KV2 

JSR  FMUL 

JSR  SAVTMP 

LDY  I>V1 

LDA  KVl 

JSR  LDFACC 

LDY  l>V3 

LDA  KVl 

JSR  FMUL 

LDY  l>V5 

LDA  KVS 

CMl     JSR  FSUB 

JSR  NEGATE 


[RETRIEVE  LAST 
!  PARAMETER 


[SET  UP  MULTIPLY 
[BY  MEMORY  V2 
MULTIPLY 
SAVE  FACC  IN 

TEMPORARY  V5 
GET  ARGUMENT  1 
THE  REAL  PART 
INTO  FACC 
GET  ARGUMENT  3 
THE  REAL  PART 
AND  MULTIPLY 
GET  TEMPORARY 
RESULT  ADDRESS 
SUBTRACT  IF 

MULTIPLICATION 
rACC--FACC 


[9.  SAVE  RESULT  IN  FIRST  OUTPUT  VARIABLE 

CM2     JSR  DCST 

[9.     FIND    IMAGINARY    PART 


[LOOK    UP    t    SAVE    RESULT 


LDY  l>V2 

LDA  MV2 

JSR  LDFACC 

LOY  l>V3 

LDA  KV3 

JSR  FMUL 

JSR  SAVTMP 

LDY  I>V1 

LDA  KVl 

JSR  LDFACC 

LDY  l>V4 

LDA  KV4 

JSR  FMUL 

LDY  t>V5 


[GET    ADDRESS 

[OF    V2    AND 

[LOAD    IT 

[DO    SAME 

[FOR    V3 

[AND    MULTIPLY 

[SAVE    FACC    IN    TEMP    VS 

[LOAD    VI 

[INTO    FACC 

[AND    MULTIPLY 
[BY    V4 

[GET   TEMPORARY 


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ei95 

79B2 

J,9  33 

LDA  l<:V5 

; RESULT  AND 

82S8 

7953 

28 

9A 

DB 

JSR  FLPIUT 

;CONVERT  RESULT 

9196 

7984 

2B  73 

D7 

cm 

JSB  FADD 

jADD  IT 

9251 

7956 

A8 

91 

LDY  11 

9252 

7958 

B9 

61 

98 

D3 

LDA  ?f,CCH,t 

: TRANSFER  2  BYTES 

B198 

7987 

,-18. 

SAVE  RESULT  IN  SECOND  OUTPUT  VARIABLE 

9253 

795B 

91 

44 

STA  (VARADR) ,1 

[FROM  FACC  TO  MEMORY 

B2S4 

79SD 

SB 

DEY 

e2e« 

7987 

28  19 

79 

TERM 

JSn  DEST 

:LOOK  UP, SAVE  RESULT 

B2S5 
92S6 

79SE 
7968 

18 
68 

FB 

BPL  D3 
RTS 

1292 

79BA 

;ii. 

FIX  UP  THE  STACK 

AND  CHBCET  ADDRESS 

9257 

7961 

At 

45 

D2 

LDY  VARADR* 1 

,- FETCH 

e258 

7963 

A6 

44 

LDX  VARADR 

'ADDRESS 

9204 

798A 

68 

PLA 

8  259 

7965 

28 

E8 

DA 

JSH  STFACC 

-AND  SAVE  RESULT 

ezos 

79BB 

85  78 

STA  TXTPTSf-l 

8268 

7963 

68 

RTS 

Bsee 

7980 

68 

PLA 

8261 

7969 

iSAVE 

FACC  INTO  TEMPORARY 

V5 

8287 

798E 

85  77 

STA  TXTPTR 

B2B8 

7918 

68 

RTS 

9263 
9264 

7969 
796B 

A9 
A2 

79 
38 

SAVTMP 

LDY  (>V5 
LDX  #<VS 

SET  UP  V5  ADDRESS 
•FOR  TRANSFER 

I21II 

79U 

4C  93 

CE 

ERR 

JMP  STXERR 

;PRIWT  'SYUTAX-  k    EXIT 

8265 

7960 

4C 

EB 

DA 

JMP  STFACC 

«zn 

7914 

A2  M 

TVPMIS  LDX  tSA3 

1  PRINT  'TYPE  MISMATCH' 

em 

7916 

4C  57 

C3 

JMP  PftTERR 

JAMD  EXIT 

8  267 

797» 

{STORAGE  FOR  VARIABLES  AND  CONSTANTS 

«21J 

7919 

;  LOOK 

UP  DESTINATION  AND 

STORE  FACC  THERE 

8269 

797» 

OPCHAR 

•-•*1 

OPERATION  CHAR.  *    ~    '    / 

8279 

7971 

FARMS 

»..+  ! 

1  OF  PARAMETERS  TO  GO 

ein 

7919 

AD  78 

79 

DEST 

LOA  OPCHAR 

;SEE  IF  MULTIPLY 

8  271 

7972 

ASAVE 

•-•+z 

LINE  SCAN  ADDRESS 

0218 

791C 

C9  AC 

CNP  1172 

; TOKEN  FOr  '■' 

9272 

7974 

VI 

•=•♦5 

FIRST  AHOUNENT 

0219 

791E 

F8  IB 

BEQ  Dl 

JSKIP  NORMLZ.IF  MULTIPLY 

9273 

7979 

V2 

•  =  ■♦5 

SECOND  ARGUMENT 

0229 

7928 

28  18 

DB 

JSR  FACALT 

(PUT  FACC  INTO  AFAC 

9274 

797E 

V3 

•'•♦S 

THIRD  ARGUnENT 

nail 

7923 

A5  6  3 

LDA  FSIGN 

■•SAVE  FACC  SIGN 

9275 

7983 

V4 

...t5 

FOURTH  ARGUMENT 

0222 

7925 

48 

PUA 

8276 

79Ba 

V5 

*.«*-s 

TEMPQSARY  REGISTER  11 

0223 

7926 

M    79 

LD»  OV6 

;IF  DIVIDE  THEN 

8277 

79BD 

V6 

•  .its 

TEMPORARY  REGISTER  *2 

8)24 

7929 

A9  8D 

LDA  KVE 

[NOBMLZ  BY  MAG  SOUARCD 

»2JS 

792* 

28  11 

DA 

JSR  FDIVl 

tOF  DIVISOR 

8279 

7992 

iVARIA 

JLE  TABLE 

iZli 

792D 

66 

PLA 

; RESTORE  FACC  SIGN 

8226 

792D 

6B 

PLA 

.-RESTORE  FACC  SIGN 

8231 

7992 

86 

79 

VTAB 

.WORD  VSiV4,V3,V2,l 

a,vs 

em 

792E 

85  63 

STA  FStON 

8231 

7994 

8  3 

79 

8226 

7938 

28  78 

89 

Dl 

JSR  CMSGET 

;MOVE  PAST  COMMA 

8281 

7996 

7E 

79 

8229 

7933 

AB  B5 

LDV  15 

[SAVE  FACC  IN  CASE  OF 

9  281 

799B 

79 

79 

8218 

7935 

B9  5E 

98 

DIA 

LDA  FACCfY 

.■SUBSCRIPTED  VARIABLES 

B281 

799A 

74 

79 

B2J1 

7938 

48 

PHA 

B281 

799C 

BD 

79 

>R 

B2J2 

7939 

as 

OEK 

8  28  2 

799E 

.END 

c 

B2J: 

793A 

18  T9 

BPL  DIA 

9214 
9215 

793C 
793F 

2B  6[> 
A9  88 

CF 

JSR  LOOKUP 
LDV  19 

;SET  DESTINATION  ADDR 

; RESTORE  THE  FACC 

e23G 

7941 

A2  85 

LDX  tS 

9237 

7943 

68 

DIB 

PLA 

1233 

7944 

99  5E 

88 

STA  FACCY 

B239 

7947 

CB 

INY 

^V^* 

kBAff%l  1^ 

PI 

tut 

7946 

CA 

DEX 

j 

r^t 

InAMl  IT 

em 

7949 

18  TS 

BPL  DIB 

^ 

k^V« 

rIVIr  V  1 

IE  ■ 

8242 

794B 

A5  87 

LDA  STRFLC 

CHECK  FOR  STRING  TYPE 

_ 

8241 

794D 

DB  C5 

BNE  TKPMIS 

AND  BRANCH  IF  IT  IS 

le 

J  / — s  (^  /^^  1  y 

"/"^  y''~S 

8244 

7941' 

A5  99 

LDA  INTFLC 

CHECK  FOB  INTEGER 

\f-^s(}[  r 

r^f-^ 

8245 

7951 

FB  OE 

BEQ  D2 

\  V^wV-./ vj  1 

'^^'V^, 

8247 

7953 

iCOKVEST  TO  IMTESER  FORMAT  IF  THE 

824B 

7953 

.-DESTINATION  VASIAStES 

IS 

INTEGEH 

122 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


A  Monthly  Column 
The  Beginner's  Page 

An  (ill-purpose  learning  game  jor  rhildien  lllmirates  how  eas\  il  «  to  make  major  changes  to  programs. 

Easy  Changes 


Pichard  Monsfield 
Senior  Editor 


A  program  is  really  two  things  working  together: 
data  and  instructions.  Tlie  instriiciions  are  in  a 
numbered  list  and  they  are  tlie  jobs  for  the  com- 
puter to  do.  The  data  is  the  information  that  gels 
worked  on.  That's  why  computing  is  sometimes 
called  (lata  processing.  Vour  list  of  instructions  to  the 
computer  (your  program)  will  process  information 
the  way  a  food  processor  transforms  food.  \'oii  put 
in  a  potato  and  it  comes  out  trench  fries. 

'Trocessois  "  have  se\eral  advantages  o\er 
conventional  tools.  For  instance,  thev  are  quite 
versatile.  By  slipping  different  cutting  disks  into  a 
food  processor,  you  instantly  change  the  process. 
The  potato  can  come  out  as  hash  browns,  slices,  or 
even  soup.  A  similarly  simple  adjustment  will 
change  a  program  wliich  calculates  home  mortgages 
into  one  which  analyzes  inflation  or  general  invest- 
ment strategy. 

f)ata.  the  other  part  of  a  computing  process,  is 
even  simpler  to  change.  Change  one  number  and  a 
mortgage-calculating  program  wilt  print  out  the 
pavment  .schedule  for  a  different  interest  rate. 
Change  another  number  and  you  can  see  the  effects 
of  a  20-year  instead  of  a  30-year  mortgage.  To  see 
how  instrtictions  and  data  interact,  and  how  easily 
one  program  can  serve  many  piuposes,  let's  make 
a  general-purpose  edticational  game. 

Easy  Transformations 

One  oi  the  most  \aluable  uses  for  a  computer  in 
the  home  is  computer  assisted  instruction,  often 
called  CAI.  Using  the  little  program  below,  you 
can  bring  vour  child's  textbooks  to  life.  And  if  you 
add  color,  sound,  or  animation  to  this  program, 
you'll  have  made  learning  into  an  exciting  game. 
Good  CAI  can  bring  a  child  the  best  possible  kind 
of  education:  joy  in  iearning.  Don't  be  surprised  if 
your  child  heads  for  the  computer  instead  of  Satin- 
day  morning  cartoons. 

If  you  type  in  Program  1 ,  your  child  can  play  a 


short,  personalized  vocabulary  game.  Yoiril  want 
to  change  the  name  in  lines  100,  190,  and  2  10. 
Line  130  contains  the  answers  and  lines  230  and 
240  contain  the  questions,  each  followed  bv  the 
ntmiber  of  the  correct  answer.  The  BASIC  instruc- 
tion "READ"  will  go  down  these  D.\TA  lists,  ]5icking 
each  (jne  in  order  and  keeping  track  of  wlicre  it 
left  off.  To  make  a  much  larger  game,  just  add 
more  questions  and  answers  in  the  same  fashion. 
.\nd  be  sure  to  change  the  number  in  litie  10  to 
equal  the  total  nimiber  of  questions  in  the  quiz.  To 
print  more  answers  on  the  screen,  just  add  more 
PRINT  statements  anywhere  between  lines  1 30- 
l.'iO. 

To  easily  transform  this  game  into  a  test  of 
worlcl  capitals,  just  replace  the  DATA  and  change 
the  messages  in  lines  100  and  150.  Program  2 
demonstrates  how  little  effort  it  takes  to  change 
this  into  CAI  on  another  topic.  Take  any  textbook 
and  make  a  list  of  the  facts  being  taught  in  it  and 
enter  them  into  the  DAT.A  of  this  program.  "\'ou 
could  even  use  numbers  like  "1  +5"  in  place  of 
word  answers. 

If  you  make  the  screen  change  colors,  or  add 
music,  or  design  some  graphics  characters  which 
dance  around  ecstatically  after  a  correct  answer - 
vou'll  add  to  the  attractiveness  of  this  learning 
game.  Perhaps  have  a  little  figure  put  a  picture 
puzzle  together,  adding  new  pieces  each  time  the 
child  makes  the  right  guess  in  the  quiz.  Oi"  y(ju 
could  construct  a  game  aroimd  your  child's  favorite 
cartoon  character.  Have  the  "hero"  of  the  game 
climb  stairs.  A  perfect  score  puts  the  character  at 
tlie  top  where  he  can  open  the  treasure  chest. 

\Vhate\  er  special  touches  you  decide  to  add, 
yoiu'  child  is  sure  to  respond  to  this  personalized, 
interactive,  and  \ery  patient  teacher.  And  no  matter 
how  elaborate  the  ganre  beccmies,  it  can  always  be 
quickly  transformed  with  new  cjuestions  and  an- 
swers in  the  DATA  lines.  (continued  on  p.  124} 


CCbOrE 

SPBBD! 


re-House  in 
CONGRmKU..-—     ^„„j5,  p„cea  o» 

?£CrHemisP«e,.,        __„,^,^„.. 


J  simply  dial-. 


four  hours. 


with  a  difference 


,  stock  wUhin  Twenty 
aght  now  we;re  having 


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Program  1;  Vocabulary  Game 


PRINT 


3, PERFECT   4. DENT 


MEANS  THE  SAME  A 


10  NUMBER  =  5 

100  PRINT  "HELLO,  SUSAN,  LET'S  PLAY  THE  VOCABU 

LARY  GAME." 
110  FOR  T  =  1  TO  1000:  NEXT  T: 
120  FOR  I  =  1  TO  NUMBER 
130  PRINT  "1. SILENT   2. HOPE 

1ST   5. PRETTY 
140  PRINT 
150  READ  QU$:  PRINT  QU$  "   - 

S  WHAT  NUMBER  ABOVE?" 
160  INPUT  GUESS:  IF  GUESS  <  1  OR  GUESS  >  NUMBE 

R  THEN  GOTO  160 
170  READ  KEY 
180  IF  KEY  <>  GUESS  THEN  PRINT  "  SORRY,  THE  RI 

GHT  ANSWER  IS  "  KEY:  GOTO  200 
190  PRINT  "  GOOD!   YOU  GOT  IT  RIGHT,  SUSANl":  "• 

S  =  S  +  1 
200  PRINT:NEXT  I 

210  PRINT:  PRINT  "SUSAN'S  FINAL  SCORE  IS  "  S 
220  PRINT  "  TO  PLAY  AGAIN,  JUST  TYPE   RUN  AND  ~ 

PRESS  THE  RETURN  KEY" 
230  DATA  COULDN'T  BE  BETTER,  3,  EXPECT,  2,  LOO 

KS  NICE,  5 
240  DATA  FIXES  TEETH,  4,  MAKES  NO  NOISE,  1 


Program  2:  Capitals  Game 

100  PRINT  "HELLO,  SUSAN,  LET'S  PLAY  THE  CAPITA 

LS  GAME." 
130  PRINT  "I.ENGLAND  2. FRANCE  3. CHINA  4. EGYPT  ~ 

5. RUSSIA 
150  READ  QUS:  PRINT  QU$  "   —  IS  THE  CAPITAL  0 

F  WHICH  COUNTRY  ABOVE?" 
230  DATA  PEKING,  3,  PARIS,  2,  CAIRO,  4 
240  DATA  MOSCOW,  5,  LONDON,  1  Q 


St;itenieiit  OlOwitersliip,  Man:igcnicn1  AiHl(.!ircuhi1io[i 
As  Ri-quii«l  by  M  U.S.C.  :iliH5 

I,  COMPU'rK!  'Ilie  Journal  for  Prtij^rcssivc  Qjnipuijn^ 

1.1.3372511 

•_■.  I II- 1-82 

;!.  Mimllilv  :iA.  fi  :iB.  S20 

A.  tH5  FullonSsm-l,  P.O.  Bris  .-.Wli.  i;r«nsl»/ri),  Nt:  27ll« 

h.  S:inlt' 

I).  Ruben  v..  IjLxk.  I'liliiishi  r  ;irirl  Kiiii<n-iiiC:lik-r.  li'J,"i  l-ulturi  Strtfl.  Grccnslmni,  NC  2y.|(i:i 

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7.  Small  Syslcm  Scrvico.  liu  ;  R-iin-ii  t:.  Uxk.  WiUiiim  K.  Kiuix.joreua  F..  Klepfer. 

MarlciieR.  !'ialti>.  PO.  li.n  .■i4(Hi,  Cn-cnslKiri).  NC'J71II3 
»_  Nunc 
!).  N.* 


11) 

E\ient:intln4iliiTe 

Average  ni>.  copies 

Actual  nn, 

ordreiihuoii 

L-.H  h  is-iiicdiirinn 

copiesoF 

pK-itdiii(;  12 

MnyJe  issue 
published 

iniinths 

ui-aresi  Id  filing 

(Liic 

A. 

(Net  Press  Run) 

7(l,tJ-l() 

l(I^.^S3 

B 

PiiiHf'tnuhiinn 

1.  S;i  kstti  11  >ii^h  Healers  and  orriers. 

33,232 

66.3fl3 

,<-' 

2.  M;iilSi!liMnpiHm 

25,409 

30.931 

C, 

roialP^iiritiirLiikilion 

ri8.t>4  1 

97.2H4 

D. 

FrftrlwiriliuiicjiihynKuLtarjicror 
oihtT  mciiin:  samples.  complimtnUry 
atuldthtiirft'KJpies 

'JI5 

F 

Total  t)i^l^i^nllion 

59.556 

^19.355 

F 

Copies  N«K  l>i5lnbuied 

4.128 

1  Offici- use.  left  m-er.unafcouiUL'd, 

5,70S 

spi)ilftlidit'rprmling 
2.  Retiiiiislr^Kn  newsagents 

5.330 

Nonetodste 

f.. 

TiJial 

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126 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


For  PET,  VIC.  aitd  Atari .  "Same  Pla^"  isa  usrr-jrii'udh 
program  aimi'd  at  preschoolers.  Children  who  arejiisl 
learning  to  recognize  letters  will  be  able  to  take  pride  in 
their  ahilily  Id  write  the  names  of  their  fax'orile  people.  ( 'p 
to  nine  dijjerent  names  may  be  included.  A  printer  is 
required  for  program  output. 

To  run  the  PETICBM  version  on  the  VIC  20  the 
following  changes  must  be  made: 

line  J 20  -  change  PRlXTTABl  12)  to  PRf.VF 
line  305  —  change  44  to  22 

On  the  \TC-20.  naiin-s  must  he  no  more  than  ! 5  characlcrs 
lomr. 


NAME  PLAY 


Bob  Sullivan 
Oak  Pork,  IL 

\'oungs[ers  will  cnjov  producing  a  piinloul  of  the 
names  ivped  into  ihe  computer.  These  piintouts 
are  great  for  copying  with  ci-ayons. 

After  the  RKM  sSalemeuts  are  remoxed.  the 
program  uses  less  than  I  K  and  takes  oniv  a  few 
miiuites  to  t\  pe  inio  the  computer.  First,  pcrsonahze 
the  data  hsl  in  hues  1000- 1 080  witii  the  names  of 
familv  nienibets,  pels,  friends,  and  close  relatives. 
\cxt,  assist  vour  neophvte  computerist  with  (he 
following  conmianf  Is: 

1)  Press  1-9  (or  the  desired  name. 

2)  Press  the  correct  sequence  of  letters. 

3)  Press  ((i  for  a  priniotU  of  copied  names. 

4)  Press  ihe  home  kc)  to  turn  the  screen  off 
or  on. 

To  break  itito  the  program,  make  sure  that  the 
screen  is  off,  and  then  press  the  STOP  kev. 

This  program  works  well  with  the  QL'.\.1)R.\- 
PET  lechni(|ues  that  were  outlined  in  the  Julv  1981 
isstie  of  COMPUTE!: 

1)  Load  and  run  QUADRA-PET. 

2)  .S\'S92(i  and  NEW  eacli  PET. 

:i)  Append  XA.ME  SUCXTSS  into  PEE  1. 
4)  SV.S926  to  PET  1 . 

If  vou  avoid  machine  language  and  greater  than 
(>)  DOS  commands.  PET  1  will  operate,  loatl,  and 
save  as  an  ordinarv  SK  PET.  .\ddiiionaIlv.  vou  will 
be  able  to  switch  (rom  PE'f  1  to  PE  E  2  in  less  than 
six  seconds,  thus  allowing  yourself  a  short  break 


while  the  young  ones  are  in  the  mood  (or  their 
piogi-am. 

Beginner's  Note 

The  ke\  U)  this  piogram  is  in  line  400: 

CL$  =  MID$(D$(A),I,1) 

.\  MID,S  function  is  used  lo  look  at  each  letter  in 
the  name.  Ehe  inslruciion  is  set  up  to  lake  die 
letters  one  ai  a  lime  from  left  to  riglu.  The  first 
item  in  the  parenilieses.  0S{.\).  indicates  ilie  word 
chosen  from  the  menu.  Ehe  next  item.  E  refers  to 
ihc  curient  number  in  the  ior-next  loop  and  insures 
thai  we  progress  li'om  lelier  tuuuber  one  lo  ilie  last 
letter  in  the  word. 

Conveniently,  die  MIDS  function  uses  ibis 
center  area  to  designate  the  number  of  spaces  in 
from  the  left  side  of  the  strinti  to  start  ideniifvinsi; 
characters.  Ehe  I  at  the  right  in  the  parentheses 
shows  thai  the  Itniclion  is  to  use  onlv  one  letter  at  a 
lime.  Finally,  we  lei  this  function  equal  CLS.  After 
this  line  in  ihe  program  instructions.  CLS  is  used  lo 
represent  the  next  letter  that  sh<HiId  be  pressed  b\ 
the  user. 


Program  1:  PET/CBM  Version 

0  CLR: PRINT" (CLEAR} ": POKE59 468 , 12 

1  POKE144,49:REM  ##t  DISABLE  STOP  KEY  (UPGRA 

DE  ROM)  ######(t# 
110  N=9:DIMD$ (N) ,P${20) 
120  F0RI=1T0N:READD$:D$ (I) =D$ : PRINT: PRINTTAB ( 1 

2} I")   "D$(I):NEXT 

199  : 

200  REM    ***    MENU    COMMANDS    ******************** 
************** 

2ia    GOSUB6  399a:IFAS  =  "@"THEfJGOSUB600:GOTO0 
220    IFA$=" { HOME} "THENPRINT" iCLEAR} " :GOSUB63997 
:GOTO0 

2  30    A=VAL(AS) :L=LEN{D$(A) ) : IFA>ilORA<lTHEN210 
240    V=V+1:PS (V)=DS (A) :REM    ***    LOAD    PRINTOUT    LI 

ST    *** 

299  : 

300  REM  ***  DISPLAY  NAME  AND  GET  READY  FOR  COP 
Y  *********** 

305  L2={40-L)/2 

310  PRINT" {CLEAR} {07  DOWN} " :GOSUB380 : PRINTD? (A 

):PRINT"(04  DOWN5":GOSUB380 
320  GOTO400 

380  F0RI  =  1T0L2:PRINT" {RIGHT}";  :NEXT: RETURN : HEM 
***  MOVE  CURSOR  TO  CENTERING  POSITION 

399  : 

400  HEM  ***  ACCEPT  ONLY  CORRECT  RESPOMSES  **** 
************** 

410  F0RI=1T0L:CL$=HIDS (DS (A) ,1,1) 

420  GOSUBfi3998: IFA$=CLSTHENPHINTCL$; :GOTO440 

430  GOTO420 

440  NEXT 

499  : 

500  REM  ***  RETURN  TO  MENU  ******************* 
************** 

510  GOSUB6  3998: PRINT" {CLEAR} " t RESTORE :GOTO120 

599  : 

600  REM  ***  PRINTOUT  THE  NAMES  *************** 
*  ************* 

610  0PEN4 ,4 : PRINTI4 ; FORI-ITOV: PRINT#4 : PRINT#4 , 

PS  (I)  :N EXT :PHINT#4:CLOSE4: RETURN 
699  : 


Things 


faU 


into  place 

with 

Micro-Ed  softwcire 

Send  for  free  educational  catalogs 


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color  computer  model  III 

•  Commodore  64  •  TI  •  Apple  •  Atari 

you  can  telephone  us 

at  Micro-Ed,  Inc. 

612.926-2292  PC  Box  24156        Minneapolis,  MN  55424 


1000  REM  ***  DATA  LIST  OF  NAMES  *************** 
************* 

1010  DATAMOM 

1020  DATAPRETZEL 

1030  DATADAD 

1040  DATAMELISSA 

1050  DATABETH 

1060  DATAGRANDMA 

1070  DATAAUNT  DENISE 

1080  DATAGHANDPA 

1090  DATAGRANDMA  SULLIVAN 

63995  : 

63996  HEM  ***  WAIT  &  GET  SUBROUTINE  ************ 
************ 

63997  POKE144,46:REM  !##  ENABLE  STOP  KEY  (UPGRAD 
E  ROM)  ##### 

63998  GETAS:IFA$=""THEN6399S 

63999  RETURN 


Program  2:  Atari  Version 

1 lO     DIM    N*  <20)  .P<9) 

1 15     OPEN     #1 , 4,0, "K: " 

120  BRAPHICS  2+16:RESTORE 

130  FDR  1=1  TO  9:SDUND  0,I«20,10,8 

140  READ  N*:?  #6 ; CHR4 ( I + 1 76 ) ; CHR* ( 1 69 

)  ;  ■'  ";N* 
150  NEXT  I:SOUND  0,0,0,0 
170  GET  #1 , A 
180  IF  A-64  THEN  SCO 
190  IF  A=27  THEN  GRAPHICS  2+16; GET  »1 

,A;BOTO  120 
200  ft=A-48:IF  A<1  OR  A>9  THEN  170 
210  FOR  1=1  TD  V:1F  P(I)<>A  THEN  NEXT 

I: V=V+1 : P (V) =A 
220  RESTORE 

230  FOR  1=1  TO  AsREAD  N»:NEXT  I 
240  GRAPHICS  2+16 

250  POSITION  9-LEN <N*) /2, 5: ?  #6;N« 
260  FOR  1=1  TO  LEN<N») 
270  GET  «1,A:IF  A< >ASC (N* ( I > )  THEN  27 

O 
2B0  POSITION  9-LEN<N«> /2-1+I , 6 
290  PUT  #6,A+128 
295  FOR  W=15  TO  0  STEP  -1:S0UND  0,A,1 

0,W:NEXT  W 
300  NEXT  I 
310  FOR  W=l  TD  50:P0KE  71 O , PEEK (53770 

>: SOUND  O, PEEK (S3770) , 10, Sj NEXT  W 

:SOUND  0,0,0,0 
320  GOTO  120 
500  REN  fJfUTf  ■im 
505  TRAP  580 
510  SRAPHICS  2  +  16:?  #  6  ;  "  f3i^nSHIPMI5E3E 

gt  3  O  ■' 
520  FOR  1=1  TD  V 
530  RESTORE 

540  FOR  J=i  TO  P(I>:READ  N«:NEXT  J 
545  FOR  W=1S  TO  0  STEP  -liSDUND  0,W,0 

,W;NEXT  W 
550  ?  #6;N1ijLPRINT  N«:LPRINT 
560  NEXT  I 
570  RUN 
580  GRAPHICS  2+16:?  #65 "PRINTER  NOT  0 

N!  " 
590  FOR  W=l  TO  500:NEXT  WrGOTO  120 
1000  REM  rmfc*iMi1^:f;1=|ji;^r^yi 
1010  DATA  MOM 
1020  DATA  PRETZEL 
1O30  DATA  DAD 
104O  DATA  MELISSA 
105O  DATA  BETH 
1060  DATA  GRANDMA 
1O70  DATA  AUNT  DENISE 
1080  DATA  GRANDPA 
1090  DATA  GRANDMA  SULLIVAN 


FOR 
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COMMODORE  64 

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for  just  $54.95  or  any  single 
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Sequencing  Sam 

Sequencing  Sam 

Mr  Readwell 

Mr.  Readwell 

Professor  Snead 

Professor  Snead 

Missing  Numbers 

Math  Marauders 

Six  Second  Club 

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Reading  Sequencing 

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Reading  Comprehension 

Reading  Comprehension 

Reading  Comprehension 

Reading  Comprehension 

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Math  Facts  Drill  <-.-.x.— 

Solving  ♦.-,!<,—  (4  dig  I 

Keyboard  Identification 

Spelling 

(Most  programs  require  a  t6k  PET^\  An  8k  VIC*  expander  is  required ) 
You  also  will  receive  a  free  catalog  containing  PET® 
program  offers  for: 

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Package  price  expires  after  Feb.  28,  1983. 
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D 
D 


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Please  send  me  ttie  1  program  which  I  indicated 
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December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


129 


A  Monthly  Column 

Bring  langiifigr  literntc  is  (ibsohiteh  cssoitia!  in  our  society.  Being  roinftitl/'r  lilenifr  is  a  great  (idvaiddge  and  is  rafndly 
btrominga  luressily.  ]Vhat  is  being  done  to  meet  the  need  fin'  this  new  area  oj  eduration?  Getting  euinpiders  into 
classrooms  across  lite  country  is  a  start,  but  just  a  start.  Tliere  is  a  great  deal  more  involved. 

Learning  With  Computers 

Computer  Literacy:  Can  We  Get  There  From  Here? 

Mary  Humphrey 
Teaching  tools:  Microcomputer  Services,  Polo  Alto,  CA 


literate  /  adj.  I : 
and  write 


'ducated,  cultured  2:  able  to  read 


Compiilei  literacy  is  now  a  common  term  in  educa- 
lion  circlc.s,  anri  with  il  lias  come  a  giowing  (Iciiiand 
lo  develop  programs  to  leacii  it.  For  some  educators, 
a  new  literacy  is  the  chance  to  open  additional 
avenues  of  thinking  and  commLmicaling.  For 
others,  the  mention  ol  computer  litcrac\'  causes 
reactions  from  deep  sighs  and  "here-we-go-again" 
looks  to  near  panic.  VVhv  the  difference? 

Language  Literacy  And  Computer  Literacy 

.\n  analogy  between  language  literacy  and  com- 
puter literacy  is  often  made,  and  there  are  many 
useful  similarities.  Just  as  one  need  not  know  how 
to  physically  make  a  book,  but  should  be  able  to 
create  and  comprehend  a  written  passage,  one 
need  not  know  how  to  build  a  computer,  but  should 
be  able  to  successfully  use  one  and  to  create  at  least 
a  simple  program.  Tiiis  analogy  has  been  the  basis 
for  several  recent  articles  proposing  definitions  or 
guidelines  for  computer  literacy.  The  difference  in 
reactions  is  not  due  to  debate  over  w^hat  it  is.  The 
goals  of  computer  literacy,  like  the  goals  of  language 
literacy,  are  valuable  skills  that  can  be  generally 
regarded  as  critical  for  members  of  our  society. 
Those  who  react  to  computer  literacy  with 
eager  anticipation  are  thinking  about  the  end 
product;  those  who  dread  it  are  thinking  about 
delivering  that  product.  Here  the  analogy  between 
language  literacy  and  computer  literacy  breaks 
down.  Many  education  depaitmcnts  have  been 
given  a  mandate  to  deyelop  definitions  of  computer 
literacy,  establish  criteria  for  teacher  certifica- 
tion, and  begin  pre-service  and  in-service  teacher 
training  programs. 

Shortly  thereafter,  school  districts  and  local 


boards  are  expected  to  create  and  implement 
student  curricula.  For  these  administrators  and 
teachers,  the  concerns  are  not  "Where  are  we 
going?"  but  rather  "How  are  we  going  to  gel  there?" 
Ft)r  them,  the  differences  between  language  literacy 
and  computer  liteiacv  are  glaring. 

Becoming  A  Computer  Teactier 

Reading  and  writing  competency  criteria,  instruc- 
tional programs  and  standardized  tests  have  been 
deyeloped  over  many  years  with  the  support  of 
much  study.  Computer  literacy  has  been  pondered 
for  only  a  relatively  short  period  of  time.  There 
has  been  little  opport  unity  to  test  any  of  the 
guidelines  offered,  and  many  authors  on  the  sub- 
ject encourage  educators  to  develop  their  own 
definitions. 

Reading  and  language  arts  teachers  have 
themselves  received  many  years  of  training  in 
these  skills  and  in  how  uj  teacli  them.  The  criteria 
for  teacher  certification  are  quite  explicit.  Teachers 
charged  with  coiuputer  education  have  typically 
had  little  computer  training  and  even  less  instruc- 
tion in  how  to  teach  computer  skills.  Becoming  a 
coiuputer  instructor  is  often  more  a  matter  of 
personal  interest  and  iniiiaiive  than  of  formal 
qualifications. 

Support  materials  for  teaching  reading  and 
language  arts  are  big  business.  Teachers  are  accus- 
tomed to  readily  available,  high  quality  textbooks, 
films  and  slides,  cla.ssroom  display  materials,  work- 
sheets, and  student  activity  kits  ior  reading  and 
writing.  Currently  there  are  few  computer  literacy 
materials.  Publisliers  and  software  developers  have 
hatl  time  to  produce  only  a  ihsl  generation  ol' 
computer  literacy  materials,  and  as  yet  have  had 
little  feedback  from  educators. 

Tlie  role  ol  home-based  educadon  is  also  quite 


130 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


(Ufferem  ior  these  iwo  tvpes  ofliieracy.  There 
have  ah\a\s  been  some  parents  who  have  activelv 
encouraged  their  children  to  learn  to  read  and 
write,  hill  rraclint;  or  writin<4'  logether  as  a  familv 
iklivity  is  usually  limited  to  l>edlinie  sioiies  and 
thank  you  letters  to  Grandma. 

Those  parents  who  have  ]3ersonaI  computers 
al  home  seldom  have  to  coax  I  heir  children,  no 
matter  what  age,  to  use  the  computer.  Tlicre  is  a 
great  deal  ofconnnercial  promotion  of  various 
u.ses  of  computers  as  lamiiy  activities.  Teachers  are 
realizing  that  this  considerable  amoimt  oi  home 
learning  is  a  welcome  change,  hut  also  a  challenge 
lo  the  scliools. 

Added  lo  these  differences  arc  tv\()  common 
misconceptions  about  computet  liteiacv.  First,  il"s  a 
new  and  often  unfamiliar  area  tcj  many  educators. 
Unfamiliarity  can  be  confused  with  difficultv.  This 
has  been  es[)eciallv  true  of  computing.  The 
stereotyjK'  of  high  leclniology  as  a  scientist's  domain 
still  lingers,  despite  the  current  efforts  to  promote 
personal  and  home  comptitcrs  as  "user  friendly." 
Because  many  educators  have  not  been  given 
adequate  training  in  computer  skills,  they  suspect 
that  tills  new  ctnricukim  area  may  be  lieyond  the 
capabiliiics  of  the  .schools,  particularly  the  elemen- 
tary schools. 

There  are  also  many  educators  who  are  confi- 
dent coni[)iUcr-uscrs.  I)iit  v\ho  iail  prey  to  a  diffci'- 
eni  intimidation.   Ihev  are  aware  oi  the  potential 
of  cfjmpuiers  in  education  and  the  amazing  pace  al 
which  new  developments  are  occurring.  For  them 
the  implementation  of  a  computer  literacy  ]jrograiii 
is  a  scramble  lo  gel  ii  alt  done  within  the  current 
.school  year.  Fhe  ])ressure  to  catch  u\>  lo  the  needs 
of  business  and  industry  for  computer  literate 
graduates  can  seem  overwhelining  if  viewed  from 
this  pcrs])eclive. 

Getting  There  From  Here 

At  this  point  it  all  sounds  very  discouraging,  and 
you  may  be  \\ondering  whether  schools  can  over- 
come these  obstacles  and  go  on  to  develo]^  a  new 
curriculum.  There  is  lack  of  teacher  training,  lack 
of  support  materials,  and  pressure  from  outside 
the  school.  Do  schools  even  want  to  try?  The  best 
answers  to  these  questions  come  from  the  .schools' 
own  reports. 

During  the  IDS  1-82  school  year,  many  districts 
and  local  school  boards  began  computer  literac) 
jjiograms.  This  year  they  were  joined  by  more 
schools,  and  sull  others  are  laying  the  groundwork 
for  programs  in  the  1983-84  .school  year.  Several 
school  districts,  computer-education  groups,  and 
even  individual  teachers  have  written  reports  on 
their  own  computer  literacy  programs.  Fheir  en- 
thusiasm is  clear.  The  strongest  encouragement 


can  be  ioantl  in  evaluations  of  existing  programs. 

Fhese  iiow-to"  accounts  are  sincere  attempts 
to  help  others  through  the  first  stej)s  of  imple- 
menting a  computer  literacy  curricnliini.  Many  are 
available  for  the  asking  or  for  a  minimal  charge  to 
cover  costs.  I  strongly  recommend  that  tho.se  in- 
volved with  a  computer  literacy  project  get  these 
materials. 

.Several  reports  are  ol  interest  for  those  who 
are  begimiinga  coin])uter  literac\  program.   1  hev 
are  particularly  helpful  in  dealing  with  the  dil  ficul- 
ties  of  establishing  a  program  of  teacher  training. 
"Insiructional  I 'ses  of  Microcomputers:  A  Re|)ori 
on  Riitish  C^olumbias  Pilot  Project '  (research 
conducted  by  JEM  Research)  describes  the  planning 
and  impleiiienting  stages,  the  training  and  other 
services  provided,  and  a  complete  evaluation  of  the 
impact  ofthe.se  services.  This  report  is  also  useful 
as  a  guide  to  planning  for  (ulure  e\aluation.  Re- 
quests for  copies  of  the  ie[)oit  should  be  sent  lo: 
Project  Planning  C^eittre,  Ministry  (jf  Education, 
Legislative  Building,  Victoria,  British  Cokmibia, 
Canatla\'8\'-!X4.' 

Coinputem  in  the  Cliissnxnn  is  another  e.specially 
thorough  guide.  'I'his  "booklet  explaining  the 
process  of  implementing  computers  into  the 
elementary  classroom"  is  written  by  Susan  Burleson, 
an  assistant  ]jrinci]>al  in  the  San  Ramon  \'alle\ 
L'nified  School  District.  Il  is  a  step-by-ste])  account 
of  what  [bis  district  did  aiifi  did  not  do  and  their 
recommendalions  to  others. 

Chapters  cover  setting  goals  in  a  district,  itleii- 
tifying  resources,  computer  awareness  and  readi- 
ness for  in-ser\ice  training,  obtaining  funds  and 
budgeting,  in-ser\ice  training,  school-wide  use  and 
home  use  of  computers,  anticipating  problems, 
and  evaluating  ]>rogress.  C'opies  cost  $\  1  and  aie 
availatjle  from  Susan  Burleson,  599  Btidgewater 
Rd.,  Danville,  CA  94526. 

.\n  energetic  group  of  teachers  aiul  specialists 
in  Utah  is  developing  a  kindergarten  through  high 
school  computer  curriculum.  Their  project  pro- 
vides plans  for  a  ihrce-vear  development  cycle  to 
train  teachers,  begin  limited  fiekl  testing,  and  then 
conduct  a  formal  field  test  of  several  pilot  projects. 
Clurriculiim  objectives,  teaching  activities,  informa- 
tion and  materials  resources,  and  evaluation  criteria 
are  detailed  for  each  grade  level  across  se\  eral 
"strands"  of  <  omputer  skills. 

Other  materials  include  sucli  s]jecilic  hel]J  as  a 
principal's  checklist  for  interviewing  computer 
hardware  dealers  (a  useful  document  for  dealers 
U)o).  Inquiries  aliout  cost  and  availaliility  of  ])art  or 
all  of  their  materials  should  be  sent  lo:  Curriculum 
Development  Office.  Jordan  School  Distiici,  9:^()I 
South  400  Fast,  Sandy,  I' F  84070. 

A  lighthearted  but  quite  useful  guide  to  over- 


December  1962.  Issue  31 


COMPUTil 


131 


coming  (.onimonlv  encountered  problems  is  "The 
Mother  Quail  Synch  onie:  Managing  Micros  on 
Site.  10  Sanity  Savers  for  Fxlncators."  Write  to 
Suzanne  Fovvers-Bailey,  (iumpiitcr  C.oorclinator, 
Solano  C'.oinuy  Oifite  of  Kckicaiion,  655 
Washington  St.,  Fairfield,  C:A  94533,  for  informa- 
tion about  cost  and  availability. 


Developing  A  Curriculum 

In  aclditit>ii  to  issues  of  teacher  training.  I  discussed 
the  need  to  de\elop  a  student  curriculum  and  the 
lack  of  supporting  teaching  materials  as  difricullies 
in  teaching  computer  literacy.  Again,  the  response 
from  those  with  experience  is  encouraging  and 
enthusiastic.  Main  groups  have  committed  a  great 
deal  of  time  and  effort  to  developing  curriculum 
guides  complete  with  resomce  lists  and  bibliog- 
raphies, tables  of  Computing  to])ics  and  their  objec- 
tives, and  descriptions  of  chrssroom  activities  and 
necessary  materials. 

An  excellent  example  is  the  CI.AS  (Computer 
Literacy  and  Awareness  for  Students)  package 
developed  by  the  TRI-County  Computer  Consor- 
tium of  Soulheastern  Michigan.  Macomb  County 
Intermediaie  School  District,  Oakland  Schools, 


and  Wayne  City  Intermediate  School  District  com- 
bined efforts  to  produce  a  comprehensive  and 
detailed  computer  curriculum.  The  cost  is  $10. 
Write  to  Tom  Flartsig,  Macomb  Comity  School 
District,  44001  Clarlield  Rd.,  Mt.  Clemens.  MI 
48044. 

The  "home-made"  materials  developed  by 
teachers  and  school  groups  may  not  have  the  glossy, 
typeset  appearance  of  professionally  produced 
materials,  but  they  are  carefully  constructed  and 
genuinely  useful  teaching  aids.  There  aren't 
enough  of  them.  Educators  still  have  to  search 
them  out,  and  the  schools  are  not  |)repared  for 
mass  distribution,  but  they  are  invaluable  models. 
Publishers  and  software  developers  will  also  find 
them  useful  guides. 

A  quick  look  at  the  resources  I've  mentioned 
here  is  enough  to  demonstrate  how  mtich  interest 
and  effort  is  l)eing  generated.  Schools  arc  |)ulting 
more  into  computer  literacy  than  just  computers. 
Even  those  who  sigh  or  panic  at  the  mention  of 
compiuer  literacy  can  see  evidence  of  the  payoff.  It 
may  be  socjner  than  we  think  that  we  will  be  able  to 
spend  less  time  accomplishing  computer  literacy 
and  more  lime  enjoying  the  benellts  of  its  new 
avenues  of  thinking  and  conmnmicaiing.  © 


IM|||i|l 


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132 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


O 


A  Monthly  Column 


Friends  Of  The  Turtle 


David  D.  Thornburg 
Associate  Editor 


Recursion  -  Part  2 

Last  time,  uc  explored  recmsitjii  as  a  powerful 
programming  looi.  The  basic  elements  of  a  recur- 
sive procedure  include: 

1.  A  conditional  statement  lo  tell  u  hen  to  stop 
tlie  recursive  process; 

2.  A  series  of  commands  to  be  executed  at 
each  recursive  level;  and, 

3.  The  use  of  the  piocedin-e  itself 

with,  perhaps,  new  values  for  the  procedure's 
variables. 

The  sequence  and  intermixing  ol  these  ele- 
ments determine  the  tvpe  of  rccin-si\e  process 
lacing  tollowed.  Recmsion  can  I'ange  irom  simple 
lof)ping  to  the  more  complex  forms  we  used  lor 
drawing  Iracials. 

Because  of  the  oinious  \ isnal  relal!onshi[> 
between  certain  fractals  and  the  recursive  proce- 
diues  ihat  generate  them,  we  will  examine  some 
more  ol  these  this  monlh. 

Before  doing  that,  howe\er,  lets  make  a  small 
digression  to  examine  the  difference  between  the 
conditional  branching  commands  commonly  used 
with  Logo  programs  for  the  Apple  computer  and 
the  conditional  branching  command  used  by  TI 
Logo. 

The  structure  of  the  command  we  have  been 
using  is: 

IF  predicate  instructionlist 

This  means  that  the  structure  of  the  command 
is  the  word  IF  followed  by  an  operation  who.se 
result  is  either  true  or  false  (the  predicate),  followed 
bv  a  list  of  instructions  to  be  executed  if  the  predi- 
cate is  true.  .-Vn  alternate  form  of  this  command  is: 

IF  predicate  THEN  instructionlist 

This  form  of  the  command  is  common  to  most 
BASICS  as  well,  and  might  be  familiar  to  manv  of 

you . 

TI  Logo  uses  a  different  type  of  conditional 
command,  one  which  is  more  reminiscent  of  PILOT. 
In  TI  Logo  the  IF  ,..  THEN  ...  construction  is  re- 
placed by: 


TEST  predicate 
IFT  instructionlist  1 

and  also 

IFF  instructionIist2 

This  construction  allows  you  to  test  a  predicate 
in  a  line  all  by  itself,  and  to  then  execute  certain 
instructions  selectively,  based  on  the  result  of  the 
test,  anywhere  after  the  TEST  conmianfl.  The 
command  IFT  will  execute  instructionlist  if  the 
result  of  the  lest  was  true,  and  the  cotnnumd  IFF 
will  execute  the  list  if  the  resnll  was  false. 

In  Apple  Logo  our  conditional  cotnmand  in  the 
fractal  procedure  is: 

IF  :SIZE  <  iLIMIT  [FORWARD  :SIZE  STOP] 

In  11  LOCiO  this  would  be  replaced  by: 

TEST  :SIZE  <  :LIMIT 

IFT  FORWARD  :SIZE  STOP 

One  other  note  for  TI  Logo  users:  you  may 
find  that  vour  tiutle's  pen  '"runs  out  of  ink"  on  the 
more  complex  curves.  Vou  might  want  to  try  draw- 
ing smaller  versions  ol  them  to  minimize  ibis  prob- 
lem. Of  course,  vou  should  be  sure  to  clear  the 
screen  before  drawing  anything, Just  to  be  sure  you 
have  recovered  as  much  "ink"  as  possible. 

And  now.  on  with  the  show! 

One  type  of  fractal  that  generates  pretty  pic- 
tures is  the  Koch  curve  we  drew  last  lime.  In  its 
most  general  toi-m,  we  can  define  the  motif  for  this 
rvjx'  of  curve  as  starting  with  a  horizontal  line, 
making  some  construclion  using  line  segments  oi 
the  same  length,  and  ending  with  a  hori/.oinal  line 
on  the  same  level  as  the  first  one.  I'he  following 
three  fractals  are  particularly  pleasing  to  me  and  to 
the  people  who  have  seen  them  exhibited  at  shows, 
.so  I  am  pleased  to  also  share  them  with  you.  As  in 
the  past,  all  procedures  will  be  shown  in  .Apple 
Logo,  and  you  can  easily  translate  these  to  any  other 
version  of  the  language  you  might  be  using.  _ 

Before  ctxating  (he  curves,  we  will  define  a 
general  seiuj)  procedure  that  puts  the  turtle  in  the 
correct  starling  position  and  orientation  for  each 
curve: 


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134 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


TO  SETUP  :LIST 

PENUP 

SETPOS  :LIST 

SETHEADING90 

PENDOWN 

END 


The  first  curve  we  will  explore  is  a  square  meander. 

The  procedure  for  creating  fractals  based  on  this 
figure  is  the  following: 

TO  MEANDER  :SIZE  .LIMIT 

IF  :SIZE  <  :LIMIT  [FORWARD  :SIZE  STOP] 

MEANDER  :SIZE  /  4  :LIMIT 

LEFT  90 

MEANDER  :SIZE  /  4":LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

MEANDER  :SIZE  /  4  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

REPEAT  2  [MEANDER  :SIZE/  4  :LIM1T] 

LEFT  90 

MEANDER  :SIZE  /  4  :LIMIT 

LEFT  90 

MEANDER  :SIZE  /4  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

MEANDER  :SIZE/4  :LIMIT 

END 

Before  using  this  procedure.  let's  examine  it. 
The  first  thing  to  notice  is  that  the  value  o(  SIZE  is 
reduced  by  a  factor  of  four  for  each  successive  use 
of  the  procedine.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  the 
total  horizontal  extent  of  the  original  motif  is  four 
times  the  length  of  the  line  segment.  The  second 
thing  to  notice  is  that  the  doulile  length  of  line  in 
the  nioiil  is  created  by  a  double  repetition  oi  the 
procedure.  To  see  the  motif,  enter: 

CLEARSCREEN 

SETUP  1-128  0] 
MEANDER  256  256 

Successive  generations  can  be  seen  b\' 
entering: 

MEANDER  256  64 
MEANDER  256  16 
MEANDER  256  4 

(Remember  to  clear  the  screen  and  use  the  SETUP 
procedure  before  drawing  each  cur\c.) 


rS^ 
^5^ 

^4? 


As  you  look  at  each  successive  generation  of 
this  figure,  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  development 
ofsecondarv  meanders  resulting  in  a  final  highly 
convoluted  (but  sirangel)  synnnetrical)  ionn. 

The  second  curve  I  want  lo  share  is  called  the 
T-shirt  fractal,  since  it  was  designed  for  use  on  a  T- 
shirt  (write  me  at  Friends  tjf  the  Turtle  for  details). 
In  making  this  design,  I  thought  that  a  fractal  T- 
shirt  should  use  a  T-sliirt  fractal,  thus  carrving  the 
recursi\e  process  one  step  backwards  to  ilie  overall 
shirt  itself.  The  motif  I  designed  looks  hke  this: 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


135 


The  fractal  procedure  based  on  this  inouf  is 
given  by: 

TO  TSHIRT  :SIZE  :LIMIT 

IF  :SIZE  <  ;LIMIT  [FORWARD  :SIZE  STOP] 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

LEFT  90 

TSHIRT  iSIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

LEFT  90 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  60 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

LEFT  120 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  60 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

LEFT  90 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

LEFT  90 

TSHIRT  :SIZE  /  3  :LIMIT 

END 

To  generate  the  motif  on  the  displav.  enter: 

CLEARSCREEN 
SETUP  [-81  -60] 
TSHIRT  162  162 

Successi\e  generations  can  be  (orined  with  the 
following  commands: 

TSHIRT  162  54 
TSHIRT  162  18 


TSHIRT  162  6 

Notice  that,  for  this  pattern,  there  is  a  lot  of 
overlap|jing  in  successive  generations  that  makes  it 
harder  to  identify  the  original  motif.  But,  if  yon 
look  ckjseiy,  you  will  be  able  to  see  the  motif  hidden 
(in  full  si/c)  in  each  gcneiation. 

The  last  pauern  I  wanted  to  show  is  from  a 
piece  of  artwork  entitled  F  is  for  Fractal.  The  motif 
is  qnin'  simple: 


I 


136 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


The  procedure  for  tliis  curve  is  a  bit  on  the 
lengthy  side: 

TOF:SIZE:LIMIT 

IF  :SIZE  <  :LIMIT  [FORWARD  :SIZE  STOP] 

F:SIZE/5:LIMIT 

LEFT  90 

REPEAT  5  [F  iSIZE  /  5  :LIMIT] 

RIGHT  90 

REPEAT  3  [F  :SIZE  /  5  :LIMIT] 

RIGHT  90 

F  :SIZE  /  5  :LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

REPEAT  2  [F  :SIZE  /  5  iLIMIT] 

LEFT  90 

F:SIZE/5:LIMIT 

LEFT  90 

F:SIZE/5:LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

F:SIZE/5:LIMIT 

RIGHT  90 

F:SIZE/5:LIM1T 

LEFT  90 

REPEAT  2  (IF  :SIZE  /  5  :LIMIT] 

LEFT  90 

REPEAT  3  [F  :SIZE  /  5  iLIMIT] 

END 

The  motif  can  be  generated  by  entering; 

CLEARSCREEN 
SETUPL-85-I101 
F  175  175 

Further  generations  are  created  with  the  commands: 

F  175  35 
FI75  7 


[liJ  p^ 

m  BEE 


What  I  find  particularly  inleresting  is  ihc 
manner  in  which  the  figure  of  the  F  in  the  modf 
becomes  the  background  in  die  third  generation. 

By  now,  vou  probably  have  recuisive  pro- 
gramming firmly  under  control.  You  should  con- 


tinue to  experiment  on  yoin^  own.  The  residts  may 
surprise  you  with  their  beauty! 

Calling  All  Atari  PILOTS 

COMPUTE!  reader  Elliot  Maggin  sent  me  a  delight- 
ful extension  of  a  fractal  program  we  descrilied 
some  months  back.  His  program  genera les  King 
Tut's  Headdress.  I  iliink  vou  will  like  die  result. 


2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

180 

190 

200 


pj.  ***************** 


R:*  * 

R:*  90-DEGREE    * 

R:*  * 

R:*  FRACTAL     * 

R:*  * 

R.  ***************** 

GR:PEN  RED 

GR:CLEAR 

C:#A=54 

GR:G0TO  -79,-31 

GR:TURNTO  90 

U:*FO 

GR:PEN  BLUE 

GR:GOTO  -24 ,-32; TURN  -90;FILL  #A 

GR:PEN  RED 

C:#A=#A/3 

GR:GOTO  -79,-31 

GRrTURNTO  90 

U:*F1 

C:#A=#A/3 

GR:GOTO  -79,-31 

GR:TURNTO  90 

U:*F2 

C:#A=#A/3 

GR:GOTO  -79,-33 

GR:TURNTO  90 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


137 


210 

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510 
520 
530 
540 
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570 
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590 
600 
610 
620 
630 
640 
650 
660 
670 
68  0 


GR:PEN  YELLOW 

U:*F3 

T:  KING    TUT'S    HEADDRESS 

E: 

*F0 

GR:DRAW    #A 

GR:TURN    -90 

GR:DRAW   #A 

GR:TURN    9  0 

GR:DRAW    #A 

GRsTURN    90 

GRiDRAW   #A 

GR:TURN    -90 

GR:DRAW    #A 

E: 

*F1 

U:*FO 

GRrTURN   -90 

U:*FO 

GRrTURN    90 

U:*FO 

GRrTURN    90 

Ur*FO 

GRrTURN   -90 

Ur*FO 

Er 

*F2 

Ur*Fl 

GRrTURN    -90 

U:*F1 

GRrTURN    90 

U:*F1 

GRrTURN    90 

Ur*Fl 

GRrTURN    -90 

Ur*Fl 

Er 

*F3 

Ur*F2 

GRrTURN    -90 

Ur*F2 

GRrTURN    90 

Ur*F2 

GRrTURN    90 

Ur*F2 

GRrTURN   -90 

Ur*F2 

Er 


A  Year-end  Note  To  All 

Before  lea\ing  this  year  l)eliincl,  1  lliouglit  vou 
should  know  some  ot  the  things  we  have  in  store 
for  you  in  1983.  First,  I  liave  received  theTurde 
Gi-aphics  package  for  tiie  VIC  designed  and  man- 
ufactured by  HES,  and  will  report  on  it  in  January. 
Also,  I  am  now  using  tlie  Radio  Shack  Color  Logo 
package  and  will  be  reporting  on  it  in  the  same 
issue.  Those  of  you  who  are  interested  in  fractals 


ma\  be  interested  in  The  l-iactal  Gcomt'ln  of  Nature. 
a  new  book  by  the  fatiier  of  this  sttidy,  Benoil 
Mandelbi'ol.  I  will  be  reviewing  tliis  book  and 
connnenling  on  ihe  controversy  in  (liis  field  in  a 
forthcoming  "Computers  and  Society  '  column. 

In  the  meantime,  let  me  know  what  twj/  want 
to  read,  and  I'll  see  what  I  can  do  to  meet  your 
needs. 

Friends  of  the  Turllc 
P.O.  Box  1317 

l.os  .\ll„.^.  CA  94022  ^ 


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138 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


This  Commodore  version  of  the  language  concludes  the 
series  on  PILOT  which  began  four  issues  ago  and  included 
Apple  and  Atari  versions.  This  program,  needs  at  least  8K 
memory  and  works  on  tape  or  disk-based  systems. 

VIC  And  PET 

PILOT 

Interpreter 

Michael  Tinglof 
Merrimack.  NH 

PILOT  is  an  acronym  lor  Progniinmed  Instruction, 
Learning,  or  Teaching,  Because  it  i.s  a  simple  lan- 
guage, teachers  can  easily  clevelop  lesson  pn^grams, 
and  beginning  siudenis  can  quick.lv  learn  how  to 
program. 

This  version  of  PILOT  contains  all  olthe  core 
commands  used  for  displaying  information  and 
accepting  responses.  It  also  has  some  mathematical 
capabilities. 

The  interpreter  is  written  in  BASICS  .so  that  it 
is  transportable  between  machines.  There  is,  how- 
ever, one  machine  language  routine  caJlcd  by  line 
3  and  loaded  by  the  following  statement  in  line  20: 

20  ....:FORX  =  826  TO  83 1  :READ  Z:POKEX,Z: 
NEXT: 

The  routine  can  be  loaded  an\'where  to  suit  your 
system  needs  bv  simply  changing  the  826  and  831 
values.  For  the  VIC,  I  would  suggest  changing  the 
values  to  820  and  825.  Don't  forget  lo  change  the 
SVS  call  in  line  3  if  you  change  the  above  values. 

For  computers  other  than  (Commodore,  the 
routine  must  be  replaced  by  an  input  rotitinc  which 
will  accept  colons  and  commas. 

The  next  section  describes  tlie  editor,  the 
commands,  and  the  implemented  I'lLOT 
statements. 

The  Editor 

The  editor  behaves  just  like  the  BASK'  editor.  To 
enter  a  line,  type  the  line  number,  the  PILO  I* 
statement,  and  hit  RF.  1  URN,  Any  statement  en- 
tered without  a  line  number  is  assumed  to  be  a 
command  (sec  Commands)  and  is  executed  as 
sue  h. 

The  screen  editor  is  fully  active  during  pro- 
gram entrv.  To  correct  an  error  in  a  statement  or 
command,  just  move  the  cursor  to  it  and  enter  the 


correction.  Remember,  tlie  RETURN  key  must  be 
pressed  for  it  to  be  changed  in  memory. 

When  the  editor  is  storing  a  PILOT  progiam 
line  in  memory,  it  first  removes  the  PILOT  com- 
mand and  tokenizes  it.  Thus,  if  an  illegal  command 
is  used,  an  error  message  will  be  generated  beibre 
the  program  is  run. 

Commands 

The  lollowing  describes  the  editor's  connnands. 

LIST  xx-yy  -  Lists  the  speciiied  lines  from 

menrory.  xx,  yy,  or  both  can  be  rcmo\ed, 

RUN-  Executes  the  PI  LOT  program  currentlv 

in  memorv, 

SAVE  0:naine-  Saves  the  program  in  memory 

to  disk  on  drive  0.  No  tjuotes  are  necessar\ , 

LOAD  name  -  Loads  the  program  from  disk. 

No  quotes  are  necessary. 

NEW -Clears  the  current  program  from 

memorv. 

BASIC  —  Exits  the  interpreter  and  returrrs  to 

B.'VSIC. 

PLIST  xx-yy  —  Same  as  the  list  command, 

except  the  output  is  sent  to  device  4. 

PILOT  Variables  And  Statements 

PILO  F  variables  consist  of  either  a  "$"  for  a  siring 
variable  or  a  "#"  for  a  numeric  variable,  followed 
liy  a  single  letter.  For  example.  #N  and  .SS  are 
correct,  whereas  $NAMF.  is  not. 

The  PILOT  statements  implemented  are: 

T:     Type 

Outputs  text  and  variables  to  the  screen.  F(n" 
example: 

1  T:  VALUE  #X 

will  type  "VALUE  xx". 

If  the  statement  is  ended  by  a  ";"  no  carriage 
retinn  will  be  printed, 

J;  and  L):  Jump  and  Use 

Transfer  program  execinion  to  the  specified 
routine.  In  ttre  case  of  Use,  the  current  line  number 
is  stored  so  it  can  he  returned  to  (see  End).  For 
example: 

2J:*PRINT 

jumps  to  the  routine  labeled  PRINT.  Labels  are 
designated  by  beginning  a  line  with  an  "*"  sign.  No 
statement  should  follow  this  label  on  i!ie  .same  line. 

E:     End 

Transfers  control  back  lo  the  statement  following 
the  last  Use  statement  executed. 

M:     Match 

Match  IS  the  most  complicated  and  powerful  of  the 
PILOT  commands.  It  checks  to  see  if  certain 
kevwords  are  present  in  a  string  variable  or  in  ihe 
input  buffer  (sec  .Accept).  F"or  example: 


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140 


COMPUTE! 


Decembef  1982,  Issue  31 


10  M:YES,OK,ALRIGHT 

checks  to  see  if  YES,  OK,  or  ALRIGHT  are  present 
in  the  input  buffer.  To  check  a  string  for 
keywords: 

15  M:$n  YES.OK,... 

If  a  match  is  fbund  the  V  flag  is  set:  olfieruise  tiie 
N  flag  is  set  (see  Modifiers). 

I:     If 

//  is  a  nonstandard  conitnand  uliich  allows  for 
uiathcnialicai  testing.  It  can  ciicck  to  sec  if  a  given 
varial>le  is  less  than,  greater  than,  or  equal  to  a 
second  given  vaiue  or  variable.  For  example: 

20I:#N<9 

or 

25  1:#C  =  #F 
Only  >,<,  and  =  can  be  u.sed. 

C:     Compute 

i*cr forms  simple  four-finiction  calculations  in  a 
linear  order  (no  parentheses)  and  assigns  the  vaiue 
to  a  numeric  variable.  The  calculations  are  per- 
formed in  floating  point  mode  so  reasonable  accu- 
racy can  be  expected.  For  example: 

30C:#N  =  #G*10/#T+10 

If  a  "#R  '  is  encountered  in  the  expression,  a  ran- 
dom mnnber  between  0  and  1  is  substituted. 

A:     Accept 

Inputs  a  response  from  the  user.  If  no  destination 
varialjle  is  given,  the  response  is  stored  in  a  btilTei' 
which  can  be  used  by  Match.  For  example: 

40  A:#N    inputs  a  value  inlo  N 

41  A:   inputs  a  response  into  the  buffer 

H:     Home 

Clears  the  screen  and  rctiuns  the  ciusor  to  home. 

End 

Slops  the  ])rogram  execution  and  returns  to  the 
editor.  Tliis  statement  ciuniol  be  modified  by  a  '■^"' 
or  "N".  For  example: 

.^0  END 

Modifiers 

Any  ol  the  commands  can  l)e  modified  with  cither 
a  "Y"  or  "N."  If  a  command  is  modified,  it  will 
be  executed  only  if  the  specified  flag  is  set.  For 
example: 

1  TY:YES 

will  print  YES  only  if  the  \'  flag  is  set.  The  Y  and  N 
flags  are  set  by  either  a  Match  or  If  statement. 

Error  Messages 

I  he  following  are  tlie  error  codes  generated  dining 
progiam  riui: 

1  -  Illegal  variable  name 


2  —  Unknown  Ial>el 

3  —  Stack  overflow  (too  many  Uses) 

4  —  Stack  empty  (an  F.:  with  no  Use) 
5—  liad  format 

6  Divisi(jn  by  zero 

7  -  Numeric  out  of  range  (greater  than  ;V27()7) 

Notes  On  Program  Operation 

1.  To  slop  a  PILOT  progiam  run,  hit  tlie  "(<i  "  kev. 
To  slop  a  list,  hit  any  key. 

2.  If  for  some  reason  tiie  [jrograin  retui  ns  to 
BASIC  level,  just  type  GOTO  40  <RE1  URN>  to 
re-enter  without  fosing  tlie  current  program. 

3.  If  a  NEW  statement  is  not  given  belore 
loading  a  new  program,  the  current  ]>rogiani  and 
the  new  program  will  be  merged  in  meuior\ . 

4.  The  maximum  number  of  lines  allowed  is 
contained  in  the  varialile  M  and  is  set  in  line  10. 

This  can  be  changed. 

5.  For  ca.ssettc  operation,  make  the  ioiiowing 
changes: 

500  OPENl,l,l,R$:PRINT"SAVING  "R$ 
600OPENl,I,0,RS:PRINT"LOADING"R$ 

6.  This  interpreter  is  about  l\K  b\  les  long, 
and  about  4K  bytes  are  taken  alter  system  initiali- 
zation. Tliis  still  leaves  '^K  on  an  8K  PET! 

This  program  gives  the  user  access  to  a  fairly 
complete  set  of  PII.O'I  cominands,  while  al  the 
same  time  leaving  enougli  s[)ace  for  program 
development  even  on  an  SK  PET. 

1  GOTO10:REI^***PILOT*** 

2  1$="" 

3  SyS826:IFPEEK(0)=13THENRETURN 

4  I$=IS+CHRS (PEEK(0) ) :G0T03 

10    CLR:H=20  0:X=0:Y=0:A=0:P=0:Z=0:I$="":DIMS%( 

9),N%(26),SS(26) ,LS(M) ,C$(15) :F%=0 
20    PRI(>IT"  {CLEAR}****    PILOT   V2.1    ****":  FORX=82 

6TO831:READZ:POKEX,Z:NEXT:FORX=0TO15 
2  5    READCSCX) : NEXT:DATA32 , 207 , 255 , 133 , 0 ,96 
30    DATALIST,RUN,SAVE,LOAD,NEW,BASIC,PLIST,T, J 

,E,U,H,C,A,I,H 
40    PRINT"{DOWN}PILOT. " 
50    G0SUB2:PRINT:IFASC(I$)=32ANDLEN{I$)=1THENG 

OTO50 
60    IFLEFTS  (I$,l)="    "THENI$=mDS  {IS,2)  :GOTO60 
70    L=VAL{I$) :IFL<>0THENGOTO200 

8  0    L=l:H=t1:RS="":F0RX=lT0LEN(lS)  :  IFHIDS  (I  5  ,  X  , 

1)<>"  "THENNEXTX:GOTO140 

9  0  R5=HIDS (IS,X+1) :IS=LEFTS(I5,X-1) 

100  L=VAL(R$} :H=L:F0RX=1T0LEN(RS)  :IFHIDS (R$,X  , 

1) <>"-"THENNEXT:GOTO120 
110  L=VAL(LEFT$  (RS,X-1) )  :H=VAL(MIDS (RS,X+1)  ) 
120  IFL=0THENL-1 
138  IFH=0THENH=M 
140  FORX=0TO6:IFI$<>LEFT$(C$(X) ,LEN(IS) )THENNE 

XT;PRINT"UNKNOWN  COMMAND. " :GOTO40 
150  ONX+1GOTO400,1000,500,6  00,7  00,8  00,390 
200  IFL>HTHENPRINT"LINE  NUMBER  OUT  OF  RANGE.": 

GQTO40 
210  X  =  LEN(STR$(L))  : XS=MID$ { I  $ , X)  : IFX$=" "THEHLS 

(L)="":GOTO50 
220  IFLEFTS{X$,1)="  "THENXS=HID$ (X$ , 2) ;GOTO220 
230  X=3:IFMID$(X$,2,1)<>":"THENX=4:IFMIDS(XS,3 

,1) <>":"THENL$(L)=X5:GOTO50 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


Ml 


,  .":END 
"•':NEXT:P=0:  F 


24  0    FQRZ=7T015:IFLEFT$(X$,1)<>C5 (Z) THENNEXT: PR 

INT"ILLEGAL   COMMAND. " :GOTO40 
250    IFMID$(X$,2,1)="Y"THENZ=Z+10 
260    IFHIDS (XS,2,l)="N"THENZ=Z+20 
27  0    LS (L}=CHR$ (Z-6)+MID$  CXS,X) :GOTO50 
390    OPENl,4:GOTO410 
400    0PEN1,3 

410    FORX=LTOH:IFLS (X) =" "THEN450 
4  20    XS=": ":Z=ASC(LS(X> ) ; IFZ>30THENX$=LEFT$ (LS { 

X) , 1) :GOTO440 
425    IFZ>20THENZ=Z-20:X5="N"+X$ 
430    IFZ>10THENZ=Z-10:X$="Y"+X5 
435    X$=CS (Z+6)+X$ 
440    PRINT#1,X;X$;MIDS (L$ (X)  ,2) 
450    GETX$:IFXS<>""THENCLOSE1:GOTO4  0 
460    NEXT:CLOSE1:GOTO40 

500    0PEN1,8,2,RS+",S,W":PRINT"SAVING    "RS 
510    F0RX=1T0M;IFLS  (X)  ='"'THEN530 
520    PRINT#1,X;CHRS(13)CHR$  (  34  )  L-$  {X  )  CHR5  (  34  )  CHR 

$(13); 
530    NEXTX:CLOSE1:GOTO40 

600    OPENl ,8,2,R$+",S,R":PRINT"LOADING     "RS 
610    INPUT#1,X:IFSTGOTO630 
620    INPUT#1,L$ (X) :IFST=0GOTO610 
630    CLOSE1:GOTO40 
700    GOTO10 

800    PRINT"  {DOWN}EXITING    TO    BASIC, 
10  00    L=0:FORX=1TO25:N%(X)=0:S$(X)= 

%  =  0 

1010  L=L+1:IFL=>M0HLS(L) ="END"THEN40 

1011  GETXS:IFX$="@"THEN40 
1015    IFL$(L) =""THEN1010 

1020    X=ASC(LS (L) ) :IFX>40THEN1010 

10  30    IFX>2  0THENX=X-20:IFF%=1THEN1010 

104  0    IFX>10THENX=X-10:IFF%=0THEN1010 

10  50    C$=MID$ (LS (L) ,2} :ONXGOTO1100,12  2  0,130  0,120 

0,1500,1600,1700,1800,1900 
1090    PRINT"ERROR    t"E"IN    LINE"L:GOTO40 
110  0    Z=0: I FRIGHTS {C$,1 )="; "THENZ=1 :C$=LEFT$ (C5 , 

LEN(CS)-l) 
1105    F0RX=1T0LEN(CS) : X$=MIDS (CS , X, 1) :IFX$="#"TH 

EN1150 
1110    IFX$="$"THEN1160 
1120    PRINTXS; :NEXT: IFZ=0THENPRINT 
1130    GOTO1010 

1150    GOSUB1190:XS=STR$ (N% (Y) ) :GOTO1120 
1160    GOSUB1190:X$=S$(Y) :GOTO1120 
1190    X=X+1:Y=ASC(MID$(C$,X,1) ) -64 : IFY<10RY>26TH 

ENE=1:GOTO1090 
1195    RETURN 

1200    IFP>8THENE=3:GOTO1090 
1210    P=P+1:S% (P)=L 

1220    IFVAL(C$) <>0THENL=VAL(C$)-1:GOTO1010 
123  0    FORX  =  1TOM:  IFCSOLS  (X) THENNEXT;  E=2:GOTO109  0 
1240    L=X:GOTO1010 
1300    IFP=0THENE=4:GOTO1090 
1310    L=S% (P) :P=P-1:GOTO1010 
1500    X=1:C$=C$  +  ", ":XS=AC$: I  FLEETS (CS , 1) ="S "THEN 

GOSUB1590 
1510    F0RZ=XT0LEN(C5) ; IFMIDS (C$ , Z , 1) <>" , "THENNEX 

T 
1520    ZS=MID$ (CS,X,Z-X) :F0RY=1T0LEN{X$) : IFMIDS (X 

$,Y,LEN{ZS) )=ZSTHENF%=1:GOTO1010 
1560    NEXT:IFZ<LEN(C$)THENX=Z+1:GOTO1510 
1570    F%=0:GOTO1010 

159  0    Y=ASC(MIDS(CS,2) ) -64 : IFY<10Ry>26THENE=l  :G0 

TO1090 
1595    X$=SS(Y) :X=4:RETURN 

160  0  A=3:Z=0:X$="": IFLEFTS (C$ , 1) <>"# "ORMIDS (C$, 

3,1)<>"-"THENE=5:GOTO1090 
1610  Y=1:X5=MIDS(C$,A,1) : A=A+1 : IFMIDS (C$,A,1}=" 

-"THENA=A+1:Y=-1 
1620  IFMIDS(CS,A,1)<>"#"THENY=Y*VAL(MIDS(CS,A) ) 

:A=A+LEN(STR$ (Y) )-l:GOTO1650 
1630  X=ASC(MIDS (CS,A+1) ) -64 : IFX<10RX>26THENE=1 : 

GOTO1090 


1635  IFX=18THENY=Y*RND(1) :GOTO1650 

1640  Y=Y*M%(X) :A=A+2 

1650  IFXS="="THENZ=Y 

1655  IFX$="-''THENZ=Z-Y 

1660  IFXS="+"THENZ=Z+Y 

1665  IFX$  =  ''/"ANDY=0THENE=6:GOTO109  0 

1670  IFXS="*"THENZ=Z*Y 

1675  IFX$="/"THENZ=Z/Y 

1630    IFA<=LEM(CS)GOTO1610 

1685  Y=N%(X1} :IFX-4>0THEMIFMIDS (CS ,X-4 ) ="-"ANDX 

-4<>ATHENZ=-Z 
1690  X=ASC(MIDS (C$,2} ) -64 : I FX<10RX>26THENE=1 :G0 

TO1090 

169  2  IFZ>32767ORZ<-32767THENE=7:GOTO1090 
1695  N%{X)=ZiGOTO1010 

170  0  IFC$=""THENGOSUB2:AC$=I$:PRINT:GOTO1010 
1720  X=ASC{HIDS (C$,2) ) -64 : IFX<10RX>26THENE=1 :G0 

TO1090 
1730  G0SUB2:Z=VAL(IS) : PRINT: IFLEFTS (CS , 1 )="# "TH 

ENN%(X)=Z 
174  0  IFLEFTS (CS , 1) ="$"THENSS (X)=IS 
1750  GOTO1010 

18  00  IFLEFTS (CS,1}<>"#"THENE=5:GOTO1090 
1810  X=ASC(MIDS  (C$,2)  ) -64  :  IFX<10RX>26THENE  =  1 -.GO 

TO1090 
18  20  A=N%  (X)  :XS=MID$  (CS,  3,1)  :  IFHIDS  (CS,4,1}<>''# 

"THENX=VAL(MID$(C$,4) ) :GOTO1840 
1830  X=ASC{MID$ (C$,5) ) -64 : IFX<10RX>26THENE=1 :G0 

TO1090 
1835  X=N%(X) 

1840  F%=0:IFXS="<"ANDA<XTHENF%=1 
1850  IFX$=">"ANDA>XTHENF%=1 
1860  IFXS="="ANDA=XTHENF%=1 
1870  GOTO1010 
1900  PRINT" (CLEAR}"; :GOTO1010 


MEMOREX 

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■A  Commodore  TMtle  Mrfrt      Dealer  inquiries  Welcome'     f41  6)263-8064 


20  Questions 

1  Hs 

2  Ts WELCOME  TO  THE  GAME 
OF  TWENTV  QUESTIONS.. 

3  T:BY  asking  QUESTIONS 
WHICH  HAVE  YES  OR 

4  T:NO  ANSWERS,    TRY  TO 
GUESS  THE  OBJECT 

5  T: WHICH  HAS  BEEN  SELECTED. 

6  T: 

7  T:BE  SURE  TO  END  EACH 
QUESTION  WITH  A  '?'. 

8  T: 

9  T: 

10  C:#C=0 
n  *ROUND 

12  C:#C=#C+1 

13  *QUESTION 

14  T: ENTER  QUESTION  #C 

15  As 

16  M:? 

17  TN:THAT  ISN'T  A  QUESTION. 

18  JN:*QUESTION 

19  ri:A?,E?,I?,0?,U?,Y? 

20  TY:YES 

21  TN5M0 

22  Ti 

23  I:#C<20 

24  JY:*RCiUND 

25  TiEND  OF  TWENTY 
QUESTIONS.    PRESS  RETURN 

26  T:TO  START  AGAIN. 

27  A: 

28  J:l 

29  END 


Guess 

1  H* 

2  tItHIS  IS  THE  GAME  OF 
GUESS. 

3  T:TRY  to  GUESS  A  NUMBER 
BETWEEN   1 

4  TsAND   100. 

5  C:#e=0 

6  C:#N=#R*100 

7  *GUESS 

8  C:#G=#G+1 

9  T: 

10  T: GUESS  NUMBER  #G  ?; 
12  A:#Q 

15  I:#Q<#N 

16  TV! TO  LOW. 

17  I:#Q=#N 

18  TY:RIGHT! 

20  JY:*END 

21  I:#Q>#N 

22  TY:TO  HIGH. 

23  JJ*GUESS 

25  *END 

26  T: 

27  T SPLAY  AGAIN  ?  r 

28  A: 

29  M! YES, OK, ALRIGHT, GOOD, V 

30  JY:1 

31  T:O.K.  ,    GOODBYE! 

32  END  -f=5 


IN  #G  GUESSES. 


Recreational  Computins 
Back  Issues 


Recrealtonal  Computing  was  the  firsl  and  only  personal  computing  magazine  when  it  started 
in  1 972  (it  was  calleci  the  PCC  Newspaper  back  then).  Bob  Albrecht.  David  Thornburg.  Isaac 
Asimov.  Don  Innnan.  Rannon  Zamora,  Robert  Jastrow.  Mac  Oglesby,  Adam  Osborne  -  the  list 
oi  authors  reads  like  a  Who's  Who  of  nnicrocomputing.  These  and  many  other  authors  con- 
tributed some  of  the  finest  articles  about  computers  and  now-classic  games  to  the  pages  of 
Recreational  Computing. 

Last  falf,  Recreational  Computing  was  merged  into  C0MPUTE1  and  we  are  now  offering 
available  back  issues.  Whalever  your  interest,  you'll  find  something  here  -  from  Spanish 
BASIC  to  Computers  in  Sports  Medicine,  from  Future  Fantasy  Games  to  Robot  Pets 


September  1974  A  Prachcal.  Low-cost  Home'School 
Microprocessor  Sys'.em.  The  Computer  Ifjileracy  Problem 
Erght  Games  In  BASIC 

March  1975  Build  Your  Own  BASIC  The  Computer  In  An. 
BiorMyihms 

March^^Apiil  1976  A  TTY  Game  Games  Wrih  Tre  Pocket 
Calculator  Dodgem  Square.  Tiny  BASIC  To  Go 
July  1976  BASIC  Wusic  Tiriy  Trek  Fw  Atiair.  16  Bit  Com- 
puter Kkt.  Musical  Numbers  Guessing  Game.  Prt^rammei's 
TooUkjx 

September/October  1976  Computer  Games  In  The  Class- 
room, Planets  Game,  Dungeons  And  Dragons,  Hats  Game. 
Pythagoras  And  Ralsonal  Music 

NovembOT/Decembef  1976  Siory.  Snake,  Packl,  t^rogs 
Games,  Make  Believe  Compuiors,  TIig  First  West  Coast 
Compuier  Faire,  SubrOLimes,  The  First  Computer 
January/February  1977  Robot  Pets,  Computers  And 
Space,  Tiny  Languages.  Teaching  Using  Conversational 
Programming.  High  School  Compuiers.  Rs^efse.  Tiny 
PILOT  Mastermind 

MarctVApril  1977  Z-80  PILOT,  6502  Assembly  Program- 
ming,  Tiny  BASIC  For  Begmnei's.  Matin  Drills  S  Games, 
Community  Information  Systems.  Mine.  Saes  Simulation, 
Naiive  American  Board  Games 

JulyyAugust  1977  Do-il-yourseli  CAI,  Pet  Robots  Mew 
Capabilities.  PILOT.  CAi  in  BASC,  Pfogrammmg  The  HP 
25.  Capture,  lr:verse  Reverse,  8080  Matrut  Subroutines. 

Women  And  Computers 

September/October  1977  The  S595  PET,  More  Tmy  Lan- 
guages Computer  Networks.  The  Bead  Game,  Biofeed- 
back And  Microcompuiers  Part  1 ,  Home  Energy  Manage- 
meni  Sandpiie  Game.  A  BASIC  PILOT 

January^'Febfuafy  1978  Pascal  Vs  BASfC  COIWAL 
Structured  BASIC,  Video  Disks:  Magic  Lamps  lor 
Educators?.  A  Computer  Revolut^on?,  Pounce.  The 
lylechanicsof  Rotxits,  TRS-flO  A  Status  Report 

March/Apn'l  1978  Epic  Computer  Garr>es.  Micros  lor  the 
Handicapped.  Byckets  Game.  Prayer  Wheel  Program. 
Compuier  Contagion.  JVeasuring  Time,  Frog  Race  The  IBIVI 
3?0  ModeJ  69 

July/Aggust  1 978  Computer  Wlii/"  Kids,  Pubhc  Access  To 
Computers.  Ivlan-made  (blinds.  Posl-human  Inlelligence.  A 
t^lodernday  Wedicme  Show,  Live  Wire  Design,  ASCII 
Graph'X  Baseball,  Concentration,  Gambters  Paradox 

Septembef/October  1978  Kingdom  Game,  Computers 
and  Museums,  Sorcerer  of  Exidy.  Snooping  With  Your  PET. 
APL  Decimals  in  Tmy  BASIC  Appte  lylaih.  TRS-SO  Level  It: 
A  Grown-up  Field  Evaluation 

November/Decembef  1976  APL  Games  The  Return  o1  the 
Dragons  Animated  Games  lor  TRSBO,  RuiequESI.  Alt  \n 
The  Mnd.  The L-5  Society,  Plianinum,  Sofr>e  GuideSines tor 
Microcomputer  Ctiess  Dataman 
January/February  1979  A  Jules  Verne  Fantasy,  Ariilicta' 
Intelligence.  The  Apple  Corps  is  Wjlh  Us,  TRS-30  PersonaE 
Sot:i.vare.  Vend  ng  Machine  Gets  "Bratn,"  Appfe  11  I  O,  The 
Memory  Game.  REINO  Spanish  Kingdom 
March/April  1979  Calculator  Comics,  'Lord  ol  the  Rings,' 
Chess  Reconsidered,  Database,  Beasiiary.  Cotor  Yotjr  Own 
Graphics.  Universe,  Easy  POKEing  with  Applesoft  BASIC. 
Air  Haid,  TnS-80  3-D  Plots.  Slot  Apple  Rose 
May/June  1979  PILOT  for  Apple  li  The  Game  of  Lite.  Goto 
Handicapping,  Hunt,  BASSCvs  Pascal,  Inspector  Clew- so. 
Flash  tcr  SOL  Faster  Jumble:  Concept  Sans  Computer,  A 
Beginners  Guide  To  FRP 


July^'AuguSt  1 979  Summer  Fun  Foofmgi  Around  With  Your 
PET.  Crvptariihms.  Baseball,  l^ewetl  Awls  Goat.  ZorK  A 
Computerized  Fantasy  Simulation  Game  Wt^i  Light  on 
Yorder  Panel  Flashes  The  Dedicated  Ww d  Processor.  The 
FOflTE  Musrc  Programming  Language 
Sef^snibef/Oclober  1979  TRS  SO  Outside  Connection. 
Tne  Architecture  a*  Muiti-Piayer  Games.  The  Sounds  of 
Texas  Instruments  Dynamic  Color  Graphics  on  the  New 
Alan,  An  Apple  PILOT  Gandalf.  Spanish  BASIC,  Designing 
Anirr-.ai  Games  APL  Mastermind 
Novembef/Decembef  1979  SHOGI  Games  For  You  To 
Program,  Atari  Sounds.  Texas  Instrument  Graphics  and  Ani^ 
mation.  Interrupt.  Match  Me,  Catendar,  Making  Music  on  the 
PET.  Tower  of  Hanoi,  Bingo,  Animal  Games 
January/February  1980  Computing  and  Holistic  Hoailh.  Tl 
Graphics  and  Animation  Pan  2.  Games  To  Program,  New 
Directions  in  l^Jumencat  ComptJlmg,  An  Extended  BASIC 
"IF"  Facilrty.  Beating  Computer  Anxiety,  Capture  lor  PET, 
81380  Tic  Tac  Toe.  Chamwalk.  Programming  Problems 
March/April  1980  Special  Games  Issue;  Recrealiqn  Apple 
II  Hi^res  Graphics,  Delicious  Functions,  Galaxy  II,  Fairy 
Chess.  Raging  Robots,  Program  Instruction  Builder.  Data 
Rclnevai  A"n  Iniroduction 

May/Jui>e  1380  Iniroductron  fo  Cornputei  Music,  CBBS 
PiTone  Numbers.  6502  Machine  Language.  The  Eleclfic 
Phone  Boc*,  Number  Translation.  Sea  Search,  Apple  Ani- 
mation ,  Twisler  Move  Generator.  DOZO,  Shell  Game.  Home 
Vrdeo  Displays  A  Proposed  Graphics  Language 
July/August  1930  Fantasy  Games  Issue  Wrrte  Yajr  Own 
Computer  Fantasy  Simulation.  Wizards  Castle.  On  Future 
Fantasy  Games  Wonderful  World  of  Eamon,  fn  f3efense  ot 
Hackers  Touch  Panels  and  Inlejacfive  Graphics 
September/October  1980  Probability  Trees  Big  Business 
on  the  l^icro.  The  Best  of  Peopfes  Computer  Company 
Computer  Analysis  of  Athlescs,  Word  Search  Computers  m 
Sports  l^4e13lClne,  Wired  Revolution  m  Typography'?. 
T  extrapolation 

November/December  1980  Computerized  Voting. 
Computer-Using  Educators.  Hotrod  Computers,  House  of 
the  Future,  Yote,  DOZO  m  Pascal,  What  is  TrutIP  Sixth 
Order  tragic  Squares  on  a  TRS-SO 
January /February  1981  The  Education  Pevolutian  Com. 
pulor  Games  in  |he  Classroom.  An  ArlproUucintj  Turilt}, 
Computer  Literacy  Resources,  Musical  Compositiofis 
Using  Compuiers.  fvlicrocompulers  in  China,  Twenty  Ques- 
tions. The  Phrates  Life  for  Me.  Computers  and  the  Volcan-c 
Fallout 

March/April  1M1  Space  Exploration  Froniters  tor  Yoj  and 
Your  Mfcro.  Voyage  To  Aniares,  A  Spaceship  Simulator,  TPve 
Computer  as  Chess  Ally.  Slai  Trek  -  A  Dialogue  Approacti 
Mark  of  Breeding  (fiction)  Ttie  Fifteen  Pu22le 
Rilay/June  1981  Usmg  Computers  at  Sesame  Place  Atari 
PILOT  and  Turtle  Graphics  Computer  Anatomy  tor  Begin- 
ners, The  Impact  o*  Micjos.  Nevada-Style  6-spo1  Keno. 
Sketch  Pad,  Sum  ol  the  Digits  TRS  80  Pioperty  Manage 
ment  Program.  The  Pocket  Corner 
Juty/August  1981  Which  Computer  Should  You  Buy', 
^Commodore  s  New  Rainbow  Machine.  The  Wired  Nation 
Do  We  Want  VP  Computers  at  the  Junior  Museum.  3-D  Tic 
Tac  Toe  for  PET  Number  Crossword  for  all  Computers 
September/OcttAer  1981  43  Ways  To  Wake  Money  With 
Your  Micro.  How  To  Stan  A  Software  Exchange.  Who  Are 
Compuier  Cnrnmals'^  Micros  Behincj  Bais,  Number  Sys- 
tems. Compuier  Knock-f<r;ocl^JokesinBAS5C  anciLISP  For 
Photographers  Only.  Fibonacci  Nim,  Roman  Numeral  Con^ 
versum  Programum 


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December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


143 


Part  II 

Last  munth  we  jc  a  lured  lite  skeleton  of  the  world's  most  intelligent  Cliristiiias  card  —  an  Atari  program  which  ivouhl 
use  several  of  the  machine's  special  features  to  delight  youngsters  and  involve  them  right  away  in  using  their  computer 
Christmas  present.  The  article  concludes  this  issue  with  the  spectacular  music  and  animation  version  of  the  program.  It 
re(juires  16K  RAM. 

An  Atari  For  Christmas 

Adding  Music  And  Movement 

Brendo  Balch 
Redondo  Beoch,  CA 


We  ctmipleted  the  basic  framework  last  monih  fur 
the  Christmas  computer  program.  It  should  intro- 
duce my  sister's  tamily  to  computers  in  a  most 
triendly  way.  Now  I  can  think  ol  sonu'thing  iinic[iie 
about  each  person  who  will  be  there  Christmas  day 
and  turn  that  into  a  pictvue  and  melody.  Alter  a 
number  of  attempts  my  list  looks  like  this: 


Name 

Picture 

Song 

Brenda 

Rcnais.s;nitc 

Ritllte  Pcivaiw  (yW\SMM\u\y,  \iiKn{  orilv 

iiistrumciUs 

in  four  parts) 

Carohii 

Children 

n'iaSmallW'iirld 

Kathv 

Dancer 

Dance oj  tlu- S iitr/i >  Plii ?ri  Fnin 

Ruiii 

Cake 

This  is  dw  Way  \Vf ... 

Making  Melodies 

First  the  music.  AH  I  want  is  shoit  melodies.  Alt 
these  tunes  are  in  my  head,  but  how  do  I  get  them 
into  my  computer?  I  don't  play  by  ear,  but  Fortu- 
nately I  have  a  friend  who  does.  I  watch  his  fingers 
and  write  down  the  notes  as  lie  plays. 

Now  I  need  to  determine  iiow  long  each  note 
is.  Out  comes  the  Music  Composer,  anci  a  lot  of 
trial  and  error  begins.  Anv  mistakes  left  in  these 
tunes  are  probably  in  my  head,  as  well  as  in  my 
Atari. 

Since  I  think  of  music  m  terms  of  quarter 
notes,  eighth  notes,  etc.,  I  would  like  to  enter  each 
note  as  a  pitch  number  (using  the  table  in  the  BASIC 
Reference  Manual  is  easy),  followefi  bv  a  1,  (S.  etc.  I 
also  want  to  change  the  tempo  easily  until  I  like  the 
speed.  Thus  the  PNOTE  (play  note)  subroutine  is 
born.  (l,ater  I  notice  a  dolled  quaitcr  becomes 
an  awkward  2.66.  Next  time  I'll  try  something 
different.) 

The  first  time  I  wrote  diis  subiouiine,  I  tried 
to  use  the  variable  NOTE,  which  BASIC  would 
stubbornly  turn  into  NOT  E.  I  finally  decided  to 


heed  the  advice  to  stay  away  from  variables  which 
start  with  keywords.  (The  use  of  INPUT$  can  also 
give  problems  in  certain  contexts.) 

The  only  lour-part  music  I  attempt  is  the 
Renaissance  Battle  Pavane.  One  interesting  charac- 
teiistic  of  this  musical  phrase  is  how  the  parts  move 
at  diff  ereiu  times.  This  makes  data  entry  difficult, 
and  requires  a  different  philosophy  about  when  to 
tmn  off  a  note.  I  use  zero  as  a  flag  to  indicate  tliat 
a  note  is  not  to  be  turned  off  (i.e.,  that  it  is  to  be 
held).  I  turn  each  note  off  just  before  the  next  note 
in  that  voice  starts.  If  zero  were  needed  to  provicle 
rests,  one  could  be  used  as  the  flag  to  hold  a  note. 

As  I  try  various  options,  the  code  in  the  routine 
lakes  long  enough  that  it  affects  the  tempo.  After 
several  attempts  I  get  a  slow  but  regular  beat  (see 
lines  850-895).  This  involves  using  the  subroutine 
to  give  a  sixteenth  note  duration  and  using  the 
main  routine  and  hold  flags  to  till  out  quarter 
notes,  etc.  (I'll  leave  finding  a  better  solution  to  a 
rainv'  day.) 

Animation 

I  kjok  thi'ough  my  list  of  pictiu'es  for  required     ' 
motion.  Dancers  certainly  must  dance,  and  1  want 
to  try  simple  player/missile  graphics.  Horizontal 
nio\'enicnt  will  be  enough  lor  me.  I  bring  out  mv 
graph  paper  and  discover  my  major  problem  is 
lack  of  artistic  taleni.  How  ^/w  dancers  dance?  Several 
tries  (including  walking  around  on  my  toes  to 
watch  wliat  I  do)  produce  the  routine  at  lines 
17000-17240. 

A  dancer  should  move  in  time  to  the  music,  so 
calls  to  PNOl'E  are  alternated  witli  changing  the 
dancer's  feet. 

Nothing  else  in  my  list  seems  to  require  motion. 
But  1  find  I  can  give  the  impression  of  something 


/^3^^  lyefcomerTHORN  EMI  &  Spinnaker 

New  Software  Companies  for  the  Atari  400/800 


PROGRnm 

/TORE 


r  From  THORN  EMI  "\ 

I    A  Batch  of  British  Favorites,  From  Children's    j 
Y        Games  to  Sophisticated  Simulations.        J 


SUBMARINE 
COMMANDER 

From  THORN  EMI 

Your  mission:  destroy  all  enemy  merchanl  shipping  In 
the  Mediterranean.  Locate  enerr^y  strips  using  your 
Sonar  and  periscope,  attacking  when  they're  within 
firing  range.  But  watch  your  instrument  panel  careful- 
ly !o  monitor  your  fuel,  oxygen,  battery  charge  and 
Sonar  levels,  so  you'll  tie  ready  for  instant  action  — 
dtving  to  avoid  enemy  depth  charges,  or  tiring  your 
own. 

ROM  Cartridge,  $49.95-  $ave  15* 

Now  Thru  Dec.  31,  You  Pay  Only  $42.46 


DARTS 


From  THORN  EMI 

Tlie  traditional  pulwoom 'game  of  darts,  depicted  In 

strikingly  beautiful  graphics   and  sound.   IJse  your 

Joystlcif   to   position  the   thrower's   tiand— 10   skill 

levels  allow  for  ail  ages  of  players.  Once  thmwn,  the 

dart  either  finds  lis  mari(  or  bounces  off  the  wire 

separators  (with  a  realistic  "clink"  sound), 

1  to  4  players  including  the  computer.  If  you  like. 

16K  Tape,  S3ft9S  Save  t5* 

Now  Thru  Dec.  31  You  Pay  Only  $25.46 


CRIBBAGE 
&  DOMINOES 


From  THORN  EMI 

Challenge  your  computer  to  a  game  of  either  of  these 

favorites.  At  first,  the  ciomputef  may  leave  you  far 

tjehind,  but  you'll  even  the  score  as  you  work  out  and 

try  new  strategies.  Great  way  to  practice  and  surprise 

your  friends. 

16K  Tape,  $29.95  /gf 

POOL 

From  THORN  EMI 
Great  action  simulation  of  the  game,  with  3  varia- 
tions: Tournament.  8-Bail  and  Piactice  Pool.  Play 
against  a  friend  or  the  computer,  using  your  |oystick 
to  maneuver  your  "cue  stick".  With  instruction 
booklet  for  beginners.  Requires  joystick. 

16K  Tape,  $29.95 


SNOOKER 
&  BILLIARDS 


From  THORN  EMI 

Great  way  to  learn  or  practice  your  technique  with  the 
computer.  Then,  when  you're  an  "accomplished" 
player,  challenge  your  friends  to  a  few  matches.  Full 
foyslick  control  tor  angle  and  strength  of  each  shot. 
Fun  tor  beginners  and  advanced  players;  4  game 
variations.  Requires  joystiok. 

16K  Tape,  $29.95 


JUMBO  JET 
PILOT 


From  THORN  EMI 

You're  (he  pilot  in  this  sophisticated  flight  simulation, 
with  full  instrument  panel  plus  views  through  the 
cockpit  windows.  You'll  take  off,  navigate  to  your  re- 
qutred  destitution,  then  land  safely.  Once  you've 
mastered  the  basics,  try  your  hand  at  the  "extras": 
can  you  fly  upside  down?  Loop  the  loop?  At  the  end  of 
each  "flight",  the  computer  fates  your  perfomianca 
10  game  variations.  Requires  ioystick. 

ROM  Cartndge,  $49:95  Sgyg  J5% 

Now  Thru  Dec  31,  You  Pay  Only  $42.46 


HUMPTY 
DUMPTY  & 
JACK  &  JILL 

From  THORN  EMI 
A  new  twist  on  an  old  favorite:  "jigsaw"  puzzles  for 
the  wliole  family!  The  picture  of  eacfi  nursery  rfiyme 
tfieme  is  sfiown  on  tfie  computer  scfeen-dlvlded  inio 
9,  16,  25  or  36  squares,  Willi  cfioice  of  difficulty  levels. 
The  computer  jumbles  up  the  picture  by  moving  the 
squares  around,  and  you  have  to  put  them  back 
(ogett^er  again.  43  game  variations  to  delight 
everyone  from  pre-school  children  to  adults.  Only  1 
player  at  a  time,  pJease. 

16K  Tape,  $29.95 
Also  available: 

HICKORY  OICKORY  DOCK 
BAA  BAA  BLACK  SHEEP 

16K  Tape,  $29.95 


SNOOPER 
TROOPS 


From  Spinnaker    AfaCEMAKER 


Delightful  Collection  of  Children's  Programs 
That  Teach  As  They  Enchant. 


By  Tom  Snyder  from  Spinnaker 
As  a  Snooper  Trooper,  you're  a  detective  assigned  to 
solva  mysteries.  You  drive  around  tov^n  m  your  Snoop- 
Mobile,  with  wrist  radio,  SnoopNet  computer,  camera 
for  SnoopShots,  and  notebook.  Full  color  graphics 
and  sound. 

C«*e  #1 :  The  Granite  Point  Ghost 
Someone  is  Iryinp  to  scare  the  Kim  family  Who— or 
What?  And  Why?  Ages  10  to  adult. 
4fiK  Disk,  $44.95 

Cas«  #2:  The  Disappearing  Dolphin 
Someone  Stole  Lily  the  Dolphin  from  the  Tabasco 
Aquarium.  Can  you  find  her?  Ages  10  to  adult. 
48K  Dtsk,  $44.95 


STORY 
MACHINE 

From  Spinnaker 
Imaginative  teaching  tool  ttiat  encourages  yourig 
children  to  write  sentences  and  stories  of  their  own  as 
the  computer  acfs  them  outt  They  must  become 
familiar  with  the  computer  keytoard  and  use  the 
38-word  vocabulary  list  correctly.  (The  computer  will 
not  accept  incorrect  grammar}.  As  they  type,  the  com- 
puter shows  their  words  in  act/on.  Delightful  and 
motivational.  Ages  5  to  9- 
4dK  Disk,  $34.95 


From  Spinnaker 

Clever  and  fun  introduction  to  computer  programming 
and  keyboard  familiarity.  In  game  1,  the  chifd  com- 
pletes a  blank  face,  choosing  from  sets  of  eyes,  ears, 
noses.  Game  2  starts  with  completed  face.  Child 
enters  instructions  to  make  face  smlfe,  wink,  wiggle 
its  ears.  Game  3  presents  sequences  of  faces  which 
the  child  must  reproduce  in  correct  order.  Full  color 
graphics  and  sound.  Ages  4  to  S. 
48K  Disk,  $34.95 


CHRISTMAS  SAMPLER 

From  Spinnaker 

Great  holiday  package  that  brings  the  classics  "to 
life"  with  full  color  graphics  and  sound,  interspersed 
with  animation.  Stories  are  told,  plus  a  selection  of 
Christmas  carols,  accompanied  by  screen  texts  that 
are  easy  to  follow.  Christmas  music  is  the  3rd  ingre- 
dient—perfect for  family  gatherings,    a         4A^ 

48K  Disk,  S2ft9S  ^8Ve  10% 

Now  Thru  Dec.  31 ,  You  Pay  Only  $23.96 


Over  1 500  Programs  for  TRS-80, 


For  Informatibn  Call 
202-363-9797 

Visit  our  other  stores: 

829  Bethel  Rd.,  Columbus  OH 

Seven  Corners  Center,  Falls  Church.  VA 

W.  Bell  Plaza.  6600  Sectjrity  Blvd.,  Baltimore  MD 


PROGRflm 
/TOftC 


ATARI  400/800,  APPLE  &  IBM. 


Order  Call  Toll-Free 
800-424-27381 


■  TM 


MAIL  ORDERS:  Send  check  or  M.O.  for  total  purchase 
price,  plus  S2.a0  postage  &  handling.  D.C..  MD.  &  VA.:  add 
sales  tax.  Charge  cards:  include  all  embossed  information 
on  the  card. 


4200  Wisconsin  Avenue,  NW,  Dept.  U21 2    Box  9582  Washington,  D.C.  20016 


Atari  Holiday  Reading 


PROGRRm 


YOUR 
ATARI 
COMPUTER 


By  Poole.  McNiff  &  Cook  from  Osborne/McGrawHi 
Comprehensive,  allinone  guide  for  Atari  400/800 
computers  that  is  helpful  to  the  beginning  and  ad- 
vanced programmer.  Complete  operating  instruc- 
tions; detailed  BASIC  programmir^g.  including  a 
handy  a(pr>abetical  gfossary  of  BASIC  statements 
and  functions;  advanced  BASIC:  computer  graphics; 
and  tips  on  tiardware,  peripherals  and  compatible 
software. 

SoHcover,  S16.95 

COMPUTErS 
SECOND  BOOK 
OF  ATARI 

From  Compute!  Books 
An  all  naw  collection  of  navar-bafora  publlstied 
articfes  on  ttie  Atari  for  beginner  to  advanced  users. 
Topics  include:  Utilities.  Programming.  Graphics. 
Applications  and  Beyond  BASIC. 

Spiral-bound,  $12.95 

GAMES  & 
RECREATIONS 

From  Reslon 

This  new  book  is  packed  with  games  and  ideas  on 

how  to  create  your  own.  You'll  discover  Ifie  speciai 

Atari  capabilities  of  the  keyboard,  graphics,  sound 

and  color.  The  book  provides  an  entertarning  way  to 

learn  more  atjout  general  programming,  too. 

Part  I:  Learning  Through  Games.  Part  II:  Games  tor 

(he  Atari.    Pari    III:  The  Atari   Special.   Plus  seven 

appendices. 

Softcover,  $14,95  Hardcover,  $19,95 

MASTER  MEMORY  MAP 

From  Santa  Cruz  Software 

If  you  are  serious  about  programming  the  Atari,  this 
booklet  could  become  one  of  your  most  important 
tools,  A  highly  detailed  map  of  the  Atari's  memory,  it 
details  thousands  of  locations  and  routines.  Using 
this  booklet  makes  easier  the  use  of  display  list, 
player/missile,  and  interrupt  graphics.  The  "Miscel- 
laneous Notes"  section  contains  a  wealtfi  of  knowl- 
edge picked  up  by  Santa  Cruz  in  their  explorations  of 
the  Atari.  Also  included  are  notes  on  the  new  GTIA 
graphics  chip. 
Softcover,  S6.95 

VISICALC 
HOME  AND 
OFFICE 
COMPANION 

By  CastleA'itz  and  Chisausky 

from  Osborne/McGraw  Hill 
Fifty  VisiCalc  models  for  home  and  office,  including: 
investmenis.  inveniory,  sal'es  forecasts,  payroll,  per- 
sonal net  worth,  home  budget  planning,  family  in- 
surance needs.  Each  comes  with  model  listings, 
sample  prmted  reports  and  narrative. 

Softcover,  $15.95 


6502 

ASSEMBLY 
LANGUAGE 
SUBROUTINES 

By  Leventhal  and  Saville  from  Osborne/McGrawHill 
If  you're  mierested  in  using  assembly  language 
quicKly,  this  book  is  ideal,  tl  describes  genera!  6502 
programming  melhods,  provides  code  for  mo^e  than 
40  subroutines  to  help  you  improve  your  program- 
ming skills,  debug  or  revfse  an  existing  program;  add 
instructions  and  addressing  modes, 

Softcover,  $15.95 


ATARI 
SOUND 
AND 
GRAPHICS 

By  Moore,  Lower  and  Albrecht  (rom  John  Wiley 
Tills  self-paced,  self-teactiing  guide  will  tiava  you 
seeing  and  hearing  things  or  your  Atari  in  no  time- 
even  it  you're  a  complete  beginner.  You'll  learn  to 
compose  and  play  melodies,  draw  cartoons,  create 
sound  effects  and  games.  Each  section  teaches 
someltiing  new  in  BASIC,  the  most  commonly  used 
computer  language. 

Softcover,  $9.95 


PICTURE  THIS! 

An  Introduction  to 
Computer  Graphics 
tor  Kids  of  All  Ages 

By  David  0.  Thornburg  from  Addison-Wesiey 
This  book  promises  to  become  the  'modern  replace- 
ment tor  coloring  books  and  crayons".  It's  a  learn. by- 
dotng  manual  that  uses  PILOT,  a  simpler  language 
Ihan  BASIC,  and  Turtle  Geometry  to  teach  kids  lo 
create  pictures  in  full  coior  from  simple  Imes  to  com- 
plex angles  and  curves.  Recommended  tor  use  in 
conjunction  with  PILOT  Cartridge. 

Spiral-bound,  $14.95 


[he  EEQI 
Assembler 


ATARI  '^^^''^ 

ASSEMBLER         ^^'^ 

By  Don  &  Kurt  Inman  from  Reston 
While  the  Atari  Assembler  Carlridge  comes  with  an 
operating  manual,  it  assumes  that  you  already  know 
assembly  language.  If  youYe  new  (o  the  Atari  or  its 
6502  processor,  this  book  is  a  must.  The  Inmans 
guide  you  through  the  rudiments  of  thrs  fascinating 
type  of  programming  In  clear,  easy  steps.  Includes 
full  listing  and  description  of  6502  mnemonics  and 
addressing  modes.  Recommended  for  use  in  con- 
junction with  Assembler  Cartridge. 

Softcover,  $12.95 


INSIDE 
ATARI  DOS 

By  Bill  Wilkinson  from  Compute 
The  comprehensive  manual  on  ihe  disk  File  Manager 
System  (FMS),  commonly  known  as  Atari  DOS  2, OS. 
Contains  the  only  complete  and  official  listing  for 
the  system,  plus  a  full  description  of:  the  external 
view,  charts  &  tables,  various  interfaces  and  func- 
tions of  individual  subroutines. 

Spiral-bound,  S19.95 


DERE 
ATARI 

From  APX 

Translated  from  Lalin,  the  tttle  o1  this  book  is  "All 
About  Atari"  and  it  means  what  it  says!  Used  in 
combination  with  Atari's  Technical  Reference 
Manual,  advanced  programmers  will  be  able  to  learn 
to  exploit  the  many  hardware  and  operating  system 
features  tttal  make  the  Atari  400(800  so  tremendous- 
ly versatile.  Includes  a  useful  discussion  of  the  new 
GTIA  chip.  Once  you  know  Atari  BASIC  ana 
assembler,  this  book  Is  a  must., 

Loose  leaf 

(binder  not  supplied), 

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COMPUTERS 
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Atari  Edition  By  Sally  Larsen  from  Creative 
The  BASIC  programming  manual  written  for  kids, 
Jrom  flowcharts  to  color  graphics.  Including  the 
sure-to-please  progjram,  "Scare  Mom  with  an  Ele- 
phant." Detailed  instructions  and  sketches  plus 
glossary  of  statements  and  commands.  With  lesson 
plans  and  tips  for  parents  and  teachers. 
Softcover,  $4.95 


STIMULATING 
SIMULATIONS, 

Atari  Version, 
2nd  Edition 

By  C.W.  Engel  (rom  Hayoen 
A  handbook  o(  12  simufalion  games  mcluding  An 
Auctfon,  Starship  Alpha,  Monster  Chase  and  Devii's 
Dungeon  — each  complete  with  listing,  sample  run, 
instructions  and  program  documentation,  including 
flowchart  and  ideas  for  variations- 

Sofl  cover,  S5.95 


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Repeat  off  Last  Month's  Surprise: 


FAR  PROTECTOR 

From  Epyx 

YOU  are  the  final  defense  against  the  enemy's  nu- 
clear attack!  Six  cameras  are  your  e/es  on  tfie  sky; 
you're  armed  with  a  Repulser  Beam  and  laser  sys- 
tem. Your  cfiarge:  Destroy  the  enemy's  satellites 
and  missiles.  Requires  joystick. 
ROM  Cartridge,  $59.95  16K  Required 


MINER 
2049ER 


By  Bill  Hogue  from  Big  Five 

This  is  the  author's  first  game  for  the  Atari  — he's  al- 
ready well  known  tor  tiis  bestsellers  lor  Ifje  TRS-80— 
and  we  Ifiink  you'll  really  enjoy  it.  There  are  more 
than  ten  screens  of  colorful  mining-related  machin- 
ery that  you'll  move  aroutid  the  screens,  ducking, 
dodging  and  bobbing  your  way  to  a  high  score.  Re- 
quires joystick, 

ROM  Cartridge,  $49.95  16K  Required 


SPEEDWAY  BLAST 

By  Dave  lulorook  from  IDSI 

Racing  game  with  a  twist:  you  must  guide  your  racer 
on  an  overland  trip,  dodging  (or  blasting)  the  as- 
phatt-eating  monsters  that  try  to  keep  you  from  cap- 
luring  their  precious  diamonds.  Steer  carefully!  Re- 
quires joystick. 
ROM  Cartridge,  $39.95  ieK  Required 


Limited  Quantities,  So  Order  Early. 


DEADLY  ^ 
DUCK    ^ 


From  Sirius  ~      'S.^t  -^ 

The  Crabs  have  taken  to  Ihe  air,  armed  with  bricks 
and  bombs,  to  drive  our  friend,  DEADLY  DUCK,  oul 
of  his  pond.  But  Deadly's  gonna  fight  back,  with  a 
gun  tucked  Into  his  bill.  Lots  of  fun  and  action;  6 
leveis  of  play.  Requires  joystick. 

ROM  Cartridge 

So  new,  price  not  available  at  press  time. 

Please  call.  Also  available  lor  VCS. 


DELUXE 
INVADERS 

From  Roklan 

All  the  fun,  excitement  and  video  quality  of  an  ar- 
cade game  in  your  home^  If  you  hAt*  Alien  In- 
vaders, you'll  lov*  this  one!  Battle  the  invaders, 
and  as  your  speed  and  defense  skills  improve.  Ihe 
aliens  get  meaner.  With  each  successful  defense 
you'll  be  challenged  to  an  even  tougher  competi- 
tion. Not  for  the  timid!  Requires  joystick. 

ROM  Cartridge,  S39.95  16K  Required 


FAST 
EDDIE 

Fram  Sirius  

On  your  mark;  get  seL;  go  Eddlel!  FAST  EDDIE'S  off 
and  running,  dashing  up  and  down  every  ladder  he 
can  find,  hunting  for  prizes.  Quick,  there's  a  heart 
floating  on  the  2nd  floor!  Ooops,  look  oul— there's 
a  Sneai<er,  sneaking  up  on  you  — /wmp,  Eddiel  Great 
animation;  B  skill  levels:  lots  of  action.  Requires 
joystick. 

ROM  Cartridge 

So  new,  price  not  available  at  press  time. 

Please  call. 


GORF 


From  Roklan 

A  unique  sight  and  sound  adventure  in  the  interstel- 
lar war  against  fhe  Gorfian  Empire.  You  must  repel 
attacks  by  Oroids,  Anll-Gravily  BonKs,  Anti-Particle 
Lasers,  Gorfian  (ighlers  and  torpedos.  etc.  Four 
levels.  Irom  an  Astrobattie  to  a  fuii-fiedged  Space 
War.  Requires  joystick. 

ROM  Cartridge,  S44.95  16K  Required 
Disk,  $39.95  24K  Required 


FISHES 


From  Epyx 

You  lead  your  sctiool  of  fish  through  the  pleasures 
and  perils  of  oceanic  life.  As  you  find  food,  your 
school  writ  grow.  But  hungry  sharks  and  other  pred- 
ators also  inhabit  this  Ifanquil  wofld,  so  swim  csre- 
tulljf.  Requires  joystick. 
ROM  Cartridge,  $39.95  16K  Required 


K-RAZY 
SHOOT-OUT 


From  K-Byte/CBS 

The  object  of  the  game  Is  to  advance  your  Space 
Commander  into  the  Alien  Control  Sector,  eliminate 
the  Alien  Forces  and  escape  to  Ihe  next  (mofe  diffi- 
cult) sector.  Mo  two  games  ara  allka,  sjnce  the 
Allen  Control  Sectors  are  created  at  random,  giving 
you  Tnillions  of  Combinations  of  barriers  and  es- 
cape routes.  Requires  joystick. 
ROIW  Cartridge,  S49.95  8K  Required, 


WORM 
WAR! 

From  Sirius  

Hoards  of  gigantic  worms  are  slithering  around  Itte 
city  of  Teriyaki.  .  .WORM  WAR  I  has  begun!  Much 
of  the  city  has  been  crushed  under  the  weight  of 
these  mutant  creatures,  and  the  only  ihing  that  can 
stop  them  is  the  specially  armed  anti-worm  tank. 
Are  you  brave  enough  to  drive  it,  and  make  Teriyaki 
safe  again?  S  play  options;  great  color  and  sound; 
for  1  or  2  players.  Requires  joystick 

ROM  Cartridge 

So  new,  price  not  available  at  press  time. 

Please  call.   Also  available  for  VCS. 


EMBARGO 


By  Bill  Hooper  from  Gebelli 

There  js  a  strict  trade  embargo  on  Zorel  6.  Tt^e  Coun- 
cil has  ruled  that  all  foodstuffs,  materials,  trade 
goods  and  fuel  must  pass  the  close  scrutiny  of  the 
Orelian  Guards.  Only  goods  essentiaf  for  galactic 
security  are  guarded;  all  others  are  disbursed  to  the 
Council's  overflowing  warehouses.  Select  from  9 
levels  of  play.  Requires  joystick. 
ROM  Cartridge,  $44.95  8K  Required 


Over  1 500  Programs  for  TRS-80, 


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PU^TTERiVIANIA 


From  Epyx 

If  you've  always  wanted  to  juggle,  here's  your 
chance.  Start  with  3  spinr\lng  plates,  and  juggle 
your  way  up  10  expert  status:  keeping  18  plates 
going  al  once!  You'll  have  to  concentrate:  spin  too 
fast  and  they  fly  off  the  screen;  spin  too  slowly  and 
ttiey  fall,  Requires  joystrck. 

ROM  Cartridge,  $39,95  16K  Required 


^«    J     |P| 


K-RAZY 
KRITTERS 


From  K-Byte/CBS 

Your  Command  Ship  is  faced  with  eight  cofumns  of 

Alien  Kritters.  You  have  Regular  or  "Supermissiles" 

lo  eliminate  the  Kritters,  descending  on  your  Star 

Base  at  various  speeds  and  frequencies,  Ten  levels 

of  play — great  fun  for  the  nimble-fingered!  Requires 

joysticK. 

ROM  Cartridge,  $49.95  8K  Required 


CROSSFIRE 


From  On-Line 

The  most  original,  exciting  arcade  game—designed 
exclusively  tor  ihe  home  computer— that  we've  seen! 
The  aliens  have  taken  over  your  city,  and  everyone  left 
peaceably — axcept  you.  You  wander  the  streets, 
shooting  at  aliens  tiring  at  you  ttom  ali  4  etiftctforta. 
You  must  move  Quickly  to  avoid  their  CROSSFiRE, 
Qather  bonus  tokens,  and  recharge  your  laser,  it's  one 
of  our  favorites?    Requires  Joystick. 

ROM  Cartridge,  $44.95  IBKRequli^ 
16K  Tape  or  32K  Disk,  $29,95 

SOLDIERS  OF 
SORCERY 

From  Epyx 

A  multi-player  fantasy  rol'O-pFaying  game  in  which 

you,  as  a  warrior  or  v^izard,  search  the  land  for 

wealth  and  experience,  Tlie  game  Is  different  each 

time  you  enter  the  world  of  wolves,  bats,  dragor^s, 

and  more!  Requires  joystfck. 

ROM  Cartridge,  $59.95  16K  Required 


FIREBIRD 


Frorr:  Gebelll 

You  are  Piggo  the  Firefighter  in  ttiis  fast-action 
game.  The  firebird  drops  fire  on  buildings  in  your 
district.  You  must  put  oul  the  fires;  try  to  save  the 
people  who  )ump,  and  get  Itiem  on  rescue  helicop- 
ters. Accumulate  points  for  each  successful  action. 
Requires  joystick. 

ROiVI  Cartridge,  S39.95  4K  Required 


MONKEY 
WRENCH 


From  Eastern  Data  Products 
A  BASIC  and  machine  language  programmers'  aid 
for  the  Atari  800.  Works  with  BASIC,  adding  9  new 
direct  morie  commands  including:  auto  line  number- 
ing, delete  lines,  change  margins,  memory  test,  hex/ 
dex  conversion,  renumber  BASIC,  cursor  exchange 
and  machine  language  monitor.  Monitor  contains  15 
commands  used  to  interact  witti  the  6502. 

ROM  Cartridge,  $49.95. 


BEANY 
BOPPER 


From  Sinus  I    f.j 

Watch  out— those  Beanies  are  back;  buzzing  the 

city,  and  that  means  trouble!  Shooting  them  makes 

them  meaner;  poison  doesn't  work— what  can  we 

do?  It's  BEANY  BOPPER  to  the  rescue,  with  his 

pivotal  laser  and  rapid-tire  stunt  gun.  Fast  action, 

exciting  sound  and  color;  6  play  options.  Requires 

joystick.  Also  available  for  VCS. 

ROM  Cartridge 

So  new,  price  not  svailable  at  press  time. 

Please  cali. 

ALIEN  GARDEN 

From  Epyx 

This  lantasy  world  is  intiabited  by  a  collcclion  of 
"Incredible  Edibles":  some  delicious,  some  poison- 
ous, some  explosive.  You  must  discover  the  best 
way  to  eliminate  them  from  the  garden— without 
elimmaling  yourself!  The  faster  you  go,  the  more 
points  you  earn.  Requires  joystick. 
ROM  Cartridge,  $39.95  16K  Required 


PROGRfim 
/TORC« 


POOL  400 


From  IDSl 

Looks  and  plays  just  like  the  feal  thing!  With  straight 
pool,  nine  ball,  eight  ball  and  rotation.  Features  in- 
clude: instant  replay,  slow  motion,  5  friction  levels, 
and  choice  of  colored  or  numbered  balls.  Play 
against  a  (riend  or  the  computer.  Requires  joyslick. 

ROM  Cartridge,  $39.95  16K  Required 


K-RAZY 
ANTIKS 


From  K-Byte/CBS 
Trie  While  Ant  needs  all  your  help!  You  must  guide  tt 
safely  through  the  maze  of  tunnels  in  the  Anthill; 
help  it  deposit  and  protect  its  Wtiite  Eggs— while 
looking  out  for  the  Anteater  and  Enemy  Ants  who 
are  trying  to  hatch  their  Enemy  Eggs.  Choice  of  6 
mazes  and  99  levels  of  difficulty.  Requires  joystick. 

ROM  Cartridge,  $49.95  8K  Hetiulred 


K-S1AR 
PATROL 


From  K-Byle/CBS 
Your  lead  Star  Ship  must  destroy  Ihe  Alien  Attack 
Ships,  and  eliminate  the  Intergalaclic  Leeches  that 
are  invading  your  territory.  You  must  also  replenish 
your  Force  Field  Energy  periodically  by  diving  be- 
tween jagged  mountains  Into  Ihe  lakes  l>elow.  10 
levels  ol  difficulty.  Requires  Joyslick, 
ROM  Cartridge,  $49.95  8K  Required 


WIZARD 
OFWOR 


From  Roklan 

Can  you  defeat  the  WIZARD  OF  WOR?  First  you 
must  descend  into  the  ever-changing  maze  of 
Dungeons  with  your  Worriers,  and  do  battle  wltti  the 
monsters  you  encounter,  like  the  Bunvors,  Garwors, 
Worluk  and  enemy  Worriers.  Only  then  can  you  turn 
your  attention  to  the  Wizard,  who  can  teleport 
magically  around  the  screen,  hurtling  lightning  bolts 
as  he  moves.  Simultaneous  1  or  2  player  action. 
ROM  Cartridge,  $44.95  16K  Required 
Disl^,  $39,95  32K  Required 


r — 1 

I  THE  PROGRAM  STORE  •  Dept.  U21 2      •Box  9582  •  4200  Wisconsin  Avenue,  NW  •  Washington,  D.C.  20016 1 


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143 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


happening  by  building  cakes  in  layers,  and  changing 
baclcgroiind  colors  for  die  children. 

The  Pictures 

1  draw  all  oi  inv  piciurcs  on  graph  paper  and  then 
turn  them  into  X.Y  ccjordinatcs.  1  try  lo  standardize 
colors,  but  end  up  with  a  sizable  list  anyway.  The 
only  color  which  gives  nie  much  trouble  is  vellow.  I 
need  two  sets  ol'iDaranieters  lor  yellow.  The  color  I 
gel  seems  to  depend  upon  the  context  of  the  colors 
around  it.  (If  tlie  cocotuu  cake  looks  green  on  voin- 
screen,  try  the  other  vellow.)  The  colors  I  used  are: 


SETCOLOR  x,a,b 

a 

b 

color 

0 

0 

black 

0 

4 

dark  gray 

0 
0 

8 
14 

gray 
white 

1 
1 
2 
3 

4 
14 
14 
4 

gold 

yellow  #1 
light  orange 
red 

4 
5 
9 
12 
13 
14 

12 

4 

6 

2 

12 

2 

pink 
purple 
light  blue 
green 
yellow  #2 
brown 

Common  Subroutines 

1  need  connnon  subrouiines  in  this  program  (or 
four  things:  delays,  plotting,  sound,  and  checking 
input  strings. 

Delay  Subroutines; 


Name 


Location    Function 


SDELAY      900  Short  delay 

MDELAY    930  Medium  delay 

LDELAY     960  Long  delay  (to  allow  a  first  grader  to 

read  two  lines) 

The  delay  subroutines  simply  loop  a  fixed  number 
of  times. 

Plotting  Subroutines: 


Name 


Location  Function 


HPLOT  100-110    Plot  horizontal  lines,  reading  start 

x,y  values  and  length 
VPLOT  150-160    Plot  vertical  lines  and  reflected 

vertical  lines  (around  an  x-axis  of 

REEL)  reading  start  x,y  values  and 

length 
PPLOT  200  Plot  points,  reading  the  number 

of  points,  and  then  the  x,y  values 
HPLOTT        250-260    Same  as  HPLOT,  except  linesare 

translated  by  (OFFX,  OFFY) 
HPLOTTRF  300-310    Same  as  HPLOTT  except  lines  are 

reflected  around  an  x-axis  of  REFL 
SQPLOT         350  Plot  3x3  squares,  reading  the 

numberof  squares  and  thex,y 

values  of  the  upper  left  corner  of 

each  square 

The  plotting  subroutines  are  written  as  they 


are  needed.  For  example,  the  only  umes  I  need 
vertical  line  .segments  to  make  my  picture,  the 
pictinx'  is  svmnietrical  around  an  x-axis.  Therefore. 
die  only  vertical  pioi  routine  plots  tlie  original  and 
the  rellected  values. 

Sound  Subroutines: 

Name  Location  Function 

PNOTE  800-810    Reads  a  pitch  and  duration  and 

plays  a  note;  if  it  reaches  the  end 
it  starts  over 

PCHORD       850-895    Plays  the  chord  in  ANOTE  for  one 
sixteenth  duration  (see  earlier 
discussion) 

Input  Checking  Subroutine: 
Name  Location  Function 

CHECKI         700-720    Described  in  Part  I 

Main  Subroutines 

The  main  subrouiines  are  entered  by  using  the 
GOSUB  expression  in  line  3050.  Therefore,  each 
routine  staits  on  a  line  ninnber  which  is  a  multiple 
o{  lOOO.  Xote  dial  printing  kj  the  screen  after 
gra|>liics  mode  \-l-  l(i  relurns  to  graphics  mode  0. 
Therefore,  the  only  explicit  Graphics  0  commands 
are  required  after  the  Christmas  tree  which  uses 
graphics  mode  3.  There  is  one  main  subrotaine  for 
each  person  on  Christmas  day: 


Location 


Picture 


1 1000-1 1330    Renaissance  instrument.'; 
15000-1,5440    Children 
17000-17240    Dancer 
19000-19210  Cake 

One  miscellaneous  note:  the  Renaissance  instru- 
ments pictured  are  kriunliorns. 


10  GOTO  1000 

100  READ  X,Y,NUI1:IF  NUM=0  THEN  RETURN 

110  FOR  CT"0  TO  NUM-1:PL0T  X+CT,Y:NEX 

T  CTrGOTO  100 
ISO  READ  X,Y,NUM:IF  NUM-O  THEN  RETURN 

160  FOR  CT=0  TO  NUIi-1  i  PLOT  X,Y+CTsPLO 
T  REFL-X, Y*CT: NEXT  CTsSOTO  150 

2O0  REftD  NUMiFDR  L-I  TO  NUH: READ  X,Y: 
PLOT  X,Y:NEXT  LiRETURN 

250  READ  X,Y,NUM!lF  NUH=0  THEN  RETURN 

2i0  FDR  CT=0  TO  NUM-liPLOT  X+OFFX+CT, 

Y+OFFYsNEXT  CT:BOTO  250 
300  READ  X.Y.NUMiIF  NUK«0  THEN  RETURN 

310  FOR  CT=0  TO  NUM-l:PLOT  REFL-X+DFF 
X-CT, Y+OFFVrNEXT  CT: GOTO  300 

350  READ  HUM: FOR  CT=1  TO  NUMsREAD  X,Y 
:FOR  SQCT-O  TO  2:PL0T  X,Y+SQCTsDR 
AWTO  X+2, Y+SQCTsNEXT  SQCTrNEXT  CT 
: RETURN 

700  REftD  COMPARE*, INDEX: IF  INDEX=0  TH 
EN  RETURN 


METEOR  STORM 


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Ask  for  Meteor  Storm  at  your  local  computer  store  or 
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your  Visa,  M/C. 

METEOR  STORM  Is  a  FAST-ACTION,  Arcade  Quali- 
ty, game.  Written  in  machine  language  especially  for 
the  Atari.  You,  as  the  Pilot  of  a  Fighter  space  ship, 
must  rescue  as  many  people  from  the  besieged  city 
of  Dracon  as  you  possibly  can.  You'll  have  to  fight 
your  way  through  a  meteor  storm  and  aliens,  with 
your  lasers  blasting  a  path.  Then  you  must  dock  with 
the  mother  ship  and  safely  deliver  your  precious 
cargo  of  human  lives.  This  is  your  chance  to  be  the 
HERO  of  Dracon. 


Dealer  Inquiries  Invited 

*Atafi  is  a  Trademark  of  Atari  Inc. 


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(503)  683-5361 


Beat  the  clock!    Outsmart  your  friends! 


The  higli-speed  dictionary  game 

At  liisl.  tin  oducatiofiiil  game  th,it's  retilly  fun  to  play!  You 
Start  each  turn  with  a  word.  6  definitions,  and  a  counter 
setto600  points.  As  time  passes  the  points  tickaway.  The 
sooner  you  pick  the  correct  definition,  the  more  points 
you  f,et.  hut  the  sooneryou  guess  wrong,  the  more  points 
you  lose. 

3  levels  of  play  on  one  disk: 
•  Beginner  (ages  9-14)  •  Regular  •  Challenge 
2000  words  and  definitions 
$24.95 

ATARI:  l2K-riisli-  BASIC      APPLE:  48K  -  di!.k  -  APPIESOFT 


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Features:  Beginner's  and  Internnediate  WORORACE 


Try  ABUSE 

The  insult  program. 

•  Funny  •  Unpredictable  •  interactive 

•  Guaranteed  to  call  you  something 
you've  never  been  called  before! 

SI  9.95 


ATARI:  40 K  -  disk  -  BASIC 
APPLE:  48K  -  disk  -  APPltSOFT 

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150 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


710  IF  COMPARE«=INPUT«  THEN  RETURN 

720  BDTO  700 

800  READ  MNDTE, LENGTH: IF  LEN6TH*0  THE 

N  RESTORE  MUSICsGOTD  000 
aiO  SOUND  O.MNOTE,  10,B:F0R  DEt-AY=l  TD 
(16/LENGTH) (TEMPO: NEXT  DELAY! SOU 
ND  O.O.O.OsRETURN 
850  FOR  1=0  TD  3s  IF  ANOTE < I ) =0  THEN  6 

OTO  a75 
870  SOUND  I,0,0,0 
875  NEXT  1 
880  FOR  1=0  TO  3iIF  ANOTE ( I ) =0  THEN  G 

OTO  S"75 
890  SOUND  l.ANOTEd)  ,  10,  VOL(I> 
895  NEXT  I: FOR  DELAY=1  TO  TEMPO: NEXT 

DELAY:RETURN 
900  FOR  DELAY=J  TO  20:NEXT  DELAYsRETU 

RN 
930  FOR  DELAY=1  TO  200: NEXT  DELAY: RET 

URN 
960  FOR  DELAY=1  TO  2000:NEXT  DELAY!Re 

TURN 
lOOO  DIM  INPUT* (25) .COMPARE* (25) , NAME 
(20 > ,HUE(Z) ,LUM(2> , ANDTE(3) , VOL ( 
4) :PE0PLE=4iP0KE  53277,0 
1010  FOR  1=1  TD  20:NAME(I}=0:NEXT  I 
1020  HPL0T=100: VPLOT-150: PPL0T=200: HP 
L0TT=250:HPL0TTRF=3O0: SQPLaT=350 
I030  CHECKI=700: PN0TE=a00: PCH0RD=a50: 
SDELAY=900:MDELAY=930: LDELAY=9tO 
: SI  1050= 1 1050 
1040  HUE  <0)=3:LUM(0)=4:HUE(1) =0:LUM<1 

>=14:HUE(2)-B:LUM(2)=4 
2000  GRAPHICS  3: SETCDLOR  0,3,4:SETCDL 
OR  1 , 13, 12:SETC0L0R  2,12,2:SETC0 
LOR  4,0,0 
2010  ?  "mi4:l:V^.i;F:>fc*<=r:>-«l"  :  ■:'  "I  AM  YOU 

R  FRIENDLY  COMPUTER" 
2020  7  "WILL  YOU  TALK  TO  ME?"i 
2030  COLOR  3iPLDT  26,15iDRAWTD  18,0sP 

DSITION  10,15 
204O  POKE  76S,3iXia  1 8 , «A , 0 , 0, " S i " 
2050  PLOT  19,ieiDRAWT0  19,16iDRfl«T0  1 

7, liiPDSITIDN  17, IB 
20A0  XIO  1S,«6,0,0, "Si " 

2070  RESTORE  2200i COLOR  2>B0SUB  PPLQT 
2080  RESTORE  230Oi COLOR  1 t QOSUB  PPLOT 
2090  POKE  7i4,253 

2100  IF  PEEK(764)<>255  THEN  2900 
2110  FOR  L-1  TO  lOOiNEXT  LiSETCOLDR  0 

.  12,2 
2120  FOR  L-1  TO  lOOlNEXT  LiSETCOLDR  O 

,3,4iG0T0  2100 
2200  DATA  1 1 , 18, 0, 1 9 , 3, 17, 5, 20, 7, 1&, B 
,19, 10, 23, 11,  17,  12,  12, 13, 22,  14,1 
5,  15 
2300  DATA  5,20,5,15,10,20,12,19,14,12 

,15 
2900  QRAPHICS  Oi INPUT  INPUT* i RESTORE 

2960iS08UB  CHECKI 
2910  IF  INDEX-0  THEN  ?  "ANY  ANSWER  IS 

A  GOOD  SIGN" I  SOTO  2950 
2920  IF  INDEX-l  THEN  7  "I'M  QLAD"iGDT 

O  2950 
2930  7  "YOU  MUST  HAVE  BDTTEN  OUT  OF  T 
HE  WRONG  SIDE  OF  BED  THIS  MORNIN 
B" 

?  "ANYWAY,  "(jflOTO  2950 
?  "MY  NAME  IS  tmnili" :  GOTO  3O00 
DATA  YES, I , Y, 1, YEAH, 1,N0,2,N,2,E 
ND,0 

?  "WHAT  IS  YOUR  NAME"s< INPUT  1 NP 
UT« 
RESTORE  31IO:G0SUB  CHECKI 


2940 
2950 
2960 

3000 

30  10 
3020 


3030 


3050 
3060 


IF  INDEX=0  THEN  ?  "HMM  ...   I  DON 
'T  KNOW  YOU.":?  "ARE  YOU  SURE  YD 
U  SPELLED  YOUR  NAME<4  SPftCES>RIG 
HT?":G0TD  3000 
IF  INDEX=20  THEN  ?  "THERE  ARE  TO 

0  MANY  ";:?  INPUT*;:?  "'S  HERE": 
?  "TRY  AGfilN":GOTO  3000 

NAME( INDEX)=1 :?  :?  INPUT*;:?  " , 

1  KNOW  SOMETHING  ABOUT  YOU.":? 
505UB  lOOOO+INDEX tlOOO: TOTAL=0 
FOR  1  =  1  TD  10:  TOTAL  =  TOTAL-i-NAME  (I 


)!NEXT  1 
3O70  IF  T0TAL=PEOPLE  THEN  ?  "IT  HAS  B 
EEN  NICE  TALKING  TO  EVERYONE. ": 6 
OSUB  LDELAYiGOTO  3090 
3080  ?  "I  HAVEN'T  TALKED  TD  EVERYONE 
YET":?  "I  HOPE  SOMEONE  ELSE  WANT 
S  TO  TALK  TD   ME.": GOTO  3000 
3090  GRAPHICS  18:SETCOL0R  4,12,Z:SETC 
DLOR  0,3,4: POSITION  2,5:?  «6;"ME 
RRY  CHRISTMAS" 
3095  RESTORE  3400 : MUSI C=3400 : TEMP0=30 
: FOR  1=1  TO  11:G0SUB  PNOTEiNEXT 
I:  END 
3110  DATA  BRENDA, 1 , BB, 1 
3150  DATA  CAROLYN, 5 
3170  DATA  KATHY, 7,KATHERINE,7 
3190  DATA  RUTH, 9, GRANDMA, 9 
3300  DATA  MOM, 20 , MOTHER , 20 , MOMMY , 20 , D 

AD, 20, DADDY, 20, FATHER, 20 , END , O 
3400  DATA  144,4,144,4,144,2,144,4,144 
,4, 144, 2, 144, 3, 121, 4, 192, 2. 66, 16 
2,8, 144, I ,O,0 
11000  ?  "YOU  PLAY  RENAISSANCE  INSTRUM 

ENTS.":GasUB  LDELAY 
11010  GRAPHICS  19:SETCDLOR  4,1,14:SET 
COLOR  0,14,2:COLDR  1:REFL=40:X= 
12: Y=23 
11020  FOR  J=l  TO  15:F0R  I-O  TD  2:PL0T 
X,Y-I:PLOT  REFL-X, Y-I :NEXT  I:X 
=X+1 ! Y=Y-1 :NeXT  J 
11040  RESTORE  11200:G0SUB  VPLDT;RESTO 
RE  1 1300: TEMP0=2: VOL (O) =8: VOL ( 1 
) -4: VOL (2) =4: VOL (3) =6 
11O30  FOR  1=0  TO  3:READ  X:ANDTECI)=Xi 
NEXT  IiREAD  LENGTH: IF  LENBTH=0 
THEN  11110 
11055  COUNT-16/LENBTH-l 

11060  GOSUB  PCHORDrFOR  1=0  TO  33ANOTE 
(I)=0:NEXT  I:FOR  CT=1  TO  COUNT: 
GOSUB  PCHORD:NEXT  CT:G0TO  S 1 1 05 
O 
11110  SOUND  0,0, 0,0: SOUND  1,0,0,0:S0U 
ND  2,0, 0,0:SOUND  3 , O , O , 0 : RETURN 

11200  DATA  11,22,2,10,22,2,9,19,5,8,1 
6, 7, 7, 15, 5, 6, 14, 3, 27, 4,5,28,3,5 
,29,2,6,30, 1,7,31,0,7,32, 1,5,33 
,2,3,34,3, 1 

11210  DATA  0,0,0 

11300  DATA  53,64,81,162,4,47,60,0,121 
,8,60,60,96, 121 ,8,53,64,81, 162, 
8,53,64,0, 162,8,47,60,0, 121, a, 6 
0,60,96, 121 ,8 

11310  DATA  53,64,81,162,8,53,64,0,162 
,8,47, 60, 0,121, a, 60, 60, 96, 121, 8 
,53, 64, 81, 162, a, 0,81, 0,1 62, a, 47 
,60,0, 121,8 

11320  DATA  0,0,91,0,8,0,61,96,121,8,5 
3, 0,0, 0,8, 60, 72, 91, 182, 4, 0,81,1 
OS, 162, 4, 64, 0,0,0, 4, 60, 96, 121,2 
43,1 

11330  DATA  0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0 

15O0O  ?  "YOU  TEACH  CH ILDREN ." s GOSUB  L 
DELAY 

15010  GRAPHICS  21:SETC0L0R  4,1,4!SETC 
OLOR  O, 2, 14: SETCOLOR  1,12,2:SET 
COLOR  2, 3,4:REFL=13 

15020  0FFX=10: OFFY-0:RESTORE  15200:00 
LOR  3:QDSUB  HPLOTT : RESTORE  1521 
O: COLOR  1: GOSUB  HPLOTT 

15030  0FFX=54!0FFY=26:REST0RE  15200:C 
OLOR  2:G0SUB  HPLOTTRF : RESTORE  1 
5210;COLOR  1 : GOSUB  HPLOTTRF 

15040  0FFX=32:0FFY=26:REST0RE  15250:C 
OLOR  3: GOSUB  HPLOTT : RESTORE  152 
60: COLOR  1 : GOSUB  HPLOTT 

15050  0FFX=54!0FFY=0:REST0RE  15200:00 
LOR  2:G0SUB  HPLOTTRF s RESTORE  15 
210:CDL0R  1:G0SUB  HPLOTTRF 

15060  0FFX=32:DFFY=0: RESTORE  15250: CO 
LOR  3:60SUB  HPLOTT : RESTORE  1526 
O: COLOR  1; GOSUB  HPLOTT 

15070  0FFX=10:0FFY=26:REST0RE  15250:C 
OLOR  2:G0SUB  HPLOTT : RESTORE  152 
60: COLOR  I : GOSUB  HPLOTT 

1S080  RESTORE  1  5400:  MUS  I  C="  154O0:  TEMPO 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


151 


=5O:F0R  CT=1  TO  2l!60SUB  PNQTEi 

NEXT  CT 
1509O  FOR  CT=6  TO  14  STEP  2:SETCaLDR 

4,1,CT:G0SUB  PNDTE:NEXT  CT:RETU 

RN 
15200  DATA  4,7,5,4,8,6,4,9,10,4,10,10 

, 4,  ll,i, 3,  12, 8, 2,  13,  10,  1,14,  12, 

O, 15, 14,0,0,0 
15210  DATA  3, O, 4,4, 1 , A, 4, 2, 3, B,2,2, 4, 

3,  A,  4,  4,  6, 4,  5,  6,  5,  i, 4, 4,  16, 2, 4, 

17, 2, 4, 18, 2, 4, 19, 2, 4, 20, 2, 4, 21, 

2 
15220  DATA  B  ,  1  6  ,  2,  S  ,  I  7  ,  2  ,  B,  1  8  ,  2  ,  *?  ,  1  9  , 

2, 10,20,2, 11,21 ,2,0,0,0 
152S0  DATA  4,8,6,0,9,14,0,10,14,4,11, 

6, 4,  12, 6, 4,  13, 6, 4,  14, 6, 4,  15, 6, 4 

,  16, 2, B,  16, 2, 4,  17,  2,  8, 17, 2, 0,0, 

O 
15260  DATA  5,0,4,4,1,6,4,2,1,6,2,2,9, 
2,  1,4, 3, 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, 5,  6, 5, 6, 4, 5,  7 
,4, 4, 18, 2, 4, 19, 2, 3, 20,2,3,21, 2, 
B, 18,2,8, 19,2 
1S270  DATA  9,20,2,9,21,2,0,0,0 
13400  DATA  121,2.66,121,8,96,4,121,4 
1S410  DATA  108,2-66, lOB, 8, iOB, 2 
15420  DATA  108,2.66,108,9,91,4,109,4, 

96,2.66,96,8,96,2 
15430  DATA  96,2.66,96,8,81,4,96,4,91, 

2.66, 92,8,91 ,4 
15440  DATA  96,8,108,8,162,2,128,2,121 

,2,0,0 
17000  ?  "VDU  LIKE  TO  D ANCE . " : GOSUB  LD 

ELAV 
17010  GRAPHICS  19sSETC0L0R  4,2,14 
17020  POKE  559, 46: A=PEEK ( 106) -8! POKE 

54279, As PMBASE=At256: Y=5  2 
17030  RESTORE  172O0!FDR  I=PMBASE+312 

TO  PMBASE+639:PDKE  I,0:NEXT  I 
17040  FOR  I=PMBASE+512+Y  TO  PMBASE+51 

9+Y:READ  V:POKE  I,V:NEXT  I 
17050  POKE  704,132;POKE  53277 , 3 i MUS I C 

=  17210:  TEriPa  =  30 
17060    FOR     X=192     TO    49    STEP    -ZiPOKE    53 

248,X:G0SUB  PNDTE 
17070  POKE  PMBflSE  +  519  +  Y,  4B:P0)<E  53248 

,X-1;G0SUB  PNOTE 
170B0  POKE  PriBASE  +  519  +  Y,  72s  NEXT  X 
17090  POKE  53277, OjRETURN 
17200  DATA  152,38,56,24,60,126,40,72 
17210  DATA  121 ,B, 128,8, 121,8, 12B, 8, 12 
1,16,0,16,0,8,128,4,108,4,121,4 
,  96,  2 
17220  DATA  91 ,8,96,8,91 ,9,96, B, 108, B, 
121,8,  144, 8,  I  62, 8,  162, 4, 0,9,  121 
,8, 128, 2 
17230  DATA  144,8,144,8,144,0,144,8,14 
4, 8, 0,8, 162, 4, 144, a, 144, 8, 144, 9 
,144,8, 144, 8, 0,8, 162, 4 
17240  DATA  121,8,121,8,121,8,121,8,12 
1,8, 128, 8, 108,8, 121,8,121,8, 128 
,8, 144,8, 162,8,91,2,0,0 
19OO0  ?  "YDU  LIKE  TO  BAKE  -":?  :?  "CO 

CONUT  CAKE. " ! BOSUB  LDELAY 
19010  GRAPHICS  19iREST0RE  19200!SETCa 
LOR  0,  13,  12SSETCDL0R  l,0,145riUS 
IC-J9200! TEMP0=30 
19020  COLOR  IsPLDT  iO,17iDRAHTO  29,17 
iPLOT  10,16:DRAWT0  29,16:F0R  CT 
-1  TO  4iB0SUB  PNOTEiKEXT  CT 
19030  COLOR  2SPL0T  10,i5:DRAWTa  29,15 
sFDR  CT=1  TO  4:B0SUB  PNOTEiNEXT 
CT 
1904O  COLOR  IjPLOT  10,14:DRAWT0  29,14 
tPLDT  10,13iDRAWT0  29,13:F0R  CT 
=1  TO  3iG0SUB  PNOTEsNEXT  CT 
19050  COLOR  2:PL0T  10,12:DRAWT0  29,12 
jFOR  CT=1  to  3: GOSUB  PNDTEsNEXT 
CT 
19060  COLOR  ItPLOT  10,11:DRAWT0  29,11 
sPLOT  10,10:DRAWT0  29,10:F0R  CT 
=1  TO  4:60SUB  PNOTEiNEXT  CT 
19070  COLOR  2:PL0T  10,9:DRAWT0  29,9:F 
OR  CT=1  TO  4:G0SUB  PNOTEiNEXT  C 
T 
19080  COLOR  1:PL0T  10,8:DRAWT0  29,8;P 
LOT  10,7:DRAWT0  29,7sF0R  CT=1  T 


O  5:BDSUB  PNOTEiNEXT  CT 
19090  COLOR  Z:PLOT  10,6:DRAWTD  29,6:5 
ETCOLOR  0,0,14:F0R  CT=1  TO  2 !  BO 
SUB  PNDTE: NEXT  CT: RETURN 
19200  DATA  162,8,162,8,162,8,162,4,12 
B,B, 108,4, 12B,8, 162, 2.66, 144,4, 
144, 8, 144, 2. 66, 173, 4, 193, 8, 217, 
2.  66 
19210  DATA  162,8,162,8,162,8,162,4,12 
8,8, 108,4, 128,8, 162,4, 162,8, 144 
, 4, 144, 8, 217, 4, 173, 8, 162, 2. 66, 1 
62,2.66,0, 0,0 


SPACE  SHUTTLE  SIMULATIONS 


Shuttle  Ascent  to  Orbit 
32  K  Machine  Language 

Cassette  $16.95  Disk  $19.95 

This  is  the  most  accurate,  most  educational  shuttle 
simulation  available  for  the  Atari.  Joystick  required. 
Add  SI  .00  postage  and  handling. 


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SOFTWARE 


P.O.  Box  1123 


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FOR 

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In  Fla.s  813-577-2794 


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3251  Tech  Drive  North.  St  Petersburg.  FL  33702 


152 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Ydii  (irr  happed  inside  a  maze,  and  you  can  see  only  a 
short  distance  along  its  dark  corridors  as  you  tiy  to  find 
your  way  out.  A  challenging  game  for  the  OSJ,  PETt 
CBM.  Atari.  VIC-20,  and  Apple. 

Hidden 
Maze 


Gory  Boden 
Narragansett,  PI 


Mazes  present  a  challenge  different  from  arcade- 
type  "shootout"  games,  btit  the  appeal  of  a  maze 
can  quickly  fade  once  it  has  been  solved.  A  special 
program,  "Maze  Cienerator"  (COMPUTEI,  December 
1981,  #19),  remedies  that  problem  by  drawing  a 
different  maze  on  each  run.  I  have  eniianced  its 
challenge  by  hiding  the  complete  maze  from  the 
player  and  showing  only  a  realistically  limited  view 
from  any  position  inside  it.  Although  the  view  is 
from  above  ratlier  than  ground  level,  the  player 
still  gets  a  claustrophobic  feeling  similar  to  that  of 
actually  being  inside  the  maze  and  groping  along 
the  corritlors. 

The  objective  is  simply  to  find  a  way  out  of  the 
maze  in  ihe  least  amount  of  time.  Realism  is  added 
by  showing  at  most  only  seven  cells  in  any  of  the 
four  possible  directions  of  movement.  This  simu- 
lates holding  up  a  lantern  and  peeringdown  various 
avenues  of  escape  -  at  a  certain  point  tlic  light 
either  ilkmiinates  a  wall  or  disappears  into  the 
gloom. 

Moves  are  made  by  pressing  a  key  for  a  par- 
ticular direction.  If  no  wall  obstructs,  the  player's 
token  advances  one  cell  and  a  new  limited  view  is 
displayed.  Time  ticks  on  relentlessly  whether  the 
player  is  moving  or  thinking.  Hitting  a  "panic 
button"  reveals  a  quick  glimpse  of  the  whole  maze, 
but  at  a  high  price  —  500  time  units. 

After  instructions  are  given,  a  seed  number  is 
typed  in  to  start  the  game  and  feed  a  random 
number  generator  used  for  drawing  the  maze  and 
placing  the  exit.  Because  the  original  maze  gener- 
ator results  in  a  maze  with  only  one  possible  path 
to  the  exit,  I  use  the  RND  fiuiction  to  knock  out 
some  interior  walls  randomly  to  produce  more 
pathways  and  more  choices  for  the  player.  A  greater 
value  for  the  seed  removes  more  walls. 


Next  the  maze  is  generated,  biu  in  memory 
rather  than  on  the  screen.  Starting  and  finishing 
locations  are  established,  the  player's  token  is  moved 
to  the  start,  and  play  begins  with  display  of  the  first 
limited  view.  The  start,  determined  in  line  fi60,  is 
at  the  center  oi'  the  maze,  and  the  exit  is  placed  at  a 
randomly  selected  point  on  either  the  left  or  right 
wall  (lines  360-370).  The  updated  score  is  given 
with  eacii  new  limited  view,  and  play  contiiuies 
until  the  exit  is  reached. 

Three  final  notes:  1)  The  program  requires 
about  30  seconds  to  set  up  the  maze.  To  indicate  all 
is  working  well,  a  POKE  S2,J  in  lines  210  and  320 
produces  a  rapidly  changing  character  in  the  center 
of  the  screen.  2)  ihe  maze  size  given  in  iliis  listing 
is  23  X  23  cells,  but  smaller  sizes  can  be  created  by 
changing  the  \alues  of  H  in  line  605  according  to 
this  table: 


7x    7cell.s 

H=    7 

Ux  11  cells 

H=I1 

15  X  15  cells 

H=15 

19  X  19  cells 

H=19 

Other  sizes  do  not  work.  Ccnteiing  of  the  whole 
view  is  done  by  line  ()50.  3)  SeveiafOSI-specific 
items  were  changed  to  convert  the  program  for 
other  machines.  The  video  display  on  the  C!  P  is  32 
characters/line;  in  line  605  change  VL  to  an  appro- 
priate value.  Also,  variables  WL,  HL,  S2,  and  symbol 
numbers  for  the  U)ken  (240  in  line  160)  and  tJie 
exit  (69  in  lines  370,  440)  were  changed  Uj  some- 
thing meaningful  in  each  computer's  graphic  char- 
acter set. 


Program  1:  PET  Version 

10   GOTO400 

100  REM-LIMITED  VIEW 

110  GOSUB730:PRINTCT;FORJ=0TO3:D=A:C=S2 

120  F0HI=1T07:P0KEC,M(D) 

130  POKEC-E(J) ,M(D-D(J) ) :POKEC+E(J) ,M(D+D(J) ) 

140    IFM(D)=WLTHEN160 

150    D=D+A(J)/2:C=C+E(J+1) :NEXTI 

160    NEXTJ:POKES2,24  0:M(A)=24§:RETURN 

200  REM-LAYOUT  FIELD 

210  FORI=lTOH:FORJ=2TOH+l:POKES2,J 

220  M( (I* (H+2) )+J)=WL:NEXTJ:NEXTI 

300  REM-GENERATE  MAZE 

310  M(A)^4 

320  J=INT(RND(R) *4) !Z=J:P0KES2,J 

330  B=A+A(J) :IFM(B)=WLTHENH(B)=J:M(A+A(J}/2)=H 

L:A=B:GOTO320 
340  J=(J+1)*-(J<3) :IFJ<>ZTHEN33fl 
350  J=M(A) :M(A) =HL: IFJ<4THENA=A-A( J) :GOTO320 
360  T1=(3*H) +5:T2=INT(RND(R) *2) : IFINT (T2/2) *2= 

T2THENTl=(2*H)+6 
362  Q1=-1:Q2=-(H+1) :Q3=H+3 
364  IFT1= (2*H) +6THENQ1=-Q1 ;Q2=-Q2: Q3=-Q3 
3  66  Z=INT(RND{R)  *(H-3)  )  *  (H+2)+Tl :  IFM  (Z+Ql)  OHL 

THEN366 
370  M(Z) =69:M(Z+Q2)=WL:M(Z-Q1)=WL:M(Z+Q3)=WL 
380  F0RI=1T0H 
3  82  M(3*(H+2)+4+INT(RNDCR)*CH-5) ) * (H+2) +INT(RN 

D(R)*(H-5)))=HL 
384  NEXTI: RETURN 


"^v^l^S 


TheStpiteAge 
fleets  The  Spai^e  AgM 


MANKALA,  the  ancient  Afrfcan  stone  game,  is 
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•  Lively  sound  and  colorful  graphics  •  One  or 
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of  difficulty  plus  matchups  of  the  machine 
against  itself  •  Available  for  Apple,  Atari,  and 
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Atari  and  Apple  are  registered  trademarks  of  Apple  Computer,  Inc.  and  Atari.  Inc.,  respectively. 


154 


COMPUTE! 


December1982,  Issue  31 


400  REM 

410  GOSUB600:GOSUB9a0:GOSUB7  30;GOSUB200:GOSUBl 

00 
415  GETA$:IFA$=""THENCT=CT+1:G0T0415 
420  J=-(  (A$="8")+2*(AS="4")+3*(AS="2")  ) 
425  IFA$="?"THEN500 
435  A2=A+A(J)/2 
440  IFM(A2)=69THEN8a0 
445  IFH(A2)<>HLTHEN415 
450  H(A)=HL:A=A2:GOSUB100:GOTO415 
500  REM-DISPLAY  WHOLE  MAZE 
510  GOSUB730:F=0:FORI=1TOH:FORJ=2TOH+1:L=(I* (H 

+2))+J 
520  POKES+J+F,M(L) :NEXTJ 
530  F=F+FF:NEXTI 
540  FORI=1TO200:NEXTI:CT=CT+500:GOSUB100:GOTO4 

15 
600  REM-INITIALIZE  VARIABLES 
605  VL=40:H=23:FF=VL:REM   FOR  80  COLS.,  CHANGE 

VL  TO  80. 
610  A(0)=2:A(l)=-(H+2)*2:A(2)=-2:A(3)=(H+2)*2 
6  20  D(0)=H+2:D(l)=l:D(2)=-CH+2) :D(3)=-1 
6  30  E(0)=VL:E(1)=1:E(2)=-VL:E(3)=-1:E(4)=VL 
640  WL=160:HL=32:S2=32768+VL*12+INT(VL/2) : CT=0 
650  S=S2-VL* ( (H+l)/2)+FF-(H+3)/2 
660  A=(H+2)* (H+l)/2+(H+3)/2:DIMM(630) 
730  PRINT" {CLEAR} "; :BETURN 

8  00    REM-SCORE 

810    GOSUB730:PRINT''YOiJR   SCORE=";  CT:  END 

9  00    REM 

910    REM-INSTRUCTIONS 

9  20    PRINT"        HIDDEN    MAZE": PRINT 

9  30    PRINT"GET    OUT   AS    QUICKLY    AS" : PRINT"^OU    CAN 

USING" :PRINT"CONTROL    KEVS." 
940    PRINT:PRINT" '8'     IS    UP," 
9  50    PRINT" '2'       IS    DOWN," 
960    PRINT'M'     IS    RIGHT,":PRINT" '6'     IS    RIGHT,": 

PRINT 
970    PRINT"'?'     SHOWS    THE    FULL    MAZE" : PRINT"BUT    C 

OSTS    POINTS.": PRINT 
980    R=0:PRINT"PRESS    {REV}RETURN" 
985   GETA$:IFA$=""THEN985 
990    RETURN 


Program  2:  OSI  Version 

Make  these  changes  to  Program  1. 

415    K=PEEK (57100) :CT=CT+1 

420    J=-{  ((K=252)*0)OR{ (K=222)*1)OR((K  =  250)*2)O 

R(  {K=255)*3)) 
425  IFK=126THEN500 
430  IFK=254THEN415 
520  POKES+L+F,MCL) :NEXTJ 
605  VL=32:H=23:FF=VL-(H+2) 
640  WL=187:HL=32:S2=53776:CT=0 
710  POKEll,34:POKE12,2:POKE57  4,9  6 
720  FORX=0TO27:Y=PEEK(65036+X) : P0KE546+X, Y:NEX 

TX 
730  X=USR(X) iRETURN 
940  PRINT:PRINT"'ESC'  IS  UP," 
950  PRINT" 'CTRL'  IS  DOWN," 

960  PRINT"LEFT  &  RIGHT  USE  SHIFTS ,": PRINT 
970  PRINT" 'REPEAT'  SHOWS  THE  FULL  MAZE  BUT  COS 

TS  POINTS. ":PRINT 
980  INPUT"ENTER  SEED  NUMBER        (1  TO  9)";R: 

IFR<1ORR>9THEN980 


Atari  Notes 

Charles  Brannon 
Editorial  Assistant 

For  the  OSI  and  PET  versions,  the  maze  is 
constructed  inside  an  array,  rather  than  ch- 
rectly  in  screen  memory,  as  with  the  original 
maze-generator.  This  is  necessary  to  allow  an 
"invisible  maze"  which  only  gradually  opens 
up  as  the  player  travels. 

With  the  Atari,  we  have  another  option. 
We  can  constiuct  the  maze  directly  on  the 
screen  (GRAPHICS  1  is  used  here,  with  custom 
characters  for  the  walls  and  player).  We  make 
it  invisible  by  setting  its  color  equal  to  the 
background  color  (done  here  with  .SET- 
COLOR  2,0,0). 

Then,  to  open  up  the  maze,  we  just  have 
to  PEEK  (into  screen  memory)  the  eight  char- 
acters surrotmding  the  player  character,  and 
if  the  PEEKed  character  is  an  "invisible  wall," 
replace  it  with  a  visible  wall. 

Scoring  is  provided  with  RTCLOCK, 
Atari's  realtime  clock,  which  is  lotmd  ai  loca- 
tions 18,19,  and  20.  These  are  used  in  the 
opposite  of  the  normal  LSB/MSB  order. 
Chaining  all  three  locations  together  will  give 
the  current  "jiffy  time"  since  the  machine  was 
turned  on,  measured  in  sixtieths  of  a  second: 

JIFFY  =  PEEK(20)-1-PEEK(19)*256  +  PEEK(18) 
*65536 

Since  location  18  only  ticks  every  once  in  a 
long  while,  you  can  leave  it  out  for  most  mea- 
surements. Dividing  the  jiffy  dme  by  60  gives 
you  the  time  in  seconds: 

SEC  =  (PEEK(20)  +  256*PEEK(  1 9))/60 

Playing  Hidden  Maze 

Use  the  joystick  to  move  your  ebullient  little 
character  around  the  maze,  yoin^  goal  being 
the  upper-left-hand  corner  oi'the  screen.  The 
challenge  is  in  how  long  it  takes  you  to  get 
there.  You  can  take  a  "cheat  peek"  of  the 
entire  maze  by  pressing  the  fire  button.  This 
will  display  the  maze  for  about  three  seconds, 
then  turn  to  black  and  delay  your  movement 
for  another  three  seconds  as  a  penalty,  li  you 
want  a  really  good  score,  don't  use  it! 


Program  3:  Atari  Version 

lOO  REM  ■!hii>l>1i^;wai;hl=*M;fcif:1:>J.'J=4:f=><i]: 

110  GRAPHICS  17:GDSUB  360:S0SUB  480 

120  PPDS=SC+230 

130  POKE  PPOS,5 


140 
150 

160 
170 
ISO 


DIM  DIR<3) 
DrR(0)=20:DIR<l)=21jDIR(2)=i9:DIR 

(3)  =1 

POKE  20,0:P0KE  19,0 

FOR  I=0  TO  3 

ZP=PPOS+DIR (I) :PK=PEEK<ZP) : POKE  Z 


mmW\\\\\\Ws^sj^ss5 


LASER  flREr;ifl(lE.H)... ^U^^ 

Be  a  Laser  Gladiator;  Race  a  Laser  Chariot;  Battle 
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' '■ — '' — ^ — • • — ' — ' — ' — I — ^ — ■ — L-i — \ — i — I \ \ I   '  I     I     I,         I     I     I      I  I 


156 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


P,PK-64* (PK=129) 
190  ZP=PPOS-DIR{ I > : PK=PEEK (ZP> jPOKE  Z 

P,PK-64« (PK=129) 
200  NEXT  I 
210  ST  =  STICK  <0) :TP0S=PP0S  +  20*  (ST=13) - 

20* (ST=14) +(ST=7) -(ST=1 i ) 
220  CHR=3*(ST=1J)+4»(ST=7)+5»(ST=14)+ 

6*  <ST=13) 
230  IF  STRIG(0>=0  THEN  SETCOLOR  2,0,1 

4;F0R  W=l  TO  500:NEXT  WsSETCDLOR 

2,0,0:F0R  W= 1  TO  500:NEXT  W 

IF  STRIG(0)=0  THEN  240 

IF  PEEK<TPOS)   THEN  270 

POKE  PPOS,0:PDKE  TPOS , CHR : PPOS=TP 

OS 

IF  PP0S<>SC+21  THEN  170 

FOR  1=1  TO  50:F0R  J=0  TO  3:PDKE  7 

08+J, PEEK (53770) :NEXT  J:NEXT  I 

GRAPHICS  IB:?  #6;  "  PqfTtlW.lt-^KK:  m  " 

SEC=1NT (  (PEEK (20>  +25A*PEEK ( 19)  >  /6 

0) 

?  #6; "IN  ";SEC;"  SECONDS." 

?  #6;?  «ib;"preB5  tiJJ-ra  to" 

?  tti;"play  againtNJ" 

IF  STRIG(O)   THEN  POKE  711,PEEK<53 

770) : GOTO  340 

RUN 

CHSET= (PEEK { 106) -8) «256:F0R  1=0  T 

O  7:PDKE  CHSET+ I , 0 : NEXT  I 

RESTORE  410 

REfiD  A: IF  A=-l  THEN  RETURN 

FOR  J=0  TO  7:READ  B:POKE  CHSET+A» 

8+J,B:NEXT  J 

GOTO  380 

56, 124, 174 


240 
250 
260 

270 
280 

290 
300 

310 

320 
330 
340 

350 
360 

370 

380 
390 

400 
410 

420 

430 

440 

450 

470 
480 
490 

500 

510 
520 

530 
540 
550 

560 
570 

580 


!34. 


174, 254, 186, 68, 
234, 254, 186, 68, 


!14, 


J4,254, 186, 68, 5 


4, 56, 124, 
5, 56, 84 

!4, 254, 214, 214, 186, 6B, 
?55, 255, 255, 255, 25 


)6,  i; 


1  ,255,  25; 


DATA 

56 

DATA 

56 

DATA 

6 

DATA 

56 

DATA 

5,255 

DATA  -1 

GRAPHICS  17:P0KE  756 , CHSET/256 

SC  =  PEEK (BB>  +256*PEEK (89)  : SETCOLOR 

2,0.0 
DIM  A(3):A(0)=2:A(1 >=-40: A (2) =-2: 
A<3>=40:  WL=129: HL  =  0: TRAP  32767 
A=SC+2 1 

FOR  1  =  1  TO  21:?  #6;  "  WBaWMMMMMMBB 
ffMBB««l"  ;  NEXT  I  :  POKE  A,  5 
J=INT(RND(1)*4) :X=J 
B=A+A ( J> 

IF  PEEK(B)=WL  THEN  POKE  B,J+1:PDK 
E  A+A ( J) /2. HLi A=B:GOTO  530 
J=(J  +  1)  «  (J<3}  :  IF  JOX  THEN  540 
J=PEEK(A) :POKE  A,HL:1F  J < 5  THEN  A 
=A-A(J-1) :GOTD  530 
RETURN 


Program  4:  VIC-20  Version 

100  REM  HIDDEN  MAZE:  VIC-20  VERSION 

110  PRINT" (CLEAR) "; :GOSUB  360:GOSUB  480 

120  PP=253 

130  POKE  SCR+PP,5;P0KE  CMEM+PP,2 

140    DIM   DIR(3) 

150    DIR(0)=22:DIR{1)=23:DIR(2)=21:DIR(3)=1 

160   T=TI 


Uiddni  Mazr  -  Atari  mid  \'IC.-2()  Vt 


VIC-20  Notes 

The  VIC-20  version  of  Hidden  Ma/t-  will  run 
on  a  standard  r)K  VIC,  Use  yoin"  j<)\ slick 
cx)ntr(>ller  lo  move  the  smiling  hue  aroiuid 
themaze,  which  gradually  ap[:)ears  as  \(>i< 
mcne  about.  Trv  to  reacli  the  upper  le(t-hand 
corner  ot  the  ma/.e  as  tjnickh'  as  yon  lan.  Yon 
can  press  the  fue  button  to  see  the  entire 
maze  lor  a  lew  seconds,  bui  yoLi  will  be 
"paralyzed"  toi-  another  few  seconds  as  a 
penally. 

riiis  game  is  a  direct  translation  of  the 
Atari  version  and,  as  siu  h.  is  an  ilhisiralion  of 
some  aspects  olconxerltng  Atari  programs  to 
theVIC.  The  Atari  (;RAPH1C;S  1  screen  is 
similar  lo  the  ViC-20  screen  (20x24  vs.  22x23). 
Both  machines  store  custom  characters  in  the 
same  format  (hut  at  dilierent  memory  loca- 
tions). POKEs  can  be  used  <jn  both  machines 
to  manipulate  redefined  characters  as 
"shapes,"  sucli  as  the  face  used  in  the  VIC 
\ersion. 


170  FOR  1=0  TO  3 

180  POKE  CMEM+PP+DIR(I)  ,5 

190  POKE  CMEM+PP-DIR(I) ,5 

200  NEXT  I 

210  P0KE37  154, 127  :X=[N0TPE:EK  (37151)  )AND60-((PE 

EK (37152) AND128)=0):POKE37154, 255 

211  IFX=0THEN210 

215    TP=PP-22* ( {XAND8) >0)+22* ( (XAND4) >0) - ( (XAND 

l)>0)+( (XAND16)>0) 
220    CHR=-(3*((XAND16)>0)+4*((XAND1)>0)+5*((XAN 

D4)>0)+6*((XAND8)>a) ) 
230    1FCHR<30RCHR>6THENCHR=5 
240    IF(XAND32)THENPOKECC,3:FORW=1TO2000:NEXT:P 

0KECC,27: FORW=1TO2000:NEXT 
250    IF   PEEK(SC+TP)<>32   THEN    270 


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158 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


260  POKE  SCR+PP,32:POKE  SCR+TP ,CHR: POKE  CMEM+T 

P,2:PP=TP 
270  IF  PP023  THEN  170 
280  FORI=1TO100:POKE  CCTRL, 255*RND ( 0) : NEXT : POK 

ECCTRL,27 
290  PRINT" {CLEAR} {REV} {PUHlYOU  DID  IT!":POKE36 

869,240 
300  SEC=INT( (TI-T}/60) 
310  PRINT" {GRN}IN";SEC;"SECONDS" 
320  PRINT:PRINT"{CYN}PRESS  { RED} { REV} SPACE{ OFF 

OFF}{CVN}  TO" :PRINT"PLAY  AGAIN. {BLU}" 
340  GETAS:IFAS=""THEN340 
350  RUN 

360  REM  LOAD  CHARACTER  SET 
365  CHSET=7168:POKE51,240:POKE52,CH/256-l:POKE 

5  5,240:POKE56,CH/256-l 
370  FORI=0TO7 : P0KECH+256+I , 0:NEXT 
380  READA:IFA=-1THENRETURN 

390  FORJ=0TO7:READB:POKECHSET+A*8+J,B:NEXTJ 
400  GOTO380 

410  DATA3, 56, 124, 174, 174, 254, 186, 68, 56 
4  20  DATA4, 56, 124, 234, 234, 254, 186, 68, 56 
4  30  DATA5, 56, 8 4, 214, 254, 254, 186, 68, 56 

440  DATA  6,56,124,254,214,214,186,68,56 

441  DATA  7,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255 
470  DATA  -1 

480  POKE36869,255 

485  PRINT" {CLEAR} {22  DOWN} {REV}GENERATING  MAZE 
'(  HOME}  {OFF}"; 

4  90  SC=768  0:CMEM=384  00:CCTRL=36879 

5  00  DIMA(3) :A(0)=2:A(1)=-44:A(2)=-2:A(3)=44 
510  A=SC+23:WL=7:HL=32 

520  FORI=1T021: PRINT" {WHT}GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG" 

:NEXT:P0KEA,5 
5  30  J=INT(RND(1) *4} : X=J : PaKESC+50  5 , J+128 : POKEC 

M+505,8*RND(0) 
540  B=A+A(J) 
5  50  IFPEEK(B)=WLTHENP0KEB,J+1:P0KEA+A(J)/2,HL: 

A=B:GOTO5  30 
560  J=- (J+D*  (J<3)  :IF  JOX  THEN  540 
570  J=PE£K(A) :P0KEA,HL:IFJ<5THENA=A-A(J-1) :GOT 

0530 
575  PRINT" (HOME)  {22  DOWN}  J  HOME} 

"; :POKESC+505,32 
580  RETURN 


Program  5:  Apple  II  Version 

100   REM     HIDDEN  MAZEi APPLE  II 

VERSION 

HOME 

GR  s  REM   GO  INTO  LO-RES  MODE 

HTAB  13:  FLASH  :  PRINT  "GENE 

RATING  MAZE"!  NORMAL 

REM   INITIALIZE  VARIABLES 
150  A(0)  =  2:A<1)  =   -  80iA(2)  = 

-  2iA<3)  =  80 
160  WL  =  BiHL  =  7eCT  =  O 
170   DIM  M(1680) 
180  A  =  859 I L  =  40 
190   REM   GENERATE  MAZE 
200   FOR  I  =  2  TO  38:  FOR  J  =  0  TO 

38 
210  M<I  »  L  +  J)  =  WL:  COLOR=  Js 

L  «   RND  ( 1) , L  t       RND  < 1 >  t 

I  NEXT 
220  M(A)  =  4:  GR 

230  J  =   INT  <  RND  (1)  *  4):Z  =  J 
240   COLOR=  16  «   RND  <1> 
250   PLOT  L  »   RND  ( 1) , L  t       RND  (  1 ) 


110 
120 
130 

140 


PLOT 
NEXT 


Apple  II  Notes 

Tlic  A|3]jle  II  version  (>(  Hifklen  Maze  uses 
lovv-resokition  graphics  (40x40).  The  nia/.t-  is 
generated  inside  a  40x40  array,  and  each  part 
of  the  maze  is  displa)ed  with  the  standard 
PLOT  and  C.OI.OR  commands.  A  i;;(»>d  en- 
liancemenl  to  the  game  would  u.se  page-llip- 
ping  in  the  high-resolution  mode  (to  quickly 
flash  the  completed  maze),  and  a  series  of 
shapes  for  the  player  character. 

Your  player  character  is  represented  by  a 
wfiile  square.  Use  the  IJ,K.  and  M  keys  (I  =  up, 
M  =  down,  j  =  left,  and  K  =  right)  to  move  tlve 
square  within  the  maze.  Try  to  "escape"  the 
maze  by  reaching  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
as  quickly  as  possible.  II  \'oii  get  stuck,  press 
SPACE  (or  a  brief  view  of"  the  entire  maze 
(you  will  be  charged  .")00  extra  "time  units"  for 
this,  however,  and  the  .screen  will  clear,  erasing 
all  the  paths  you've  iuico\ered). 


260 

TT  =   PEEK  (  -  16336> 

270 

B  =  A  +  A<J):  IF  M<B)  =  WL  THEN 

M(B>  =  J:M<A  +  A(J>  /  2)  =  H 

L:A  =  B:  GOTO  230 

280 

J  =  (J  +  1)  *  <J  <  3)  s  IF  J  < 

>  Z  THEN  270 

290 

J  =  M(A>sM(A)  =  HL:  IF  J  <  4  THEN 

ft  =  A  -  A(J):  GOTO  230 

300 

GR  :PX  =  19jPY  =  21:  HOME 

310 

XD<0)  =  1:YD(0)  =  0:XD<1)  =  0 

:YD(1>  =  1:XD(2)  =   -  1:YD(2 

)  =  1:XD(3)  =  lsYD(3)  =  1 

320 

D<0)  =  1:D<1)  =  40:D(2)  =  39: 

D<3>  =  41 

330 

REM   RANDOMLY  KNOCK  HOLES  IN 

MAZE 

340 

FOR  I  =  1  TO  20:M(<36  »   RND 

(1)  +2)  «  40  +  38  »   RND  (1 

))  =  HL:  NEXT 

350 

LOG  =  PX  +  FY  «  40 

360 

FOR  I  =  0  TO  3 

370 

COLOR=  M(LOC  +  D<I)>:  PLOT  P 

X  +  XD(I)  ,PY  +  YD<n 

380 

COLOR=  M(LOC  -  D(I>)!  PLOT  P 

X  -  XD(I),PY  -  YD (I) 

390 

NEXT  I 

400 

COLOR=  15:  PLOT  PX,PY 

410 

DIR  =   PEEK  (  -  16384) t  IF  DI 

R  <  128  THEN  CT  =  CT  +  1:  GOTO 

410 

420 

POKE   -  16368, OsT  =   PEEK  <  - 

16336) 

430 

DIR  =  DIR  -  128 

440 

TX  =  PX  +  (DIR  =  75)  -  (DIR  = 

74) 

450 

TY  =  PY  +  (DIR  =  77)  -  (DIR  =  73) 

December  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


159 


H 

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■ 

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490 


500 


510 

FOR    K    = 

520 

FOR    I    = 

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NEXT    ! 

530 

FOR    W    = 

540 

TEXT    ! 

550 

FOR    I    = 

Hiddeti  Maze  -  Applr  V. 


I'tSIOIl 


460   IF  DIR  =  32  THEN   GOSUB  620 i 

GOTO  350 
470   IF  M(TX  +  TY  *  40)  <   >  HL  THEN 

410 
480  M(TX  +  TY  »  40)  =  15:M(PX  +  P 

Y  *    40)  =  HL 


C0LOR=  HLs  PLOT  PX,PY;  COLOR= 
ISi  PLOT  TXs,TYiPX  =  TX:PY  =  TV 
IF  (PX  +  PY  »  L)  <   >  121  THEN 
350 

1  TO  10 

1  TO  10: A  =   PEEK  (  - 

FOR  W  =  1  TO  10  -  I: 

NEXT 

1  TD  50s  NEXT  :  NEXT 
HOME  t    FLASH 
=  1  TO  24)  PRINT  " 
:  REM   39  SPACES 
VTAB  11:  HTAB  15s  PRINT 
"YOU  DID  IT!  ■■ 
FOR  W  =  1  TO  5000!  NEXT 
HOME  I  INVERSE 
PRINT  "YOUR  SCORE:" 5 CT 
NORMAL 
END 

REM   DISPLAY  WHOLE   MAZE 
FOR  I  =  2  TD  39 
FOR  J  =  0  TD  38 
CDLOR=  MCI  *  L  +  J)s  PLOT  J,  I 
NEXT  J 
NEXT  I 

FOR  W  =  1  TO  500b  NEXT 
CT  =  CT  +  5001  6R  i  RETURN 


560   NEXT  ! 


570 
580 
590 
600 
610 
620 
630 
640 
650 
660 
670 
6B0 
690 


'^^  PflOGftflm  C€nT€R 


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160 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


A  Monthly  Column 


The  World 
Inside 
The 
Computer 


1'  led  D'Igiiazio  is  :i  lompmir  enihusiasi  and  aulhur  of  several  books  on  cuiiipiucis  lor  young  pco]]le.  1  k-  is  prcscnily 

working  on  two  major  projects;  he  is  writing  a  series  of  books  on  how  to  create  graphics-and-soiind  adveniure  games. 

He  is  also  working  on  a  computer  mystcry-and-adventure  series  for  voung  people. 

As  the  father  of  two  young  children,  Fred  has  become  concerned  with  introducing  the  computer  to  children  as  a 

wonderful  tool  rather  than  as  a  forbidding  electronic  device.  His  column  appears  monthly  in  COMPUTE! 


Letters  From  Readers: 

Software, 
Sexism,  And 
Other  Topics 

Fred  D'Ignozio 
Associate  Editor 


1  liave  received  lots  of  mail  from  people  wiio  read 
this  column.  Most  people  write  to  complimenl  nic 
and  tell  me  I'm  on  the  right  track.  But  1  al.so  get 
letters  that  are  critical.  I  welcome  both  types  of 
letters.  Please  keep  them  coining. 

Recently.  I  received  a  letter  from  Jan  Murphy 
who  wrote  thai  she  had  beeti  enjoying  my  column 
each  month.  Then  she  read  the  column  on  the 
computer  friend  (COMPUTE!.  Augu.st  1982).  On 
page  82,  she  read  the  following  words: 

Is  this  child  a  bov  or  a  girl?  The  computer 
friend  should  know. 

This  Une  profoundly  angered  and  upset  Jan. 
Whv?'  rU  let  her  tell  vou  in  her  own  woids: 


U7;v  am  1  tnad'^f  J  said  to  inyst'lf,  'Hinr  yi'frc.shing  it 
would  be  to  have  a  friend  who  didn't  care  if'iou  were  a 
boy  or  a  girl.  And  this  computer  friend  idea  would  he  a 
great  chance  to  di>  that.  Init  ifrvo-sone  mahes  the  computer 
frioid  know  tlwii  that  chance  would  be  wasted.' 

Why  "should"  the  computer  friend  know  the  gender 
off!  child?  So  the  friend  can  treat  the  child  in  an  "appro- 
priate" 'Way?  How  about  letting  the  computer  friend  treat 
the  cliild  like  a  child  instead? 

I  don't  go  around  saying  all  men  are  horrible,  or  get 
active  in  poUlical  things,  or  do  many  other  thi)igs  that 
people  imagine  'feminists"  do.  I  reject  the  term  feminist;  I 
want  human  liberation,  freedom  for  both  men  and 
women  to  be  xvho  they  are.  So  if  my  brother  can't  fix  a  car, 
who  cares?  That  mcikeshim  bad  at  fixing  cars,  not  "le.ss 
ma.sculine".  And  if  I  like  computers,  why  shouldn't  I? 
This  is  the  kind  of  trap  I  see  us  all  falling  into  when  I 
read  that  the  computer  friend  ".should  know"  the  child  is  a 
boy  or  a  girl. 

It  can't  be  coincidence  that  girls  often  do  better  in 
math  in  elementan  school,  yet  by  the  time  they  are  in  the 
1 2th  grade,  they  can't  cope  with  numbers.  There  were  3 
out  of  30  in  m\  physics  class,  3  girls  and  27  boys.  Why  do 
you  think  I  never  learned  which  way  to  turn  a  screwdriver 
until  one  of  my  (male)  friends  taught  me.  in  high  .school? 
Because  "girls"  don't  get  building  toys  for  Christmas, 
that's  why.  Or  telescopes,  or  chemistiy  sets,  or  tools.  Why? 
There's  no  reason  -  it's  Just  the  ivay  things  have  ahuays 
been  done,  that's  all.  and  -we  don't  bother  to  cast  off  all  the 
old  baggage  from  the  pa.st  when  a  better  way  of  doing 
things  turns  up.  (Perhaps  I  should  .say  it  this  way:  nobody 
likes  to  give  up  old  software.)  That's  natural.  But  (as 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


161 


usual)  Ursula  K.  LeGuin  has  said  it  before,  and  said  it 
better  than  I  ever  could: 

To  oppose  somi'thing  is  to  maintain  it. 

Thef  say  here  that  "all  nmtis  lead  to 
Mish)iury."  Tu  be  sure,  if  you  turn  your  Ixick 
on  Mishnory  and  walk  away  from  it,  you  are 
still  on  the  Mishnory  road.  To  oppose  vul- 
garity is  inevitably  to  he  vulgar.  You  must 
go  somewberc  else;  you  must  have  aniitber 
troal:  then  you  walk  another  road. 

-Tlic  Left  Hand  Of  Darkness 
(Estraven,  in  chapter  11) 

I  want  our  children  to  be  people  first,  and  doers  of 
great  deeds,  and  makers  <ij  great  -wtrrks,  creators  and 
cotiservers  and  heroes;  all  these  things  first,  and  llieti, 
later,  when  they  know  who  they  are  and  that  they  can  do 
great  things,  and  that  the  world  is  full  of  wonderful 
things  far  them  to  learn,  when  they  are  firmly  settled  with 
a  sense  of  their  worth,  then,  they  can  also  learn  to  be  ix>\'s 
and  ji'irls  (if  it  is  stilt  necessary)  or  men  and  women. 
But  I  want  us  to  break  the  circle,  as  LeGuin  would  sayi, 
and  go  free.  That's  my  goal.  You  want  kids  to  be  able  to 
learn  a)id  grow,  too,  othenvise  you  wouldnt  write  such  a 
neat  column..  Right? 

So  when  you  make  your  computer  friend  with  your 
child  (and  this  goes  for  both  your  children)  please  be 
careful  and  think  about  what  you  might  be  doing  (unco- 
sciously,  I  know)  when  you  tell  the  computer  friend  things 
about  your  cliild.  Yoy\/e  been,  pretty  good  so  far.  using 
"she"  and  "her"  some  of  the  time  (!\<e  noticed,  yes,  and  1 
was  impressed),  so  keep  up  the  good  work. 

Well,  you  wanted  input  on  your  idea  for  a  computer 
friend/pet.  I  don't  knoze  if  this  is  quite  what  you  had  in 
mind.  But  a  computer  named  cfter  the  Archmage  of  Roke 
desemes  the  best,  and  it  would  break  my  heart  to  see  him 
acting  like  the  computer  in  a  bad  Heinlein  novel. 

Thanks  for  your  columns  (I  loved  the  story  about 
Eric  and  yourflopfn'  disks;  I'm  glad  you  didn't  lose  any- 
thing) -  I'm  looking  fonoard  to  Catie  and  Eric's  further 
adventures. 

A  Response  To  Jan's  Letter 

Jan's  letter  was  thoughtful  and  ihought-provoking. 
It  angered  me  and  upset  me.  It  also  convinced  me 
that  I  had  made  a  serious  bimider. 

I  spent  several  days  thinking  about  what  Jan 
said  and  talking  it  over  with  my  wife.  I've  come  up 
with  a  tentative  response. 

First,  I'm  glad  Jan  wrote.  The  issue  she  raises 
is  vital.  The  more  "IVicndly"  ihal  software  becomes 
-  the  more  it  acts  like  a  person  -  the  more  it  wilt 
carry  hidden  values.  The  question  is:  what  are 
those  values?  Are  they  fair  to  all  people?  Or  are 
they  prejudiced  and  unfair? 

Also,  this  issue  assumes  even  greater  impor- 
tance now  that  young  children  are  beginning  to 
use  personal  computers.  These  children's  values 


are  largely  unformed  or,  at  least,  extremely  malle- 
able. Values  hidden  inside  computer-friend  and 
computer-tutor  software  might  be  easily  transmit- 
ted to  young  children.  Again,  it's  important  for  us, 
as  parents  and  teachers,  to  micover  the.se  values 
and  make  sure  the)  are  similar  to  om"  own  values. 

In  this  specific  case,  however,  I'm  afraid  that  I 
disagree  with  Jan  over  whether  the  computer 
friend  should  ask  ihc  child's  sex.  i  still  think  it 
shotild.  It  should  for  two  reasons. 

First,  the  child's  se\  is  a  biological  fact.  Second, 
the  child's  sex  is  an  important,  perhaps  decisive, 
factor  in  determining  how  other  people  will  treat 
the  child.  For  good  or  bad,  it  is  too  big  a  factor  for 
the  child,  or  the  friend,  to  ignore.  Only  by  dealing 
with  it  can  the  child  (and  the  friend)  overcome  it. 

Back  to  reason  number  one:  biology.  For 
biological  reasons  alone,  the  child's  sex  is  a  central 
fact  of  the  child's  life.  The  child  identifies  hetself 
or  himself,  in  part,  based  on  that  fact. 

I'm  not  saying  what  thai  fact  means.  I'm  not 
saying  that  girls  and  boys  shouldn't  be  free  to  ex- 
press their  personalities.  I'm  only  saying  it  is  an 
important  fact  and  should  not  be  covered  up, 
rationalized,  or  denied.  If  I  were  a  girl  or  a  boy 
and  I  had  a  computei-  friend,  I  would  want  my 
friend  to  know  my  sex. 

Second,  unlike  the  computer  friend,  the  child 
does  not  live  in  a  vacuimi.  It  lives  in  the  real  world. 
And  the  real  world  is  illled  with  people  who  dis- 
criminate against  women  and  men  (in  cliHerent 
ways,  of  course).  Prejudice  is  built  into  the  laws, 
into  people's  values  and  opinions,  into  institutions, 
and  into  almost  every  activity  of  our  Uves. 

If  the  friend  is  to  become  a  real  friend,  it  must 
learn  which  side  of  the  sexual  fence  the  child  is  on. 
Only  then  will  it  be  able  to  relate  to  the  challenges 
the  child  will  face  in  trying  to  overcome  the  injurious 
sexual  stereotypes  that  pressure  the  child  into  a 
certain  kind  of  behavior,  career,  style  of  life,  or 
whatever. 

This  issue  seems  a  little  over-dramatized, 
given  the  extremely  simple  computer  friend  we 
have  discussed  so  far.  But  a  major  trend  in  com- 
puter software  is  to  anlhropomorphize  computers 
and  make  them  more  lifelike,  human,  and  friendly. 
Computer  friends  in  the  near  future  won't  be  toy 
programs  to  amuse  preschoolers.  They  will  be  built 
into  silicon  chips  and  be  an  intimate  part  of  our 
daily  lives  —  in  the  office,  in  the  school,  and  in  the 
home.  Therefore,  the  type  of.values  our  "friends" 
should  have  is  a  good  issue  to  be  thinking  about 
right  now. 

Wtiaf  Do  You  Think? 

.Now  it  is  your  imn,  readers.  What  do  you  think 
about  all  this?  Please  write  and  tell  me  how  you 


162 


COM  PUT  El 


December  1982,  issue  31 


feel.  Send  your  letters  to: 

Fred  D'l^^iiazio 
do  COMPUTE! 
P.O.  Box  5406 
Greensboro,  NC  27403 

A  couple  of  months  from  now,  I'll  revive  this 
issue  and  print  some  of  the  most  thought-provoking 
letters  I  receive. 

Computer  Friends  For  Adults 

.A.  couple  of  weeks  after  I'd  received  Jan's  letter,  I 
got  a  letter  from  Irwin  J.  Davis  of  Bridgewater, 
New  Jersey.  In  his  letter,  he  proposed  a  computer 
fiiend  for  adults.  Here  is  an  excerpt  from  his  inter- 
esting letter: 

/  read  with  interest  your  article  about  building  a 
computer  friend  for  a  child,  ft  did  occur  to  me  that  the 
same  concept  could  apply  to  adults.  Why  not  build  into 
the  computer  an  adult  personality  like  The  Sage  or  Chief 
Mentor.  The  programmer  could  put  in  all  his  favorite 
sayings  or  aphorisms  from  secular  or  religious  sources  as 
Thoreau,  Montaigne,  The  Bible,  etc.  The  computer  could 
suggest  meditation  exercises,  relaxation  techniques  de- 
pending on  how  the  person  felt.  In  the  past  people  would 
keep  a  journal  and  write  sayings  or  thoughts  of  importance 
m  them.  Why  not  put  them  into  a  computer  under  certain 
categories  and  recall  them  for  certain  moods.  Suggested 
types; 

The  Sage  or  Philosopher 

The  Psychologist 

The  Swami 

The  Man  of  Action 

The  Rabbi,  Minister,  or  Prie.<it 

The  programmer  would  have  to  hiow  quite  a 
bit  about  his  character,  which  would  be  a  good  e.xerci.'ie 
for  him. 

What  do  you  think  about  this  adult  computer 
friend''  Write  me  if  this  letter  has  gi\en  you  any 
ideas. 

Computing  In  The  Third  World 

I  am  tucked  a\va\-  in  a  nice  little  city  in  the  U.S. 
This  city  has  every  kind  of  computer  support  system 
1  could  possibly  want.  But  what  would  happen  if  I 
were  a  total  novice  who  wanted  to  acquire  a  personal 
computer  and  I  lived  somewhere  in  the  Third  World 
(a  developing  country  in  Africa,  Asia,  or  Latin 
America)? 

This  was  the  issue  posed  to  me  when  I  received 
a  letter  from  J.  J.  Bichier,  in  Caracas,  Venezuela. 
Bichier  is  a  bush  pilot  and  author.  He  wants  to  get 
a  personal  computer. 

Here  is  his  story: 

/  am  a  bush  pilot-operator,  out  there  in  South  Amer- 
ica. Though  the  idea  has  been  floating  in  my  mind  for  a 
long  time,  a  couple  ofmontJis  ago  on  a  flight  to  Miami,  I 


caught  up  xvith  computers. 

Flight  plans,  maintenance,  operations,  costs,  losses 
and  profits,  all  could  nicely  he  automated  and  streamlined 
dotDU  to  the  meanest  decimals,  if  I  put  together  the  proper 
hard-  and  software  (within  a  reasonable  budget)  and 
learned  how  to  use  it. 

To  the  good! 

Besides  the  )uitural  fascination  for  the  technology 
itself,  my  main  interest  in  computers  lies  in  the  fact  that  I 
am  also  an  author. 

When  I  think  of  the  tedious  time-  and  energy- 
consuming  process  of  writing  large  books  with  paper,  pen, 
typewriter,  and  dictionaries,  my  mind  overfloios  xvith  the 
reams  of  crumpled  and  unfinished  versions  I  have  to  go 
through  to  get  to  the  final  colry,  I  am  sixty  and,  besides  the 
hard  labor,  there  may  not  be  that  much  time  available. 
That's  ivhere  a)i  adequate  word  processor,  proofreading 
attached,  comes  in. 

When  I  think  of  the  possibility  of  pouring  schematics, 
material,  partial  or  polished  chapters  into  the  box,  with 
the  ability  to  retrieve  the  text  instantly,  look  at  it,  work  on 
it  and  store  it  again  to  maturation  of  page,  chapter,  hook, 
I  drool. 

I  naturally  surrounded  myself  xvith  all  the  magazines 
and  a  couple  of  books  I  could  find,  haphazardly,  to  fill  in 
the  blanlu.  I  went  through  them  hungrily.  I  am  learning 
PETICBM  BASIC  and  it  doesn  't  .seem  that  far  off 

But  all  file  ads  do  not  tell  the  whole  stoty.  Venezuela, 
my  countiy,  lies  thousands  of  miles  and  iveeks  azvay  from 
lite  mai)istream  of  marketing,  support  and  maintenance 
infrastructures  of  any  technology,  computaliau  to  the 
fore.  That  has  to  be  con.udered  as  well.  Another  fact  is  my 
total  lack  of  exfierienre  with  the  equipment,  technologies, 
ami  skills  concerned. 

For  weeks  I  have  sent  letters  to  manufacturers, 
wholesalers,  dealers  and  others,  to  make  up  my  mind  as  to 
hardware,  softwares,  methods  and  prices.  I  tliought  their 
literature  might  fill  some  of  the  gaps.  To  my  dismay,  there 
was  no  feedback.  Xothingjlat. 

Since  no  one  in  my  surroundiyigs  is  interested  enough 
or  possesses  the  necessary  experience  to  help  me,  I  am 
calling  blind:  I  beg  of  you  to  do  so,  if  you  woidd  and 
could  find  the  time. 

After  reading  all  the  ads  and  related  articles, 
fmniiising  the  "ultimate  tool' for  so  many  dollars  less  than 
their  competit(ns  and  a  lot  of  mulling  over,  I  come  up 
with  the  following  system  layout: 

—  Commodore  H032  (main  unit) 

—  7.  RAM  board  (summing  96K  main  working 
memoiy  atid  Z  80  64K  CPM  comfxitible  memoty) 

—  Commodore  S2?()  2  mega  floppy  storage 

—  C  Itoh  F  10  daisy  wheel  silent  printer 
~WordPro5  + 

—  Compatible  fmmf  reader  (unidentified) 

—  Small  business  management  software  I  could 
easily  adapt  to  airplanes  (unidentified) 


Decern  ber198Z  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


163 


—  Ocld.s  and  rabh's 

—  Sparc  daisy  wheels  and  ribhoiis 

—  Spare  floppy  disks 

—  All  user  and  iiiaDiteaanee  mainiah  jor  each  piece 
(ij  eijuipwenl 

—  Fast  access  to  parts,  boards,  chips,  hits  and  pieces 

—  Summing  some  S5000 

—  To  be  delivered  at  Fort  Lauderdale  Executive 
Airport,  Florida,  which  is  of  easy  reach  for  me. 

Questions  abound.  Are  the  components  wholly  com- 
patible with  each  other?  How  reliable  and  gremliti  proof? 
Is  the  whole  system  compatible  with  my  goal?  Did  1  shoot 
short  of  the  necessaty  memory  to  manipulate  the  makings 
of  hooks?  Etc. 

My  audacity  may  surjxLss  my  ignorance  and  you  may 
have  a  good  laugh. 

There  is  no  100%  prooj  reason  for  me  to  espouse  the 
Commodore  .system  rather  than,  any  other  i)i  its  price 
range.  It  just  see»is  to  fit  and  for  no  valid  reason  at  all  I 
like  il.  My  j)hilosof>hy  on  ihe  iiuilter  is  that  whichever 
system  1  end  up  with,  )ny  task  will  be  huiulreds  of  times 
ccmer,  once  I  master  its  f}articularities,  learn  it  inside  out, 
and  stick  wdh  it. 

Anotherfactor  in  Javor  of  Commodore  is  that  it  is 
represented  in  Caracas,  though  it  carries  a  100%  markup 
over  stateside  retail  prices.  There  may  be  some  support 
there.  On  the  other  hand,  a  son  of  mine  is  trouble  .shooting 
for  Ohio  Scientific  in  Venezuela.  With  the  proper  manuals 
in  hand,  there  should  be  no  fuss  to  keep  going. 

Still,  the  decision  is  intimidating. 

Another  interesting  challenge  I  can  come  up  zvith  is 
this:  I  am  trilingual,  hut  do  word  processors  and  proof- 
readers exist  for  Sl)ani.sh  or  French  iongue.s?  The  an.swer 
to  that  rnight  make  of  me  another  Jion-native  English 
writer,  though  most  of  what  I  have  to  say  is  a  lot  tastier  in 
its  native  Spanish. 

This  is  my  story.  I  hope  your  secretary  will  be  kind 
enough  to  let  it  reach  you  —  .so  you  may  decide  to  help. 

Whichever  happens,  I  shall  be  counting  the  days  to 
thank  you. 

li  you  have  any  knowledge  thai  would  help 
Seiior  Bichier,  please  write  liini  direclly: 

Cap  J.  J.  Bichier 

Aparladu  de  Correo  K.sle  60409 

Caracas  1060 

Venezuela 

South  America 

Also,  I  would  very  much  like  to  hear  from 
readers  who  know  wliat  it  is  like  to  use  personal 
computers  outside  the  United  States,  particularly 
in  the  Third  World.  In  a  ctuiple  of  months,  I  will 
touch  on  this  subject  again  and  print  excerpts  from 
some  of  the  letters  I  receive. 

Upcoming:  Teacher  And  Pet 

In  two  months,  I'll  return  to  my  discussion  of  the 


compute)'  friend.  We'll  make  the  Irieiid  capable  of 
remembering  things  it  learns  from  the  child.  Fhen 
we'll  experiment  with  this  featiue  bv  creating  a 
"friendly"  computer  teacher  and  a  "(riendly"  com- 
puter pet. 

As  you  read  the  column  and  lr\'  ihe  Irieucl 
programs,  please  write  me  with  your  comments 
and  send  me  copies  of  program  enhancements  you 
develop  -  on  any  of  the  popidar  machines.  At  the 
end  of  my  discussion  aljout  computer  friends,  ! 
will  prim  the  most  helpful  letleis  and  listings.        © 


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164 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  issue  SI 


High  )rs  grtijjhic.s  ran  be  med  for  games,  math  etjualioii 
plotthig,  light  pen  applications,  drawing  designs  —  any 
application  irlwrc  y(ni  want  to  turn  on  one  dot  on  the  TV 
scrrt'n.  This  article  explores  high  resolution  graphics  on 
the  5K  a  nd  exte  n  ded  SK  \  lC-20. 

Understanding 
VIC  High 
Resolution 
Graphics 

Roger  N.  Trendowski 
Rondolph,  NJ 

The  \'K"  perfornis  high  res  grapliics  ilirough  bit 
mapping  the  screen.  Bit  mapping  is  a  method 
where  each  clot  olresnUuion  on  the  screen  (callctl  a 
pixel)  is  assigned  its  own  bit  in  niemcjiy.  If  tlie  bit  is 
one,  then  the  pixel  is  on;  if  zero,  the  pixel  is  off. 

Your  screen  displa\  s  506  aipha/niinTeric/ 
graphic  characters,  22  horizontal  and  23  vertical. 
Since  each  character  is  made  of  8x8  pixels,  your 
screen  consists  of  32384  pixels.  With  high  res 
graphics,  you  can  selectively  turn  olf  or  on  each  oi 
these  32384  pixels  —  if  you  have  enough  memory 
(more  about  nieniorv  requirements  later).  Wilhoiu 
enough  memory,  the  X  or  horizontal  coordinate 
may  var)'  from  0  to  176,  and  Y  from  0  to  184. 

VIC  Technique 

Bit  mapping  is  clone  on  the  VIC  using  the  "pro- 
grammable character''  technique  -  when  you  POKE 
a  screen  location  with  a  number  from  within  that 
location.  Trv  this  on  an  unexpanded  VIC:  press 
the  [RUN  STOP]  [RESTORE]  kevs,.then  type  in: 

POKE36879,62 
POKE7690,0 

This  places  a  character  display  code  of  zero  in 
the  top  middle  of  your  screen  (location  7690).  An 
"@'*  character  should  appear.  The  first  POKE 
turns  the  screen  blue  so  that  you  can  see  the  char- 
acter. To  display  thi.s  character,  VICl  takes  the 
display  code  and  looks  up  the  corresponding  eight 
lines  in  ROM  {Read  Only  Memory)  starting  with 
location  37768. 

In  the  case  of  display  code  "0",  the  first  eight 
bytes  (memory  locations)  of  ROM  are  used  -  37768 
through  37775.  Each  eight-bit  byte  in  ROM  defines 
a  row  of  pixels  which  make  up  part  of  the  "@" 


character.  Now,  if  the  display  code  "1"  was  POKEd 
instead  of  "'0",  an  "A"  would  be  displayed  —  it  is 
stored  in  eight  bytes  of  ROM  starting  at  32776. 

The  next  step  in  understanding  the  bit  map- 
ping technique  is  to  see  how  programmable  char- 
acters are  changed.  Since  the  ROM  area  where  the 
aipha/numeric/graphic  characters  are  stored  cannot 
be  changed  by  a  POKE  command,  we  must  change 
the  VIC^  pointer  from  ROM  to  unused  locations  in 
RAM  (Random  Access  Memory).  To  change  this 
pointer,  type  in: 

POKE36869,253 

This  memory  location,  which  contains  both 
the  cliaracter  memory  pointer  and  a  screen  memory 
pointer,  now  points  to  R.A.M  location  5120.  The 
graphic  garlaage  on  your  screen  represents  random 
data  stored  in  the  new  eight-b\te  character  RAM 
locations.  Hit  the  [RUN  SIOPJ  [RESTORE]  keys 
to  clear  the  screen. 

Try  this  short  program  which  will  show  some 
of  the  fundamentals  of  high  res  graphics  and  bit 
mapping. 

10  POKE36879,62 

20  FORI  =  5120TO6143:POKEI,0:NEXT 

30  POKE7680,0 

40  POKE36869,253 

50  POKE5 120,1 

60  GOTO50 

Look  at  what  has  happened  at  the  top  left  of 
the  screen.  .A  pixel  has  been  turned  on  in  the  first 
row.  Line  20  of  the  program  cleared  random  data 
out  of  the  RAM  memory  locations  5120-6143.  Line 
30  put  a  displav  character  code  of  zero  in  7680 
(normally  an  (a  character  equals  display  code 
zero).  Line  40  changed  the  character  pointer  from 
ROM  to  RAM  location  5120.  Line  50  created  a  new 
character  in  the  first  of  eight  bytes  that  define 
display  character  zero.  The  remaining  seven  bytes 
of  displav  character  zero  (locations  5121  through 
5 1 27)  remain  cleared,  meaning  their  bits  are  equal 
to  zeros.  Line  50  causes  bit  position  0  (right-most 
bit  in  the  byte)  to  equal  one.  Line  60  causes  VIC  to 
remain  in  a  loop  so  that  the  screen  does  not  display 
"READY"  and  interrupt  our  demonstration.  A 
conclusion  from  this  exercise  is  that  setting  a  bit  to 
one  in  programmable  character  memory  (e.g., 
5120,  bit  #0)  turns  on  a  corresponding  pixel. 

Try  using  binary  word  encoding  with  different 
values  (0-255)  in  line  50  of  the  above  program. 

Bit#  76543210 
Byte  5120  a^^^^^-^" 

00000001  =  1 
00000010  =  2 
10000000  =  128 

To  expand  your  understanding,  type  the 
following  change  to  the  above  program  and  run  it: 


WORD 
PROCESSOR? 


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166 


COMPUTEI 


December  1 982,  Issue  31 


30   U=0:FORJ  =  7680TO7701:POKEJ,U:U  =  U+l: 

NEXT 
50  POKE5I28,I 

The  SCI  (.-en  should  siiow  :i  pixel  scl  in  ihc  l(>th 
po.siiion  Irotn  ihc  !ctl.  Line  20  l\)KKcl  chsplay 
codes  of'0,l,2...21  into  V'IC's  screen  memory  7680 
ihrough  7701.  Correspoiuhng  eighr-hvie  l)ic)ck.s  ot 
RAM,  siariiiig  uith  5120,  are  cleared  except  for 
the  bit  0  in  byte  5 1 28  -  the  top  row  of  character 
number  I.  Tlierefore.  \'l(..  (urns  on  the  corres- 
ponding screen  pixel. 


New 

Pri>i^raminabk' 

Character 

Moniorv 


Screen  Memory 


5120 

5121 

5122 

5123 

5124 

5125 

5126 

5127 

5128 

onnooooi 

• 

) 

5135 

^       ^ 

For 

8  Byte 

Display 

Characit'r 

1 


Note;  When  8x16  character  !iize  is  used,  16  bytes  are  used  to 
define  a  display  character  on  the  screen. 


Display  Characters 

If  there  are  506  character  po-sitions  on  the  screen 
and  onl\  256  possible  display  characters,  then  the 
question  is:  how  do  yon  illl  up  the  rest  of  the  screen? 
Use  an  obscure  memory  location  —  36867,  bit  0. 

Type  "NEW"  and  then  type  the  following  lines 
without  line  numbers: 

POKE36879,62 

POKE36867,  (PEEK(36867)ORl 

POKE7690,0 

Among  graphic  garbage,  two  characters  should 
have  appeared  at  the  lop  center  of  the  screen:  an 
"(a."  over  an  "A".  The  second  line  changed  the 
\TC  to  a  (  haraclcr  matrix  size  of  8x16  (when  bit  0 
of  this  location  ctiuals  1 ).  The  VTC  now  uses  the 
first  16  bytes  to  define  display  character  0.  The 
third  line  POKEs  displav  code  zero  into  locadon 
7690.  In  til  is  way.  by  POKEing  from  0  through  253 
dispUu  codes  on  the  screen,  we  can  display  all  506 
character  positions. 

Memory  Requirements 

As  mentioned  earlier,  bit  mapping  the  entire  screen 


would  re([iiire  32384  pixels  or  4048  bytes  of  RAM 
(32384  divided  by  eight  bits  per  bvte).  With  the 
original  \T(;-20,  you  have  onlv  3583  bvtesof  B.ASIC 
RAM  to  work  wiih  for  both  the  ])rogram  and  bit 
mapping.  Therefore,  you  wilt  have  to  litnii  the  area 
of  the  screen  you  map.  With  a  +3K  or  +8K  memorv 
expander  cartridge,  yon  can  map  a  larger  portion 
ol  the  screen.  It  takes  both  the  3K  and  8K  expan- 
sions to  bit  ma|j  the  entire  screen. 

When  using  an  8K  ex])ander,  vou  must  also 
perform  some  extra  operalions.  A  critical  step  will 
be  to  locate  yoiu'  high  res  program  abo\e  screen 
memory  and  programmable  character  memor\ ,  I 
suggest  location  8192,  which  is  the  first  location  in 
llie  8K  expander.  The  following  8K  higli  icsolniion 
demonstration  program  will  explain  this 
technique. 

X  and  Y  Coordinate  Calculations 

Ciiven  that  we  now  know  how  to  tin  n  a  pi\;el  oil  Or 
on  by  changing  a  bit  in  prograinmaijie  character 
memory  (51 20  +  ),  we  still  must  have  the  program 
take  an  X  or  Y  coordinate  and  translate  it  to  the 
corresponding  bvte  number  and  bit  location.  T  he 
lollowing  calculations  must  be  made  bv  the 
program: 

CHAR  =  INT(X/8)*1 1  +  INT  (Y/16) 

This  gives  the  display  code  of  the  character  you 
want  to  change.  Next,  calculate  the  |no])er  row  in 
the  chaiacler  In  using: 

ROW  =  (Y/16-INT(Y/16))*16 

From  theCHAR#  and  ROW#.  you  can  calculate 
the  byte  where  X  and  \'  lies. 

Byte  =  5120+16*CH  +  R0 

The  last  calculation  to  be  made  identifies  which  bit 
must  be  changed. 

Bit  =  7-(X-(INT(X/8)*8)) 

To  turn  on  any  bit  with  the  coordinates  X,\'.  use 
this  formula: 

POKE  BY,PEEK  (BY)  OR  (2  '^  BI) 

Example 

Program  1,  lor  the  unexpanded  5K  VTC,  Imi  maps 
approximalelv  two-thirds  of  ihe  screen  and  allows 
vou  to  control  pixel  plotting  with  a  Joystick.  The 
ptjrtion  of  the  .screen  used  i'or  liigh  res  grajjliics  is 
limited  bv  vour  BASIC  RAM  area.  Onlv  1022  bvtes 
are  left  available  for  a  BASIC:  program  (locations 
4096  to  5019).  By  changing  the  programmable 
character  pointer  from  location  5120  to  6  1 44  or 
7 168  (sec  lable  1 ),  vou  make  more  bytes  available 
for  your  BASIC  program:  therefore,  there  is  less 
bit  map  area  of  the  screen. 

In  Program  1,  line  50  sets  up  parameters  lor 
joystick  control  and  starting  X  and  Y  coordinates. 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


167 


Line  60  colors  the  screen  so  that  pixels  will  show. 
Line  70  clears  all  programmable  character  locations. 
Line  80  ciiaiiges  the  \'1C>  screen  to  an  8x16  charac- 
ter matrix  size.  Line  90  POKEs  rlisplav  codes  zero 
through  1 '>'■>  in  screen  menioiy  locations  7()80 
ihroiigli  7cS;V2.  If  you  insert  an  "END"  statement 
between  lines  90  and  100,  you  can  see  the  display 
characters  as  laken  from  ROM.  Line  100  clianges 
the  ciiaracler  poinicr  irom  ROM  (o  RAM  (location 
5 120).  The  screen  clears  lo  l>lack  because  there  are 
no  programmable  characters  defined  in  .■>I20  to 
7679. 

The  main  program  loop  starts  at  line  !  10. 
Tilts  line  points  \n  ihe  snbroutitie  (or  reafliiig  tlie 
X  and  Y  coordinates  from  the  joystick,  (li  you  uanl 
an  explanation  of  this  subroutine,  look  up  David 
Malmberg's  article  in  the  fall  1981  issue  of //«wr 
and  EdHciitioiKil  (lomj))tiing! .)  l-ines  120  through  160 
perform  the  necessary  character  (CH),  row  (RO), 
byte  (B^),  and  hii  (Bl)  calculations  and  operations 
to  turn  (Ml  a  pixel.  Warning:  when  yoti  are  playing 
with  the  demo  program,  don't  go  out  of  bounds  or 
else  you  w ill  itnade  other  inijjortani  niemorv  loca- 
tions. Strange  things  will  ajjpearl 

Example  Program  For  8K  Expanded  VIC-20 

fhis  demonstration  program  will  bit  map  approxi- 
mately 1d7c  of  the  screen,  leaving  8192  bvles  free 
for  your  application  program.  Bv  the  wa\ ,  these 
8192  bytes  are  al!  loc  aied  in  (he  SK  expander.  The 
759f  limitation  results  from  the  VIC  requirement 
that  all  screen  memory  an-d  programmable  charac- 
ter memory  be  resident  in  the  VIC  and  not  in  the 
8K  R.\M  expander. 

lieiore  typing  in  or  loading  ihis  |jrogi'am,  type 
in  ihe  iollowing: 

POKE44,32 
POKE642,32 
POKES  192,0 

These  three  POKEs  are  critical!  The  first  and 
.second  commands  place  the  new  page  number  of 
where  your  BASK^  program  will  be  loaded  into 
RAM.  Tlie  page  number  is  derived  by  dividing  the 
iiiiended  slarling  address  bv  2.^6  since  there  are 
256  bytes  per  page  in  the  VIC  (81 92/256  =  :i2). 
riie  third  command  zeros  the  first  word  of  your 
BASIC"  program  area  -  a  must  if  you  expect  this 
thing  lo  run.  Now  type  in  the  program. 

Except  for  a  few  lines,  the  explanation  of  this 
8K  program  is  the  same  as  for  the  .")K  demo  yivo- 
gram,  except  for  three  lines.  Luie  90  now  contains 
the  starting  screen  address  of  4096  and  character 
disjjlav  codes  u|j  to  190,  Line  100  POKEs  a  205 
into  the  character  pointer  U)  point  to  location  5120. 
This  difference  (25:^  VS  205)  is  due  to  tlie  dual 
function  (hat  ;^6869  performs.  Only  the  lower  four 
bits  of  this  location  contain  the  character  memory 


pointer.  Line  295  is  also  changed.  The  Y  represents 
the  maximum  \'  coordinate  vou  can  turn  on  with 
ihcjoyslick. 


Program  1. 

10  REM  ORIGINAL  5K  VIC    EXAMPLE  OF  HIGH  RES 
GRAPHICS 

4  0  REM 

5  0  DD=37154:P1=37151:P2=37152:X=10:Y=10 
60  POKE36879,8:PRINT"{CLEARl  " 

70  FORI=5120TO8185:POKEI,0:NEXT 

80  POKE36867,PEEK (36867)OBl 

9  0  FORI=0TO153;POKE768  0+I,I:NEXTI 

100  POKE36869,253 

110  GOSUB200 

120  CH=lNT(X/8)+ItJT(Y/16)  *22 

130  RO=(Y/16-INT(Y/16))*16 

140    By=5120+16*CH+RO 

150    BI=7-(X-(INT{X/8)*8) ) 

160    P0KEBY,PEEK(BY}OR(2''BI) 

170    GOTO110 

180    REM 

200    P0KEDD,127:P=PEEK(P2)AND12a 

210    J0=-(P=0) 

220    P0KEDD,255:P=PEEK(P1) 

230    Jl=-( (PAND8)=0) 

240   J2=-( (PAND16)=0) 

250    J3=-( (PAND4)=0) 

260    IFJ0=1THENX=X+1 

270    IFJ2=1THENX=X-1 

280    IFJ1=1THENY=Y+1 

290    IFJ3=lTHENy=Y-l 

295    IFY>104THENY=104 

300    RETURN 


Program  2. 


10    REM    ORIGINAL    8K   VIC         EXAMPLE    OF    HIGH   RES 
GRAPHICS 

4  0    REM 

5  0    DD=37154:P1=37151:P2=37152:X=10:Y=10 
60    POKE36879,8:PRIl^T"  {CLEAR}  " 

70    FORI=5120TO8185:POKEI ,0:NEXT 

80    POKE36867,PEEK(36867)ORl 

9  0    FORI  =  0TO190 :POKE4096  +  I , I :NEXTI 

100    POKE36869,205 

110    GOSUB200 

120    CH=INT(X/8>+INT(Y/16)*22 

130    RO=(Y/16-INT(Y/16) )*16 

140  BY=5120+16*CH+RO 

150  BI  =  7-(X-(INT(X/8)*8)  ) 

160  POKEBY,PEEK (BY}0R(2"BI) 

170  GOTO110 

180  REM 

'200  P0KEDD,127:P=PEEK(P2)AND128 

210  a0=-(P=0) 

220  POKEDD,255:P=PEEK (Pi) 

230  Jl=-{ (PAND8)=0) 

240  J2=-(  (PAND16)=0) 

2  50  J3=-( (PAND4)=0) 

260  IFJ0=1THENX=X+1 

270  IFJ2=1THENX=X-1 

280  IFJ1=1THENY=Y+1 

290  IFJ3=1THENY=Y-1 

295  IFY>143THENY=143 

300  RETURN 


Table  1.  Important  Memory  Locations  For 
High  Res  Graphics 

5K  (Unexpanded)  VIC-20 


7680 

Start  of  screen  memory 

5120  or 
6 144  or 
7168 

Stan  of  special  RAM  for  programmable 
characters 

63869 
36867 

Pointer  to  character  set  RAM  memory 

253  for  location  5 120 

254  for  location  6 144 

255  for  location  7168 

Sets  8x  1 6  dot  character  size 
(Bit0=l) 

Table  2.  VIC-20  With  +  8K  Expander 


43,44 

Pointer  to  start  of  BASIC  Program 
(Normally,  1,18;  change  to  1,32  for 
location  8193) 

642,643 

Pointer  to  start  of  BASIC  Program 
(Normally,  0,18;  change  to  0,32  for 
location  8192) 

5120  or 
6144  or 
7168 

Start  of  special  RAM  for  programmable 
characters 

8192 

First  memory  location  of  BASIC  program 
area.  Must  be  set  to  zero. 

63869 
36867 

Pointer  to  character  set  RAM  memory, 
normally  192;  must  be  set  to: 

205  for  5 120 

206  for  6 144 

207  for  7 168 

Sets  8x16  dot  character  size 
(Bit0=I) 

G 


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December  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


169 


For  ApfAe  Logo  and  Alari  PILOT,  this  program  provides  a  way  to  make  the  lurtie  draw  the  numerals  from  zero  to 
nine.  Using  the  lechniqnes  shown,  y<nt  will  he  able  to  extend  this  method  to  include  the  alphabet  as  well.  Ti  and  Radio 
Shack  Logo  iL'iers  can  build  a  program  jrom  the  examples  given. 

Making  The  Turtle  Count 


David  D  Thornburg 
Associate  Editor 


Willi  ihe  single  exception  of  Apple  SuperPILOT, 
none  of  the  popular  liirile  gra]3hics  systems  with 
whicli  I  am  familiar  allows  the  user  to  freely  inter- 
mix text  and  srraphics.  One  solution  to  this  problem 
is  to  teach  the  lurile  how  to  write! 

H  we  are  going  to  have  the  turtle  draw  numbers 
on  the  screen,  we  should  pick  a  number  chawing 
technicjue  that  lets  us  draw  numliers  of  any  size, 
orientation,  location,  and  color  we  choose.  The 
result  will  be  a  text  display  system  that  is  more 
powerful  than  traditional  dot  matrix  characters. 

The  character  field  I  have  chosen  is  three 
units  wide  and  five  units  high.  If  the  resultant 
characters  are  too  high  and  skinny  on  your  display, 
you  will  want  to  modify  our  method  slightly  to 
satisfy  your  own  taste.  The  ttntle  staits  and  ends 
each  character  at  the  upper  left  corner  of  the  grid, 
with  its  orientation  pointing  up  along  the  left  edge. 


Using  this  grid  we  can  design  the  numerals  we 
want  to  draw,  as  shown  below: 


A 

^ 7.  : 

zi: 

i 

7- 

Z 

mzi 


i 

z 

zc 

z 

iz 


7ZS 
SZ7. 
S'Z7. 


Each  procedure  for  drawing  consists  of  picking 
the  turtle's  pen  up,  moving  the  turtle  to  the  starting 
position,  putting  the  pen  down,  drawing  the  char- 
acter in  one  continuous  motion,  picking  the  pen 
up,  and  moving  the  turtle  back  to  its  starting  posi- 
tion and  orientation.  The  shapes  of  the  cliaracters 
are  defmed  so  that  each  line  segment  is  either 
along  a  grid  length  or  along  a  grid  diagonal.  Since 
the  length  of  the  diagonal  is  laiger  than  the  grid 
length  b)  the  square  root  of  two,  our  procedures 
need  to  incorporate  this  number. 

This  is  fairly  easy  for  the  Apple  Logos  since 
they  all  use  floating  point  arithmetic.  Atari  PILOT, 
Tl  Logo,  and  Radio  Shack  Color  Logo,  however, 
use  only  integer  arithmetic.  So,  for  these  languages, 
we  need  to  find  a  way  to  approximate  the  multipli- 
cation of  a  ninnber  by  the  square  root  of  two.  Obvi- 
ously, we  can't  use  the  decimal  number  1.414  be- 
cause the  language  won't  know  what  to  do  with  it. 
Similarly,  we  can't  just  multiply  by  (1414/1000) 
because,  ii  this  divisitjn  is  performed  fn-st,  tlie 
result  will  be  onel  But,  if  we  first  multiply  the  grid 
size  by  1414  and  then  do  the  division  by  1000,  the 
result  should  be  an  effective  approximation. 

The  following  listings  for  the  ten  numeral 


170 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


procedures  are  shown  in  Apple  Logo  and  Atari 
PILOT.  Users  of  TI  Logo,  Radio  Shack  Color 
Logo,  and  other  laiifjuagcs  using  integer  ariUinietic 
will  have  lo  mix  and  nialth  from  these  two  sets  ol 
procednres  as  needed. 


Apple  LOGO 


TO  ZERO  rSIZE 

MAKE  "ROOT  :SIZE  *  1.41421 

PENUP 

BACK  :SIZE 

PENDOWN 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWARD  :R0OT 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  tSIZE 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  : ROOT 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWARD  :R0OT 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :ROOT 

RIGHT  45  FORWAHD  :SIZE  *  3 

PENUP 

FORWARD  tSIZE 

PENDOWN 

END 

TO  ONE  :SIZE 

MAKE  "HOOT  :SIZE  *  1.41421 

PENUP 

BACK  :SIZE  RIGHT  90 

FORWARD  :SIZE  LEFT  45 

PENDOWN 

FORWARD  :H0OT 

RIGHT  135  FORWAHD  :SIZE  *  5 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE 

BACK  :SIZE  *  2 

PENUP 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :EIZE  *  5 

LEFT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

RIGHT  90 

PENDOWN 

END 

TO  TWO  :SIZE 

MAKE  "ROOT  :SIZE  *  1.41421 

PENUP 

BACK  :SIZE 

PENDOWN 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  iROOT 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  tROOT 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  ;ROOT  *  3 

LEFT  135  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

PENUP 

LEFT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  5 

LEFT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

RIGHT  90 

PENDOWN 

END 

TO  THREE  :SIZE 

HAKE  "ROOT  :SIZE  *  1.41421 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

RIGHT  135  FORWARD  :ROOT  *  2 

LEFT  135  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  : ROOT 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :E0OT 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :R0OT 

PENUP 

RIGHT  45  FORWAHD  :SIZE  *  4 

PENDOWN 

END 

TO  FOUR  :SIZE 

HAKE  "ROOT  :SIZE  *  1.41421 

RIGHT  180  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

LEFT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

BACK  :SIZE 

LEFT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  2 


Atari  PILOT 


*ZERO 

C:  8R={fS*1414)/1000 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  DRAW  -#S 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  »R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  «S 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S*3 

GR:  TURN  45:  DRAW  »R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURK  45:  DRAW  «R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S*3 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  DRAW  (S 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

E: 

*ONE 

C:  #R=(#S*1414)/1000 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  DRAW  -tS;  TURN  90 

GR:  DRAW  #S;  TURN  -45 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

GR:  DRAW  IR 

GR:  TURN  135;  DRAW  #S*5 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  DRAW  -#S*2 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  #S*5 

GR:  TURN  -90;  DRAW  ftS*3 

GR:  TURN  90 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

E: 

*TWO 

C:  IR=(#S*1414)/1000 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  DRAW  -tS 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  «R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R*3 

GR:  TURN  -135;  DRAW  #S*3 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  TURN  -90;  DRAW  SS*5 

GR:  TURN  -90;  DRAW  tS*3 

GR:  RIGHT  90 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

Et 

*THREE 

C:  #R=(#S*1414)/1000 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  *S*3 

GR:  TURN  13  5;  DRAW  #R*2 

GR:  TURN  -135;  DRAW  *S 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  »R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  tS 

GR;  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S*4 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

E: 

*F0OR 

C:  #R=(»S*1414)/1000 
GR:  TURN  180;  DRAW  #S*3 
GR:  TURN  -90;  DRAW  #5*3 
GR:  DRAW  -#S 
GR:  TURN  -90;  DRAW  #S*2 


BACK  :SIZE  *  4 

PENUP 

FORWARD  :SIZE  *  5  LEFT  90 

FORWARD  :SIZE  *  2  RIGHT  90 

PENDOWN 

END 

TO  FIVE  :SIZE 

MAKE  "ROOT  :SIZE  *  1.41421 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

BACK  :SIZE  *  3 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  2 

LEFT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  2 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWARD  :ROOT 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWARD  :ROOT 

RIGHT  45  FORWAHD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWAHD  :ROOT 

PENUP 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  4 

PENDOWN 

END 

TO  SIX  :SIZE 

HAKE  "ROOT  :EIZE  *  1.41421 

PENUP 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  135 

PENDOWN 

FORWARD  :ROOT 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  : ROOT 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  : ROOT 

LEFT  4  5  FORWARD  :SIZE 

LEFT  4  5  FORWARD  : ROOT 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  : ROOT 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  :ROOT 

PENUP 

RIGHT  135  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

PENDOWN 

END 

TO  SEVEN  iSIZE 

MAKE  "ROOT  :SIZE  *  1.41421 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

RIGHT  135  FORWAHD  :ROOT  *  2 

LEFT  45  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

PENUP 

RIGHT  180  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  5 

LEFT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE 

RIGHT  90 

PENDOWN 

END 


TO  EIGHT  :SIZE 

MAKE  "ROOT  :SIZE 

*  1.41421 

PENUP 

RIGHT  90  FORWAHD 

:SIZE 

PENDOWN 

FORWARD  :SI2E 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD 

:ROOT 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD 

:ROOT 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWARD 

:SIZE 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

ROOT 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SIZE 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

ROOT 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SIZE 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

ROOT 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SIZE 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

ROOT 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SIZE 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD 

:ROOT 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD 

:ROOT 

PENUP 

LEFT  135  FORWARD 

:SIZE 

RIGHT  90 

PENDOWN 

END 

GR:  DRAW  -#S*4 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  DRAW  #S*5;  TURN  -90 

GR:  DRAW  #S*2;  TURN  90 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

E: 

*FrVE 

C:  #R=(tS*1414)/1000 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  #S*3 

GR:  DRAW  -#S*3 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  #S*2 

GR:  TURN  -90;  DRAW  #S*2 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  SS*4 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

E: 


*£I 

C: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR; 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

GR: 

E: 


#R=(«£*1414)/1000 
PENUP 

TURN  90;  DRAW  #S*3 
TURN  90;  DRAW  #S 
TURN  135 
PEN  YELLOW 
DRAW  #R 

TURN  -4  5;  DRAW  *S 
TURN  -4  5;  DRAW  #R 
TURN  -4  5;  DRAW  *S*3 
TURN  -4  5;  DRAW  #E 
TURN  -4  5;  DRAW  #S 
TURN  -4  5;  DRAW  »R 
TURN  -45;  DRAW  #S 
TURN  -45;  DRAW  #R 
TURN  -45;  DRAW  #S 
TURN  -45;  DRAW  #R 
PENUP 

TURN  135;  DRAW  #S*3 
PEN  YELLOW 


TO  NINE  :SIZE 

HAKE  "ROOT  :SIZE  *  1.41421 

PENUP 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 


*SEVEN 

C:  #R={#S*1414)/1000 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  *S*3 

GR:  TURN  135;  DRAW  *R*2 

GR:  TURN  -90;  DRAW  «S*3 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  TURN  180;  DRAW  tS*5 

GR:  TURN  -90;  DRAW  IS 

GR:  TURN  90 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

E: 

♦EIGHT 

C:  #R=(#S*1414)/1000 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

GR:  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  -45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  -45;  DRAW  8S 

GR:  TURN  -45;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  TURN  -45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  -45;  DRAW  *R 

GR:  TURN  -45;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  TURN  -45;  DRAW  SR 

GR:  TURN  -45;  DRAW  tS 

GR:  TURN  45;  DRAW  IR 

GR:  TURN  90;  DRAW  #R 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  TURN  -135;  DRAW  #S 

GR:  RIGHT  90 

GR:  PEN  YELLOW 

E: 

*NINE 

C:  (tR=(fS*1414)/1000 

GR:  PENUP 

GR:  TORN  90;  DRAW  #S*3 


December  1962.  Issue  3'! 


COMPUTEI 


RIGHT  90  FORWARD 

:SI2E 

GR: 

TURN  90; 

DRAW  «S 

RIGHT  135 

GR: 

TURN  135 

PENDOWN 

GR: 

PEN  YELLOW 

FORWARD  :ROOT 

GR: 

DRAW  »R 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SIZE 

GR: 

TURN  -45 

DRAW  #S 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

ROOT 

GR: 

TURN  -45 

DRAW  #R 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SIZE 

GR: 

TURN  -45 

DRAW  IS 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SOOT 

GR: 

TURN  -45 

DRAW  tR 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SIZE 

GR: 

TURN  -45 

DRAW  #S 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

ROOT 

GR: 

TURN  -45 

DRAW  #R 

LEFT  45  FORWARD 

SIZE 

GR: 

TURN  -45 

DRAW  »S 

RIGHT  180  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  3 

GR: 

TURN  180 

DRAW  #S*3 

RIGHT  45  FORWARD 

:R0OT 

GR: 

TURN  45; 

DRAW  #R 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWARD 

tSIZE 

GR: 

TURN  45; 

DRAW  #S 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWARD 

J  ROOT 

GR: 

TURN  45; 

DRAW  «R 

PENUP 

GR: 

PENUP 

RIGHT  4  5  FORWARD 

:SIZE  *  4 

GR: 

RIGHT  45 

DRAW  #S*4 

PENDOWN 

GR: 

PEN  YELLOW 

END 

E: 

with  tlie  rest  of  the  readers.) 

Now.  \iiih  this  procedure  in  lianrl,  LOCK) 
users  should  try  ciiteriiii^"  something  like: 

CLEARSCREEN 

NUMB  |ONE  FFVE  NINE  SEVEN]  5 

to  see  wliai  lia]jpens. 


Now  tliai  these  characters  Iiave  l)L'en  delined, 
it  is  easy  to  place  a  numeral  anywhere  you  want  on 
the  graphics  screen.  For  example,  if  (in  LOGO) 
\()ii  entei"; 


1597 


CLEARSCREEN 
HIDETURTLE 
TWO  10 


Kxperimeni  with  dillercnt  nimibers,  sizes, 
starting  points,  and  orientations.  You  will  find  that 
yon  can  print  mnnhers  a)  any  angle.  This  is  very 
handy  lor  labeling  graphs. 


von  will  see  the  niniieral  2  on  the  screen 


In  Atari  PILOT,  the  length  of  the  grid  unit  is 
given  by  #S,  so  vou  must  first  enter: 

C:#S=10 
U:  *TWO 

to  get  this  result. 

But  what  about  numbers  longer  than  one 
digit?  How  does  one  print  these?  A  LOGO  proce- 
dure to  prim  multiple  digit  numbers  (using  recur- 
sion) is  shown  below  (yon  hax'c  been  reading  the 
"Friends  of  the  Tnrile"  columns  on  recursion, 
haven't  vou?): 

TO  NUMB  :LIST  :SIZE 

IF  :LIST  =  []  [STOP] 

RUN  SENTENCE  FIRST  :LIST  :SIZE 

PENUP 

RIGHT  90  FORWARD  :SIZE  *  4  LEFT  90 

PENDOWN 

NUMB  BUTFIRST  rLIST  :SIZE 

END 

(Note:  crafty  Atari  PILOT  progranmiers  will  find 
at  least  two  alternate  ways  to  do  this.  At  least  one  of 
these  people  will  be  kincl  enough  to  share  the  results 


Expanding  these  ten  numerals  to  the  full 
alphabet  is  fairh  straightforward.  Any  lakers? 


Scotch  Diskettes 

Rely  on  Scotcri*  diskettes  to  keep  your  valu- 
able dala  safe.  Dependable  Scotch  diskettes 
are  lestet)  and  guaranteed  error-tree  Tfie  low 
abrasivity  saves  your  read/wnie  heads. 
Ttie/re  compatible  wilh  most  diskette  drivps 


(800)235-4137 


Dealer  inquiries 
InvitHd 


PACIFIC 

EXCHANGES 

tlKlFoolh.llBlvd 
San  Luis  Obispo.  CA 
93401   InCal  call 
18CI0I  592-5935  or 
(H05I  543- 1037 


172 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  issue  31 


Review: 


Supergraphics 
For  PET 


Elizabeth  Deal 
Malvern,  PA 


Supergraphics,  w  riuen  by  [ohn  Fliiharty,  is  a  lan- 
guage exleiision  for  FEIVCBM  computers.  Ver- 
sions are  available  for  Upgrade  and  4.0  systems,  40 
and  80  column.  .A  ROM  version  (for  SI 9000  or 
SAOOO  location)  is  currently  available.  The  RAM 
versions  are  being  discontinued. 

First  Impressions 

Supergraphics  seems  to  be  a  well  thought  out  en- 
largement of  the  PET's  resident  BASIC  interpreter. 
Its  Turtle  graphics,  commands  to  plot  lines  in 
c]uarter-graphics  mode,  and  general  picture 
handling  make  it  an  ideal  graphics  package  for 
children  and  adults  who  daily  face  the  need  to 
move  spaceships  around  the  screen. 

The  program  does  everjihmg  as  described  in 
the  advertising  and  in  the  book.  The  book  is  clear 
and  concise. 

All  commands  work  without  a  glitch.  The 
mnemonics  are  well  chosen,  and  there  is  no  am- 
biguity. Kids  can  use  the  system  and  have,  in  fact, 
for  over  a  year  in  various  schools.  Several  similarities 
to  the  Radio  Shack  language  permit  children  to 
switch  between  the  PET  and  the  other  computer 
with  little  difficulty.  Words  such  as  CLS  and  HOME 
are  understood  by  both  languages.  PRIN'T-at  is  a 
new  concept  for  PE'l  users,  but  is  easy  to  grasp 
and  cjuite  efficient. 

The  housekeeping  is  tine.  The  PET  is  left  in  a 
relatively  clean  state  during  and  after  use,  and 
even  the  memory  locations  used  by  such  common 
utilities  as  the  Toolkit  and  Power  have  not  been 
clobbered  {though  .some  utilities  might  get 
disabled). 

The  demonstration  programs  are  dazzling, 
though  somewhat  misleading.  Some  things  arc  a 
bit  more  difficult  to  do  than  the  demo  would 
suggest.  But  then  graphics  are  always  tough,  f  he 
package  is  well  worth  the  money,  and  John  Fluharly 
should  be  congratulated  for  enriching  the  PET's 
vocabulary. 

Graphics  Commands 

There  are  commands  to  clear  the  screen,  reverse  it, 
place  cursor  home,  and  to  list  a  program  on  a 


printer  in  program  or  direct  mode.  A  dump  of  the 
screen  to  a  printer  is  supported,  but  is  not  quite 
accurate  (quotes  are  replaced  by  single  quotes). 
You  may  switch  text/graphic  modes  without  POKE- 
ing.  Screen  images  can  be  transferred  to  several 
adjacent  alternate  areas,  permitting  animation  by 
quick  transfers.  The  screen  cannot  be  saved,  but 
alternate  areas  can,  so  the  effect  is  almost  the  same. 
This  method  is  particulaiK  useful  to  tape  users. 
Saving  is  done  through  the  moniU)r. 

Quarter-graphics  commands  include  setting 
and  turning  off  points,  drawing  lines,  drawing 
boxes,  and  filling  them.  Lines  can  be  drawn  in 
normal  X-\'  coordinates  (0,0  in  the  upper  left-hand 
corner)  or  in  polar  coordinates  ((3,0  in  the  center  of 
the  screen).  The  80-column  program  supports  2: 1 
scaling  of  the  X-axis.  Lines  and  boxes  drawn  in 
quarter-graphics  mode  can  be  moved  by  the  MOVE 
command.  The  motion  can  preserve  whatever 
non-quarter-graphics  characters  are  already  on  the 
screen.  The  unit  of  motion  is  quarter-graphic,  that 
is,  half  a  row  or  half  a  column  at  one  time. 

Normal  size  graphics  commands  include  print- 
ing at  specified  coordinates.  Radio  Shack  fashion 
(PRINT(c(  col,row;"string"),  defining  a  window  for 
further  operation,  moving  a  window  in  four  direc- 
tions, filling  one  with  a  desired  character.  sa\  ing 
one  in  an  alternate  area,  and  bringing  it  back. 
Re\ersal  of  a  window  can't  be  done. 

\'oii  may  move  anything  you  draw.  You  can 
put  a  spectacular  spaceship  on  the  screen  using  the 
PRINTCa:  command  (or  normal  PRINT  or  POKEs), 
define  its  boundaries  with  CSE'f  X.Y.Xl.YI  and 
zoom  il  around  with  words  such  as  C,MO\'EU: 
C^MOVKL.  Diagonal  motion  is  done  by  pairs,  as  in 
CMOVEDiCMOVER.  Motion  is  lightning-fast; 
you  need  PAUSE  to  keep  it  under  control.  More 
than  one  object  can  be  moved  "at  the  same  time," 
but  you'll  need  to  keep  track  of  the  definitions,  a 
process  neither  as  easy  nor  as  fast  as  it  might  seem. 

The  book  provides  little  programming  help  in 
thinking  graphics.  Demonstration  programs  are 
hard  coded  with  numbers,  so  you're  on  your  own 
in  (he  normal  world  of  tedious  graphics  house- 
keeping. (Where  are  we,  where  are  we  going,  what 
is  there,  what  do  we  do  if  something  is  or  isn't 
there,  take  it  off,  redraw,  and  back  to  start. 
Pheew!) 

These  block  move  commands  get  plenty  of 
use.  One-object  motion  is  unquestionably  splendid. 
Two  or  three  objects  —  such  as  the  background  that 
wraps  around  or  continuously  scrolls  left  to  right, 
and  two  competing  spaceships  controlled  by  users 
—  get  a  bit  sluggish.  The  reason  is  that  you  have  to 
keep  track  of  who  is  where  at  the  moment,  and  you 
have  to  keep  track  of  collision  with  another 
spaceship  or  walls  of  the  .screen.  Even  though  it 


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COMPUTfl 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


lakes  only  luo  or  ihrt-f  extra  lines  of  BASIC  focle 
lo  process  the  arrays  of  housekeeping  deilnitions, 
it  slows  the  process  down,  and  the  book  confirms  it. 

I  don't  mean  this  Tiote  as  a  criticism  of  the 
program.  None  of  tiie  muliipiiipose  graphics 
packages  I  have  seen  on  the  PET  can  liandle  motion 
of  multiple  objects  or  evaluate  the  siiualion  at  ihc 
edges  of  the  screen,  li  requires  tricky  cothngoC 
tricky  possiijiliiies  -  a  mind-reading  program, 
]\'iii(l/>ni  scope. 

Turtle  Graphics 

Turtle  graphics  are  included  in  the  package:  set 
and  reset  modes  control  the  process.  Work  on  the 
reversed  screen  is  logicallv  reversed.  Addiiional 
connnands  posiiion  a  (intle.  sel  its  direction,  move 
pen  up  or  down,  and  perform  turns  and  units  of" 
forward  motion.  .\il  Tiu-tle  commands  woi  k  with 
quarier-grapiiics  in  polar  coordinates. 

Turtle  graphics  are  a  big  hii  in  computer 
education.  (Ihildren  can  learn  [jrogiannning  bv 
working  with  tangible  things.  We  find  this  im- 
plementation nice  and  easy  to  use,  but  sometimes  a 
bit  abstract.  Since  the  tin-tle  is  invisible,  placing  ii 
on  the  screen  and  selling  its  direction  provide  no 
feedback  until  the  tmlle  has  moved  forward. 
Shotild  the  turtle  go  over  an  existing  line,  it  is 
again  invisible  until  its  direction  is  changed.  A 
directional  cursor  might  be  helpful. 

The  untie  can  accomplish  .some  nice  things, 
like  drawing  and  rotating  objects.  Ihe  name  of  the 
game  is  learning  geometry,  and  programming 
things  such  as  rotation  of  objects  shoulfl  do  the  job. 

1  wish  that  Turtle  graphics  programs  meant 
for  small  children  limited  out  of  botmds  para- 
meters. "Illegal  (|uantit\  error"  on  a  too  huge  Y  is  a 
fact  of  life  people  must  accept.  Rut  little  users  ha\e 
enough  trouble  spelling  words  correctly;  they 
could  be  helped  bv  programs  that  avoided  pictiu'e- 
deslroving  erroi'  messages.  A  no-action  on  the 
turtle's  part  would  tell  them  ihev  are  wrong.  I  may 
be  wrong:  perhaps  the\'  should  learn  the  hard  facts 
of  programming  life  right  away. 

Miscellaneous  Commands 

There  are  several  other  nice  commands.  For  exam- 
ple, PACSRX  pauses  execution  tor  X  jiffies.  If  a 
zero  is  given,  a  message  prints  "press  space  to 
continue"  on  the  bottom  line.  This  can  be  used 
instead  of  a  C.ET  loop.  Pause  is  designed  iiiainlv  (o 
control  the  rate  of  animation. 

An  EXEC,  command  in  direct  mode  loads  aiul 
runs  a  program.  In  program  mode,  it  permits  you 
to  overlav  a  program  longer  than  the  calling  i^ro- 
gram.  Quite  handy.  The  variables  are  cleared. 

The  OFF  commatid  turns  Suprri^mjihirs  off 
when  you  no  longer  need  it,  or  when  you  write 
files  f  roiTi  the  macliine  language  monitor  or  do 


several  I/O  commands  to  lape.  Suf)r)gntj)hiis  turns 
its  IRQ  vector  off  for  most  I/O  commands,  hence  it 
does  not  interfere -a  nice  and  necessary  touch. 

The  provision  for  re])eating-key  on  all  keys  is 
useful  in  editing  |)rogranis. 

The  SOUND  commands  are  incredible.  There 
are  two  versions.  One  is  a  simplified  noimal  use  of 
CB2  sotuuf;  the  three  POKKs  have  been  scjuee/.ed 
into  one  command,  "SOL'ND  pitch,  jiffies  dura- 
lion".  I'he  otiier  is  an  el;il)orate  s\siem  which  can 
play  music  while  the  program  is  running  or  while 
you  are  editing  the  program.  Once  started,  it  will 
play  on  and  on.  inuil  \()u  turn  it  off  with  SOCXl) 
0,0.  \  song  maker  provided  in  the  book  helps  \ou 
include  your  own  songs  in  a  standardized  manner. 

User  Extensions 

We  have  seen  that  the  IRQ  routine  has  alreadv 
taken  a  detour  to  repeat  kevsand  plav  music.  The 
IRQ  routine  can  lake  another  deiour  via  a  T.ASK 
command  if  you  wriie  a  routine  and  tell  the  s\ stem 
where  it  is.  This  is  valuable. 

One  more  extension  can  be  made  in  the  I  ERF. 
vector:  during  IEEE  processing  the  program  checks 
lo.scc  if  the  user  has  his  own  wishes.  Special  rouiincs 
can  be  added,  such  as  a  multi-user  routine.  One 
such  routine  has  been  im[)lemenied  in  a  school 
system  where  the  author  leaclies.  I  have  not  tried 
this  command  nor  seen  it  in  action. 

The  validity  of  the  IRQ  and  ihe  IEEE  exiension 
vectors  is  mn  checked.  Fhcre  is  no  exiension  ol  ihe 
CHRC;F.T  vector. 

Documentation 

File  pac  kagc  includes  a  well-wiillen,  <on(  ise  book- 
let. "Fhere  are  ]m  acticalK  no  mutldy  spots;  all  com- 
mands are  explained  clearly.  The  book  does  noi 
say,  for  example,  that  the  screen  dump  command 
forces  paging  on  the  printer. 

Both  the  startup  procedure  and  the  various 
tips  on  using  the  svstem  are  unamliiguous.  .\  \  alii- 
able  set  ol  hints  is  offered  for  speeding  llu' 
processing. 

Even  though  the  demo  programs  show  how  to 
work  the  system,  some  graphics  instructions  might 
be  more  useful  to  kids  who  have  never  heard  of  X 
and  Y  coordinates.  I  am  sure  the  schools  will  take 
care  of  it.  though  they  will  have  to  cope  with  the 
0,0  in  a  funny  place. 

For  programming  ivpes,  one  of  the  most 
valualjle  ieatures  is  a  listing  of  memory  lotaiions 
u.sed  by  the  program,  fhis  helps  in  understanding 
the  sy.stem  and  permits  you  U)  use  some  values  to 
advantage.  You  may  wish  to  check  the  book;  how- 
ever, it  seems  to  me  that  six  more  locations  are 
zeroed  than  used,  hence  you  should  sla\  away 
from  them. 

Incidentallv,  lire  code  is  written  in  liin  ,  clear 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


175 


units.  With  Supermon's  help,  you  can  get  at  some 
little  routines  iiidependentl)'  of  Supergrapliics. 

Housekeeping 

Tiiis  section  ol  my  review  deals  with  how  the  system 
is  built,  which  has  a  bearing  on  how  you  use  yom- 
PET.  The  discussion  is  not  unique  to  this  program; 
most  programs  of  similar  construction  share  these 
features. 

Supergrajihiis  adds  some  '^5  cotnnumds  to 
BASIC  by  intercepting  the  CiHRClK  T  routine. 
When  you  say  SYS-supergraphics,  you're  asking 
PET  to  take  a  cletoiu'  in  its  work  to  process  tlie  new 
commands.  Lnilikc  various  editing  utilities  wliich 
are  inactive  dtn-ing  pr{)gram  execution,  SiiJM'i- 
graphlrs  is  desigiwd  to  l^e  enabled  at  all  limes.  Alt 
commands  are  valid  in  program  mode:  they  are 
interpreted,  and,  if  needed,  acted  on,  before  BASIC 
gets  a  look  at  them.  I'liis  slows  B.A.SIC^  down  con- 
siderably —  a  do-nothing  coiniting  loop  runs  at  a 
quarter  of  its  normal  speed. 

PET  needs  time  to  jjrocess  the  new  commands. 
Purely  graphics  programs,  especially  simpler  ones 
of  the  type  children  write,  don't  suffer  from  the 
slow-down:  in  fad.  it  is  unnoticeabie.  II  vou  mix  a 
lot  oi  non-graphits  commands,  it  is  a  good  idea  to 


use  the  OFF  command  frequently,  for  speed.  The 

onlv  time  speed  is  a  problem  is  in  those  calculations 
necessarv  to  delect  walls  and  collisions.  At  such 
times  Su/jergmphics  shouldn't  be  turned  off,  since 
turning  it  back  on  re-initializes  all  the  working- 
locations. 

There  are  two  things  you  should  be  aware  of. 
First,  a  program  written  for  Siip/'rgyapliics  ob\iously 
catujot  run  on  a  system  thai  does  not  have  Siipcr- 
gidphics.  Users  should  be  careful  what  they  send  to 
their  friends,  but  this  should  cause  no  problem 
with  its  use  in  private  or  in  scliools.  Second,  while 
Supergrapbics  is  enabled,  any  ntilit\  liooked  up  in 
anv  ot  [he  first  five  l>\l('.s  of  t  lie  CI  IRC.E'I*  code  is 
obviously  disabled.  \'ou  may  have  to  cope  with  ibis 
in  debugging.  'Fhc  current  procedure  is  to  do  the 
OFF  command  before  going  SYS-utilitv.  Use  of 
OFF  is  mandatory:  il  you  forget  it,  BASIC  will  not 
function. 

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Book  Review: 


TRS-80  Color 
Programs 


Linton  S,  Chostoin 
Greensboro,  NC 


If  you  have  a  4K  or  16K  Non-Extended  or  Extended  BASIC  Color 
Compiiicr  and  a  cassette  recorder,  you  might  be  interested  in  a  new- 
book  titled  TRS'SO  Color  Programs,  by  Tom  Rtigg  and  Phil  Feldman. 
The  well-documented  programs  are  useful  to  both  the  novice  and 
the  more  advanced  programmer.  The  book  is  nol  only  a  useful 
source  of  ])rograms  for  the  Color  Computer,  but  also  a  teaching  tool 
for  beginning"  programmers. 

The  book  has  37  programs,  only  nine  of  which  will  not  run  on  a 
4K  machine.  Divided  inU)  six  sections,  the  Ixjok  covers  such  topics  as 
home  and  tjffice  applications,  education,  games,  graphics,  and  math, 
and  also  has  some  short  miscellanecnis  jjrograms. 

Section  one  contains  eight  programs  -  two  new  ones,  and  six 
modified  for  the  Color  Computer  from  the  authors'  previous  book, 
TRS-SO  Progrrims,  Section  two,  with  one  new  and  six  modified 
programs,  deals  with  education.  Section  three,  games,  has  one  new 
and  six  modified  programs,  along  with  some  color  pictures  of  screen 
displays.  Section  four  presents  four  modified  graphics  programs. 
Section  five,  math,  has  six  modified  programs.  In  section  six  are 
miscellaneous  programs,  one  new  and  four  modified. 

Tlie  screen  displays  for  the  programs  in  the  authors'  new  l)ook 
are  quite  good.  I  have  replaced  some  of  my  modified  programs 
based  on  the  earlier  book  with  the  new  ones  in  the  present  book, 
primarily  because  of  the  enhanced  screen  displays. 

TRS-80  Color  Programs  is  a  useful  btjok  for  both  the  novice  and 
the  more  advanced  programmer.  It  goes  beyond  the  example  pro- 
grams presented  in  the  Color  Computer  manuals.  In  addition  lo 
helping  you  understand  programming,  the  book  also  demonstrates 
some  useful  commands  that  help  you  shorten  your  programs  and 
imprcjve  your  screen  displays. 

TRS-80  Color  Programs  fortifies  the  authors'  belief  that  most 
programs  of  similar  language  can  be  modified  to  run  on  other  com- 
puters, and  it  helps  to  defuse  the  myth  that  the  Color  Computer  is 
merely  a  toy  or  game  computer. 

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December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE) 


177 


Review: 


Apple  Adventures 


Dale  Woolridge 
Harnsburg,  PA 


Adventure  games  are  older  ihan  Apple  computers, 
and  a  high  percentage  of  tnicrtj  owners  have  played 
w'nh  them.  Tlicsc  games  give  you  a  "world"  con- 
taining dragons,  demons,  objects  to  be  manipulated, 
etc.  You  use  simple  commands  to  move  through 
the  "world"  and  manipulate  ii. 

Adventure  -  Colossal  Cave 

This  is  the  original  Ailvculinr  game,  written  lirst  in 
FORTRAN  for  a  PDP-10,  by  Willie  Crowther  and 
Don  Woods.  This  program  was  implemented  on 
the  .Apple  by  Master  Jacobi,  The  program  was 
compressed  to  fit  entirely  into  48K  of  RAM  to 
avoid  accesses  to  the  disk. 

Adventure  has  15  treasures  which  add  points  to 
your  score.  It  might  not  be  obvious  what  a  treasure 
is,  so  you  might  be  tempted  to  pick  up  any  object 
you  find.  There  are  40  useful  objects,  but  they 
iiave  side  effects.  For  example,  the  bird  is  afraid  of 
the  rod,  and  a  certain  magic  word  works  onlv  when 
you  possess  certain  objects.  The  "world"  is  fairly 
large,  containing  130  rooms.  It  is  easy  to  find  about 
a  tenth  of  the  rooms;  the  others  are  hard  to  find. 
In  addition,  there  are  12  obstacles  or  opponents. 

The  game  is  complicated  enough  to  keep  you 
busy  for  a  long  lime.  If  you  are  stumped,  you  can 
save  the  game  to  be  resumed  later.  When  you 
resume,  you  are  asked  if  you  want  to  load  the 
saved  game.  If  vou  say  yes.  vou  get  hack  into  the 
saved  game,  and  the  game  is  deleted  from  the  disk. 
If  you  say  no,  you  can  start  a  new  game  while  the 
saved  game  remains  on  the  disk.  You  can  save  only 
one  game. 

Help,  For  A  Price 

A  wizard,  Arian,  guides  you  through  the  world.  A 
surprising,  and  amusing,  feature  of  the  game  is 
that  if  you  ir)  many  times  to  do  a  certain  thing,  but 
fail,  the  wizard  will  finally  offer  to  help  -  for  a 
price. 

There  is  apparently  a  random  element  U)  the 
game.  There  is  at  least  one  situation  in  which  you 
may  or  may  not  be  killed,  depending  on  chance. 

The  scoring  scheme  is  somewhat  unusual.  You 
get  points  merely  for  discovering  parts  of  the  world 
and  for  finding  objects.  Getting  killed  costs  you 
points.  Your  wizard  might  be  able  to  bring  you 


back  to  life,  but  you  might  lose  the  objects  you 
were  carrying. 

The  progt-am  is  on  a  protected  disk.  The  disk 
boots  and  the  program  loads  in  only  nine  seconds. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  game  a  message  appears 
briefly  on  the  screen,  and  if  you  are  a  slow  reader 
you  might  miss  some  of  it.  The  message  appears 
during  the  boot  phase  and  disappears  when  the 
program  executes.  However,  most  of  the  program 
is  well  \vrilten  and  courteous  to  the  user. 

Adventureland 

This  Scott  Adams'  game  has  several  features  un- 
usual in  adventure  games.  The  graphics  were  done 
using  Penguin  Software's  Picture  Editor,  by  Mark 
Pelczarski.  The  quality  of  the  pictures  is  quite 
good.  It  takes  10-20  seconds,  typically,  to  load  a 
picture  from  ilie  disk,  and  in  case  you  don't  have 
the  time,  the  program  lets  you  switch  between 
graphics  mode  and  all  text  mode.  Often,  a  complete 
picttne  is  "painted"  on  the  screen,  and  then  the 
disk  drive  comes  on  and  certain  objects  are  superim- 
posed on  the  picture.  This  feature  of  the  program 
gives  you  clues  about  the  game,  since  the  superim- 
posed objects  can  generally  move  or  be  moved. 

Use  Peripherals 

If  you  have  a  Votrax  I  ype  'N  Talk  voice  synthesizer, 
vou  can  get  the  computer  to  speak  the  responses  to 
your  command.  The  responses  will  also  be  displayed 
on  the  .screen. 

If  you  have  a  lowercase  adapter  on  your  Apple, 
you  can  switch  between  all  uppercase  mode  and 
upper/lowercase  mode.  .And  if  you  have  a  printer, 
you  can  get  a  hard  copy  oi  )our  achenttire.  The 
instruction  booklet  says  that  with  some  printer 
cards  you  might  have  to  initialize  the  card  in 
Applesoft  before  starting  the  adventure  program. 
The  Silentype  printer  does  not  require  initialization 
before  the  game. 

Another  nice  feature  is  that  you  can  save  up  to 
four  adventures  to  be  resumed  later.  Considering 
that  an  adventure  can  occupy  you  for  hours,  this 
feature  is  desirable. 

Before  the  game  begins,  you  are  invited  to 
read  an  "open  letter."  The  letter  is  a  lecture 
on  software  piracy  and  includes  several  high  resolu- 


178 


COMPUTEI 


December  1962.  Issue  31 


lion  graphic  pictures  (of  pirates,  the  American 
flag,  etc.). 

It  is  very  important  to  have  the  proper  mind-set 
wlicn  pldy'iniy  Adventiurland.  You  must  be  able  to 
tolerate  sonic  frustration,  since  you  might  |^et 
"stuck"  in  part  of  Adams'  world.  Also,  vou  should 
realize  that  a  game  is  not  won  in  a  few  minutes  of 
play;  it  might  be  complicated  enough  to  keep  you 
busy  for  weeks  or  months.  Ideas  may  come  to  you 
mIiIIc  you  arc  driving,  and  vshen  you  trv  them  out 
that  o\ening  a  whole  new  part  of  the  world  will  be 
revealed  to  >  (ut. 

The  author's  sense  of  humor  is  evident.  He 
has  apparently  anticipalefl  some  of  the  commands 
you  are  likely  to  give  and  has  prepared  c(jmebacks 
for  you. 

There  is  little  randonmess  m  Advcutundand.  As 


Tcfisina;  the  dragon  in  Aci\eiULircland. 


a  rule,  the  same  set  of  commands  will  have  the 
same  effects  in  different  games.  Success  is  obtained 
by  using  reason  and  common  sense.  However, 
there  is  an  element  of  magic  in  the  game;  for  ex- 
ample, you  can  come  back  U)  life  if  you  gi\e  the 
right  conmiands  alter  i^eing  killed.  There  arc  also 
magic  \vords. 

It  is  very  difllcidt  to  "crash"  the  pi-ograni  bv 
giving  bi/arrc  inpul.  It  simply  retmiis  a  me.s.sage 
that  it  doesn't  understand.  Pressing  RF,SK  f,  how- 
ever, will  restart  the  game  and  clear  out  \()in- 
adventure. 

Advcimire  -  Clolossal  Cave 

Front'u'i-  (!/imj/iiliii^  Inc. 
P.O.  Box  -102 
666  N.  Ahiiu 
Luiran,  UT  84321 

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AdM'iiiuiL'hmd 

.\<l-,'rtiliiif  liilcnniliinial 

507  Ea.st  Street 

Box  3435 

Lotii^d'oofl.  FL  327^0 

$2^).^)'^  disk  © 


Taking  inventoij  in  Adventureland. 


1.  KILLER  BEES 
2. ALIEN  DEATH  RAY 
3. VAULT  OF  DOOM 

(Joystick  and    keyboard  ) 
Full  color  &  Sound  effects 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


179 


Review: 

The  VIC 
"Cardboard" 

Ha^ey  B  Herman 
Associate  Editor 

Inserting  a  VIC^  cartridge  is  not  a  task  for  small 
and  sonu'tinu'S  clumsy  flngt-rs.  I  Iki\c  always  in- 
sisted tiial  my  y(jung(.'t"  chilflrcn  tall  ine  wlicMi  they 
w  am  to  t  liaiige  games.  Thus,  they  are  occasionally 
li  u.straled  when  I  am  not  availahle  for  the  task, 
riif  "Cardboaril"  promised  lo  relieve  this 
headache. 

"What  is  it?"  von  ask.  I  iiclievc  ihc  technical 
term  is  'motherboard."  Its  purjjose  is  lo  extend, 
externally,  the  VIC  expansion  connector.  All  the 
pins  on  that  connector  are  brought  out  bv  means 
ol  a  riljboM  cable  to  sis  exact  duplic  ati-s  of  ihe  \'I(J 
memory  expansion  ]iori.  ^'ou  lan  plug  in  six  car- 
tridges, mcmorv  boards  oi-  games,  and  select  any 
one  oflhem  easily  with  a  (Vip  switch.  N'es,  tiny  fmgers 


are  ideal  for  ihisjob,  with  no  adult  worries  about 
mechanical  damage  to  the  V^IC. 

Next  question,  "Is  it  worth  it?"  The  answer, 
"Yes  and  no." 

Yes.  because  it  enables  little  children  to  cliange 
applications  easily.  Also,  it  is  solidly  constructed 
and  comes  with  an  easy  to  understand,  18- page 
breezily  written  manLial.  It  even  has  a  reset  switch 
which  can  extend  the  Hie  ol  yt)ur  VKl  if  you  fre- 
qtiently  turn  it  on  and  off  to  reset. 

No,  because  it  is  relatiyely  expensive  (although 
cheaper  than  some)  when  compared  with  the  VIC's 
original  discoimted  price.  Furthermore,  the  fact 
that  it  is  not  fused  is  botliersome.  Can  the  \'IC''s 
power  supply  handle  an  indefmile  number  of 
plug-ins  at  the  same  time?  I  wonder. 

On  balance,  I  like  this  product  and  recommend 
it.  I  am  using  it  with  I'oin-  or  five  popular  games, 
and  it  has  worked  beautifully  for  (he  children.  If 
\()u  do  l>uv  it,  keej)  a  watchful  eye  out  for  power 
supply  overheating <jr  have  someone  knowledge- 
able fuse  it  for  you.  Then,  enjo)  the  convenience. 

Ciirdliiiard  Expausioii  hitrrjari- 

(Midcd.  Iitc. 

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180 


COMPUTEI 


December1'?82,  Issue31 


Review: 


Mikro  Chip  Assembler 

For  PET 


Arthur  B  Hunkins 
School  of  Musio 
University  of  N.  Carolina  at  Greensboro 
Greensboro,  NC 


Mikro,  from  Skyles  Electric  Woiks,  is  a  IK  ROM 
assembler  chip  for  PET/CBMs  witii  Upgracie  or 
4.0  BASIC.  Ii  is  not  available  for  "Classic"  PETs 
with  original  ROMs.  Residing  at  hex  address  AOOt), 
Mikro  is  offered  in  a  numJM'r  of  configurations 
thai  will  otherwise  accoininodate  viriuallv  all  PETs. 
For  cassette-based  systems,  particularly  those  wiih 
limited  memory,  Mikro  is  a  machine  language 
programming  boon,  and  well  worth  the  S>S(). 

Mikro  is  compatible  with  both  1  oolkit  and 
Command-O.  Indeed,  a  single  S^'S  call  initializes 
Mikro  and  the  utility.  All  of  Toolkit's  commands 
are  active  while  Mikro  is  running,  and  a  number  of 
them  are  applicalile  to  machine  language  program 
development.  One  examj^le:  since  Mikro  uses 
BASIC  line  numbers,  Toolkit's  AUTO  numbering 
command  facilitates  entering  line  numbers. 

The  user's  manual  for  Mikro  is  Ijoth  thorough 
and  comprehensive.  Although  organized  in  a  non- 
traditional  manner  ihat  takes  gelling  used  to,  its  49 
pages  contain  a  wealth  of  inlornialiou.  Included 
are  sample  programs,  bibliography,  installation 
and  crash  recovery  procedures,  a  listing  of  the 
more  than  15  error/warning  messages  with  expla- 
nations, an  overview  of  6502  opcodes  and  addres- 
sing modes,  and  the  few  known  bugs  along  with 
suggested  remedies.  The  manual  is  not  a  treatise  on 
6502  machine  language  and  its  applications.  The 
short,  annotated  bibliography  will  j^oint  vou  in  llie 
right  direction,  however.  (Skyles  recommends 
Leventhal's,  Dejong's,  and  Zaks'  books.) 

Will  Accept  Four  Number  Bases 

Since  Micro  operates  with  pseudo-B  ASIC  state- 
ments (programs  are  SAVEd  and  LOADed  as 
BASIC  program  files),  PET's  superior  screen 
editing  features  are  available  to  the  user,  in  either 
LIST  or  Micro's  FORMAT  mode.  Mikro's  com- 


mands are:  FORMAT,  ASSEMBLE,  and  CON- 

\'ERT  (number  base).  The  latter  converts  a  number 
in  decimal,  hexadecimal,  octal  or  binary  to  all  the 
others.  Incidentally,  Mikro  accepts  numbers  in  any 
of  these  four  bases! 

Actual  assembK  ol  a  short  program  is  virtually 
instantaneous  (hurrah  for  machine  language  as- 
semblers!). Unless  specified,  assemblv  ciefaults  to 
the  second  cassette  buffer  (.S0;^3A).  Immediately 
following  assembly,  Mikro  offers  a  partial  or  com- 
plete listing  on  a  printer  -  the  same  listing  as  for- 
matted input  plus  hex  memory  locations  and  their 
(hex)  values.  If  you  don't  have  a  printer,  you  are 
out  of  luck  here;  Mikro  will  not  print  to  the  screen. 
I  tested  the  prim  option  willi  an  Axiom  EX-SOl 
printer,  and  the  operation  went  vei)'  smoothl). 
The  only  inconvenience  was  the  fact  that  printer 
formatting  (e.g.,  selecting  80  rather  than  the  default 
40  columns)  must  be  done  prior  to  a.ssembly,  by 
opening,  formatting,  then  closing  a  file. 

Once  assetnbK  has  begun,  Mikro  is  in  control, 
and  there  is  no  way  of  interrupting  it  until  after 
the  printout.  This  can  be  more  inconvenient  than 
it  might  seem,  because  one  of  Mikro's  "mites"  is 
that  during  short  printouts,  it  spews  forth  almost 
two  extra  pages  of  (often  expensive)  paper.  The 
recommended  Ilx  is  to  tinn  off  your  printer.  That 
effectivelv  solves  the  innnediate  problem,. but  also 
means  that  you  must  reformat  your  printer. 
Perhaps  vou  will  not  exjx-rience  this  ]3roblem. 

Includes  Five  Pseudo-ops  And  Append 

As  an  assembler,  Mikro  is  easy  to  use.  On  an  8K 
PET  it  reserves  1  K  at  the  top  of  memory  for  its 
own  use;  with  16  and  32K  machines,  it  takes  pro- 
portionately more.  Syntax  is  standard,  and  the 
only  crucial  point  to  remember  is  that  spaces  are 
used  as  delimiters.  A  semicolon  is  required  to 


Programming  The  PET/CBM 


by  Raeto  Collin  West 
The  book  described  by  Jim  Butterfield  as 

"...unquestionably  tlie  most  compreiiensive 
and  accurate  reference  I  have  seen  to  date..." 

The  Reference  Encyclopedia  for  Commodore  2000. 3000, 4000.  and  8000  series  computers  and  peripherals. 


Here's  just  a  sample  of  reviewer  and  reader  reaction; 

Fro  m  re vi  ewers  ■  start  th  is  review  at  first. . . 

Educational  Computing  Review  by  Stephen  Potts  "Th'S  book  is  a  must  for  every  CBJVl/PET  user. " 

"Of  a/I  the  books  I  have  read  on  the  PET  this  book  Programming  Prom  readers: 

the  PET/CBM  by  fJaeto  West  must  cank  as  orne  of  the  most 


comprehensive  and  readable  accounts  on  the  PET  that  I  have  ever 
had  the  pleasure  to  see,.. 

"If  you  wish  to  get  more  from  your  PET  than  arcade  games 
and  simple  teaching  programs  then  this  book  is  a  must  for  your 
bookshelf.  It  does  not  matter  whether  you  run  on  BASIC  I,  BASIC 
2,  or  BASIC  4  since  a\l  routines  are  supplied  with  addresses  and 
changes  to  make  them  run  on  any  machines  wherever  possible... 

"...this  book,  with  its  lucid  explanations  of  the  PET.  its  useful 
routines  and  programming  hints,  is  an  essential  purchase." 

IPUG  Magazine  Review  (British  PET  tJser  Group)  by  Ron  Geere 
"This  publication  represents  over  a  year's  intensive  research  ...  and 
the  resulting  product  is  a  valuable  work  of  reference.  A  tremendous 
amount  of  useful  information  has  been  packed  in  this  500  +  page 
work  at  which  I  was  so  over-awed  that  1  did  not  know  how  to 


"...a  book  the  average  to  advanced  user  cannot  afford  not  to 
possess..." 

"My  copy  of  your  'Programming  the  PET/CBM  has  been  \n  daily 
use  for  nearly  a  month  and  I  am  finding  it  totally  addictive, 
suffering  severe  withdrawal  symptoms  whenever  I  try  half- 
heartedly to  move  on  to  other  reading  matter.  It  is  without  doubt 
the  best  book  on  its  subject  available  today..." 

"I  have  recently  acquired  a  copy  of  your  book  Progrsmming  the 
PET/CBM  and  must  congratulate  you  on  its  concept  and  on 
packing  in  so  much  detail.  It's  so  very  much  better  than  anything  1 
have  had  up  to  now  that  it'll  be  my  constant  reference  manual." 

"I  have  received  my  copy  of  Programming  the  PET/CBM  by  Raeto 
West  and  I  have  recommended  it  to  several  of  my  students.  This 
book  is  so  valuable  that  I  cannot  now  afford  to  be  without  it," 


Published  exclusively  in  North  America  by  COMPUTE!  Books.  The  book  is  an  astonishing 
reference  manual  of  useful  information.  Contents  include  this  and  much  more: 


1  Introduction  and  overview:  Plan  of  the  book,  sources 
of  information,  features  and  chronology  of  CBM  hardware, 

2  BASIC  and  how  it  worics;  Storage  of  BASIC  and  its 
variables;  tokens,  pointers,  syntax;  optimising  BASIC. 

3  Program  and  system  design:  Capabilities  of  the 
equipment;  charts,  algorithms,  space,  timing, 

4  Effective  programming  in  BASIC:  Seventeen  examples, 
including  subroutines,  dates,  DATA.  INPUT,  rounding, 

5  Alphabetic  reference  to  BASIC  keywords;  Full 
descriptions,  with  examples,  of  all  keywords,  with  methods  for 
adding  additional  commands  not  present  in  CBM  BASIC  e,g, 
AUTO.  DEL  OLD,  POP,  PRINT  USING,  SORT  VARPTR, 

6  Disk  drives:  Descriptions  of  operation  and  workings  of 
disk  drives,  with  BASIC  and  machine-code  examples;  bugs, 

7  Alphabetic  reference  to  disk  BASIC  commands: 
BASIC  4  disk  commands  with  examples  and  notes. 

8  Other  peripherals  and  hardware:  Tape  storage  and 
handling;  printers;  modem:  keyboard,  EPROfvIs;  reset  switches. 

9  Graphics  and  sound:  Tables  of  CBM  characters;  CRT  chip; 


animation,  bar  plots,  80  by  50  etc;  user-port  sound, 

1 0  The  transition  to  machine-code:  Introductory  concepts; 
a  BASIC  monitor;  use  of  MLM,  Supermen,  Extramon;  easy 
examples. 

11  More  6502  machine-code:  6502  hardware  features: 
eighteen  common  problems  in  programming;  debugging. 

12  Alphabetic  reference  to  6502  opcodes:  Examples, 
notes,  and  explanations  on  each  opcode  from  ADC  to  TYA. 

13  Using  ROM  routines:  IRQ,  NMI,  RESET;  the  Kernel; 
examples  -  modifying  LIST;  ordinary  and  relocating  loaders, 

14  Effective  6502  programming;  Assemblers;  CHRGET 
and  wedges:  PIAs,  VIA,  IEEE;  common  mistakes, 

15  Index  to  BASIC  ROMs  and  I^AiM:  Memory  map  of  RAM 
and  ROM,  detailing  and  comparing  BASICS  1,2,  and  4, 

16  Mathematical  programming:  Precision;  equations; 
statfstics;  simulation;  finance;  calculus;  machine-code, 

1 7  Programming  in  business  and  education;  Examples, 
applications  and  pitfalls  in  business  and  education. 
Appendices:  6502  reference  charts;  Supermen  listings; 
ASCII:  glossary 


Plus  many  programs,  diagrams  and  charts.  Paperback,  504  pages.  ISBN  0  942386  04  3.  $24.95. 


Please  send. 


To  Order 

Programming  The  PET/CBM 

Call 
TOLL  FREE  800-334-0868 

In  NC  Call  919-275-9809 

Or  send  coupon  to 
COMPUTE  I  Books,  P.O.  Box  5406,  Greensboro,  NC  27403 

In  England,  order  from  Level  Limded.  P,0,  Box  'iSS.  Hampstead.  London, 
NU/3  1 BH,  Price  in  England  IS  £  1 4,90,  inci  uding  P  &  P, 


.  copy  (copies)  of  Programming  The 


PET/CBM  at  S?<?.95  each.  (In  the  US  and  Canada,  add  S3 
shipping  and  handling.  Outside  North  America  add  SIO  for  air 
mail  delivery.  S3  for  surface  delivery) 

All  orders  must  be  prepaid  in  US  funds  (money  order,  check, 
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182 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


indicate  a  leading  remark,  and  remarks  are  also 
])<)s,siblc  at  llic  end  of  lines.  One  problem  the  manual 
cautions  the  user  a,!j;ainsl  is  spaces  f(jllo\Ningconuna.s 
in  relinks.  When  I  did  it  anyway,  there  were  no 
had  consec|ucn(  es  at  all.  Maybe  I  was  ju.st  lucky. 

Five  pseudo-ops  arc  implcmcnled:  I)  =,  for 
label  setting  including  *=  for  program  origination, 
L')  TXT,  lor  .ASCII  text  within  quotes.  3)  BYT.  4) 
WOK.  anfl  "))  KXI)  (opiional).  .\  .special  application 
of  END  involves  appending  <or  merging)  a  BASIC. 
program  onto  llie  end  of  one  in  machine  language. 
following  assembly  of  the  ML  program  (up  to 
END),  the  appended  B.ASIC  program  can  be  run 
b\  (orrunandiug  Rl  Wxxx  or  GOTOxxxx,  v\!ici'e 
xx\\  is  the  ilrsi  line  number  of  the  BASIC  pnjgram. 

No  comments  are  allowed  following  BYT  or 
WOR,  nor  are  spaces  permitted  at  the  commas  in 
the  list  of  \alues.  Although  all  values  are  assembled, 
only  the  f nsl  three  appear  in  any  listing.  A  useful 
varietv  of  arithmetic  operators  and  labels  is  allowed 
in  the  argument  field. 

One  of  Mikro's  handiest  features  is  a  GO 
option  for  [MP  and  branching  statements.  For 
example,  ). Ml'  C.02()  is  a  valid  siatemeni  meaning 
jump  to  the  instruction  in  BASIC'  line  #20.  Iliese 
branches  are  also  automaticalh  handled  bv  Toolkit's 
RFNTMBFR  command. 


Mikro  represents  an  excellent,  cost-effective 
investment  for  Upgrade  and  4.0  PET  (and  CBM) 
owners  wishing  to  do  small  to  moderate  anioiuits 
ol  ina(hiiu-  language  programming.  I  particularlv 
reconnnend  it  for  PETs  that  are  cassette-based  and 
ha\  <.'  limited  amoimts  of  memoi  y  (such  as  8K). 

Mikrit  Chip  Assniibler 

Shin  Elfittir  Winks 

23 1 E  South  WhiMiuni  Rd. 

Miiiiiiltaii  \'ii'u\  CA  <Jf(in 

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You  don't  have  to  be  an  engineer  to  make 
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Solver  using  sample  problems  which  have 
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Features 


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■  Many  UsotuI  Sample 
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includ*  t2.5D  slilpping  and  handling. 

•  PET.  CBM,  APPLE  and  TRS-BOare"  Trademarks 
ol  Commodore.  Apple  Computer  and  Tandy  Resp 


Announcing 


THE  WHOLE  PET  CATALOG 


A  two  year  compendium  of  the  Midnite  Software  Gazette  and  other  resources  for 
users  of  Commodore,  CBM,  PET,  and  VIC  computers. 

The  Whole  PET  Catalog  contains: 

•  Over  500  independent  reviews  of  commercial  products. 

•  Over  700  education  programs  reviewed  &  organized  by  course. 

•  Over  200  reviews  of  free  games. 

•  Information  on  over  1 ,800  free  programs. 

•  Information  about  dozens  of  PET  and  VIC  user  groups. 

•  Many  pages  of  hints  and  helps  for  all  Commodore  users. 

•  "Commodore's  Family  Tree",  by  Jim  Butterfield. 

•  Completely  reorganized  and  greatly  expanded  edition. 

•  Typeset  and  printed  full-size  on  bond  paper. 

•  In  all,  320  pages  of  useful  information. 

If  you've  seen  Midnite  before,  directly  or  reprinted  in  tfie  TorPET  newsletter,  hers  it  is,  complete  In 
one  volume,  compfetely  reorganized  for  easy  reference,  and  greatly  expanded  with  new  information 
from  members  of  the  Toronto  PET  Users'  Group. 


"I  slill  use  my  copy  of  The  Best  of  the  PET  Gazette  regularly.  It  was  a 
treasiire  trove  of  Information,  and  a  great  bargain  for  $10  three  years  ago.  I 
hope  you'll  feel  the  same  way  about  my  Whole  PET  Catalog  someday. 
Considering  that  it's  three  times  as  long,  completely  organized  by  topic, 
printed  on  bond  paper  instead  of  newsprint,  typeset  instead  of  dot  matrix 
printed,  bound  instead  of  stapled,  and  still  only  $1 0,  in  spite  of  inflation,  I'm 
sure  you  will."  — Jim  Strasma,  Contributing  Editor,  Micro 


252  Bethlehem  Pike 
Colmar.  PA  18915 


Whole  PET 

Catalog 

$8 


WRITE  FOR  CATALOG 

Add  SI  25  per  ofder  lor  shipping  We  pay  talance  of  UPS  surlace 
charges  on  all  prepaid  orders  Prices  listed  are  on  cash  discouni 
tasis  Regular  prices  sligfilly  higher  Prices  subject  la  change 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


183 


Review: 


Figure  1.  Graftrax-80  Character  Sets 


Epson 
Graftrax-80 


Charles  Brannon 
Editorial  Assistant 


Graftrax-80  is  a  ROM  upgrade  for  the  Epson 
MX-80  printer.  Epson  introduced  their  MX-80,  a 
small,  fast,  relatively  quiet  80  character  printer  at 
under  $800.  They  packed  it  with  more  intelligence 
than  some  of  the  computers  using  it.  Among  its 
features  are:  two  character  widths  (80  and  132); 
elongated,  double-strike,  and  emphasized  printing; 
horizontal  and  vertical  tabs;  and  definable  form 
length  and  line  spacing.  The  standard  MX-80  also 
provides  block  graphics  (compatible  with  the  TRS- 
80)  that  can  be  used  for  low  resolution  screen 
dumps,  pictures,  charts,  and  graphs. 

Epson  announced  that  a  $100  upgrade  could 
be  made  to  the  MX-80  to  provide  graphics 
capabilities.  And  it  would  provide  giajjhics  twice 
as  dense  as  the  MX-70  (MX-80's  lower  priced 
relative). 

installation 

Upgrading  your  MX-80  is  easy,  if  you  know  how  to 
remove  and  install  IC's.  Otherwise,  you  should 
have  it  installed  by  an  authorized  technician.  The 
upgrade  consists  of  three  ROM  chips  that  replace  a 
single  ROM  resident  on  the  board.  With  three 
times  the  memory,  this  should  give  you  a  hint  of 
the  potential  of  Graftrax.  You  also  have  to  cut  a 
jumper  and  set  12  dny  DIP  switches. 

After  you  have  performed  this  surgery,  what 
do  you  get?  Well,  prepare  for  a  surprise  —  this 
transplant  does  more  than  add  graphics  -  you've 
got  a  whole  new  printer! 

Graftrax-80  adds  a  plethora  of  new  features, 
and  improves  on  others.  All  the  modes  can  be 
mixed  on  a  single  line,  a  trick  formerly  impossible. 
The  durauon  of  the  bell  has  been  reduced  from 
three  seconds  to  a  bearable  1/3  second.  A  backspace 
function  permits  underlining  (but  it's  slow). 

A  popular  new  feature  is  the  alternate  charac- 
ter set-  italics.  This  looks  quite  fancy.  You  can 
easily  mix  the  italics  font  with  standard  text.  You 
can  now  go  into  tlie  TRS-80  mode  via  software 
(formerly  you  had  to  set  a  DIP  switch).  You  can  set 


Default  character  set; 

f  "#$■/.?< •-  ()  *-^,■"■.  /0 123456789:  ;  <  =  >? 

5)ABCDEFGHIJKLMNDPQRSTUVWXYZ[\3-- 

'abcde-f  ghi  jklmnopqrstuvw;;yz  C !  3 

Emphasized  printings 

!  "#*■/.&'  ( )  «+,  -.  /0i23456789:  ;<  =  >? 

3ABCDEFGH IJKLMNDPQRSTUVWX  YZ  C  \  !-"_ 

'abcdef  ghi  j  kl  mnopqrstuvwxyz  <^  i  > 

Double-strike  printing: 

!"#$■/.&'  ()*  +  ,-./0i234567B9:;<  =  >? 

3ABCDEFQHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZC\3-^_ 

'afacdef  ghi  jklmnopqrstuvwuyz-CJ  > 

Double-width  characters: 

*=»  B  C  O  E:  F^  C3:  H  U  l-C  I™ 

132  characters/line; 

!'m!c'()t+,-./0123456789:i<=>? 

8ABCDEF6HIJIKLMH0PeRSTUVt()l¥I[\]\ 

'abcde'fghijklinopqr5tuvNxy2{i} 

Italics  character  set: 

/  "#$%& ■'  <•>*■*',-,  /0J234567S9:  j  <  =  >? 

$fiBCT)EFGHIJf;LMNaPClRSniUN?^yZC\J-^- 

'sk'cdefghijklmnopqrstui^h/xyzi/} 

Block  Graphics: 

■:^-i:^/:\^:!:ii:L£iimff- 

EMPHASIZED   DOUBLE   STRIKE 

132    C/L,      DOUBLE-WIDTH 

MIX    CONDENSED     i=!>MO    Italics 

Figure  2.  Graftrax  Graphics 


184 


COMPUTII 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


an  "MSB  mode"  that  will  force  bit  seven  high  (for 
sending  a  character  greater  than  ASCII  128).  This 
is  useful  for  computers  and  interfaces  that  can  only 
send  seven  bits  per  byte  (such  as  the  Apple  II). 

One  of  the  most  significant  new  functions  is 
the  ability  to  redefine  all  the  printer  codes.  You 
can  change  almost  any  of  the  special  codes  into  any 
code  you  like.  For  example,  double-strike  is  set 
with  ESC-G  (ASCII  27  followed  by  ASCII  71).  You 
could  change  this  to  ESC-D  (easier  to  remember), 
but  you  would  be  replacing  the  "Set  horizontal  tab" 
command  which  is  normally  keyed  to  ESC-D.  One 
possibility  of  this  feature  is  that  you  could  change 
the  MX-80's  special  codes  to  approximate  the  codes 
of,  .say,  the  Centronics  737.  You  could  then  run 
software  written  for  the  737  without  modification. 

Extraordinary  Graphics 

The  graphics  capabilities  are  superb  —  up  to  1 20 
dots  per  inch.  This  permits  a  tcHal  horizontal  width 
of  up  to  960  dots.  This  is  more  resolution  than 
most  computers  can  display,  so  it  is  more  than 
adequate  for  screen  dumps.  The  480  mode  (480 
dots  per  line)  is  faster  tlian  the  960  mode,  and  it  is 
usually  used  for  screen  dumps.  The  graphics  are 
fairh'  easy  to  use:  you  send  a  code  specifying  which 
mode,  and  how  many  bytes  of  graphics  you  are 


sending.  Then,  a  byte  at  a  time  is  sent  from  the 
computer  that  specifies  each  bit  of  the  eight  dot 
(vertical)  line.  For  example,  to  print  a  special  char- 
acter, ten  bytes  would  be  sent, 

7    OOOOOO  128 

6   0       O  64 

5  0   0000   O  32 

4  D  O       O  16 

3  0  0       0  8 

2  O   OOOO   O  4 

10       0  2 

O    OOOOOO  1 
1234567891 
O 

The  copyright  symbol 

The  printhead  is  a  strip  with  nine  tiny  needles  set 
into  it.  Each  needle  is  activated  by  a  "1"  bit,  or  left 
seated  with  a  zero.  Unfortunately,  the  ninth  pin 
can't  be  fired  because  there  are  only  eight  bits  in  a 
byte.  The  first  byte  sent  would  look  like:  001 1 1 100 
(turned  on  its  side),  in  this  way,  an  8xh  "strip"  of 
dots  would  be  printed. 

Speed 

With  480  dots  per  line,  using  Graftrax  from  BASIC 


ERVAN 


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ATARi  400/800 


CA5PI5  -  machine  language  program  tnat 
altaws  you  to  transler  mosi  "boal"  tapes 
and  cassette  data  files  to  disk.  Also  con 
verts  SASIC  lapes  into  "boot"  disks.  Pro- 
flfams  that  read  casselle  tiles  wiH 
opsralB  normatly  withoul  soMwa^d 
I  modl'lcalions 

Dlsh«ll»onlv$25 


I  CASDUP  '  mactime  Eariguage  program 
ihai  allows  you  to  copy  most  "boof' 
lapes  and  cassette  daia  files. 

CflSS«tl«onlvS25 


I  FULHAP  —  (avail,  late  '62)  macti  ne  language  program  toE  BASIC  program  developers. 
Feaiures:  variable  cross  'elerence  i<sis  program  vanatjles  aSphabeiically  *itti  line  numbers 
which  relerence  them-  ime  number  cross  relerence  leiis  how  and  where  all  line  numbers  are 
used:  address  uirliiy  hsis  ail  indirect  address  references  and  tells  where  mey  are  used  All 
Outputs  can  be  dumped  lo  a  prmier 

Caisetta  or  DiikaltB  $40 


DISASHi<  —  machine  language  program 
that  allows  you  to  disassemble  machine 
language  programs  Vou  can  load  a  tiie 
from  cassQile  or  disk  anO  display  all  the 
flip's  addresses  and  theif  contents  in  We*. 
ASCII  (if  a^^y).  and  6502  Op  code 
mnemonics.  AM  outputs  can  t>e  dumped 
to  a  printer.  Works  with  or  without  Editor 
Assembler  cartridge. 

Specify  Casaetta  or  Diskette  S25 


DISOUP  -  macfiine  language  program 
for  sector  le^el  copying  of  disk  mtor- 
I  mation  A  Single  sector,  range  ol  sec- 
I  lots  or  all  sectors  on  a  disk  may  be 
I  copied  with  or  without  a  read  verity 
I  Sectors  which  cannot  be  read  for  or 
I  written  10  are  displayed  on  the  screen 
1  and  optionally  to  a  printer. 

Diskette  only  $25 


Please  add  S2  shipplno  &  handling  per  program  California  residents  add  6%  sales  lax 

Backup  policy:  Our  programs  are  protected  agamsi  casual  copying,  but  we  appreciate  your 
potential  need  for  a  backup  copy  H  you  add  tlO  to  your  Older  for  a  program,  we  will  send  you  an 
extra  copy  of  the  program.  Our  normal  replacement  guarantee  applies  to  both  copies.  This  offer 
does  not  apply  to  dealer  sales 
A  ATARI  400/aoa  is  a  trademark  of  Warner  Communications.  Inc.  Dealer  Inquiries  Welcome 


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•ATARI  is  a  trademark  of  Atari  Inc. 

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P.O.  Box  820249   •   Dallas,  TX  75382-0249 
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is  unbearably  slow,  since  480  bytes  have  to  be  indi- 
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®  ATARI  is  a  registered  trademark  of  Warner  Communications 


166 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


A  Monthly  Column 


Computers 
And  Society 


David  D.  Thornburg 
Associate  Editor 


Inspector  Fenwick  -  Pleasel 

Hey,  Rocky,  I  tliink  I  just  saw  the  girl  of  my  dreams! 

Gee,  BuUwinkic,  wheir's  lltat? 

Ai  the  Moose  America  Pageant  —  where  elsef 

A  Saturday  morning  replay  ot' Rocky  and  His  Friends} 
No,  this  is  a  sample  of  the  dialog  that  greets  visitors 
to  one  of  the  newer  pinvcyors  ol  food  and  enter- 
tainment- Bullwinkle's.  What  does  this  have  lo  do 
with  the  social  impact  of  computers?  Read  on,  dear 
readers,  read  on. 

It  all  began  in  the  1950s  when  Walt  Disney 
and  his  designers  concocted  Audio  Animatronics, 
an  analog-based  control  system  that  gave  motion  to 
the  mannequins  in  such  Disneyland  favorites  as  the 
Enchanted  Tiki  Room.  This  technology  was  further 
advanced  by  the  Disney  group  to  make  such  shows 
as  Pirates  of  the  Caribbean,  (Country  Bear  Jam- 
boree, and  America  Sings.  The  result  was  the 
creation  of  remarkably  lifelike  animated  stage 
shows  using  automatons.  In  the  hands  of  Disney 
designers,  the  result  was  magical. 

Dining  Witii  Computers 

A  few  years  ago,  Nolan  Bushnell  (founder  of  Atari 
and  godfather  to  a  host  of  innovative  companies) 
developed  Cyberamics  to  bring  animated  characters 
into  a  combined  arcade/restaurant  -  Chuck  E. 
Cheese's  Pizza  Time  Theater.  Visitors  to  this  estab- 
lishment are  treated  to  various  shows,  including 
Dolly  Dimples,  a  dehghlful  animated  hippopotamus 
night  club  singer,  and,  in  another  part  of  the  res- 
taurant, Chuck  E.  Cheese  and  his  cohorts,  who 
provide  their  own  brand  of  cornball  entertainment 
to  go  with  the  pizza.  Central  to  Pizza  Time  is  the 
arcade  room,  filled  to  the  brim  with  a  great  diversity 


of  video  games,  each  operated  with  tokens  marked 
"In  Pizza  We  Trust." 

The  success  of  this  technology-based  restaurant 
lias  been  phenomenal,  and  it  was  clear  from  the 
start  that  t>thers  would  soon  develop  their  own 
version  of  this  concept. 

Next  enters  David  Brown,  developer  of  two 
Marriott's  Great  America  theme  parks  and  the  Roy 
Rogers'  Family  Restainant  chain.  David  thought 
that  Pizza  Time  was  a  great  concept,  but  that  the 
food  quality  could  be  improved.  Bidwn's  idea  was 
to  create  a  place  that  was  a  restaurant  first,  but 
which  incorporated  entertainment  in  the  dining 
area  and  a  separate  game  room  with  a  modest 
assorlmeni  of  popular  arcade  games.  This  idea 
became  Bullwinkle's. 

As  luck  wotdd  have  it,  the  world's  first 
Bullwinkle's  was  constructed  (jnly  a  few  miles  fiom 
my  humble  abode.  In  the  interest  of  keeping  my 
readers  abreast  of  the  latest  in  technology,  I  had  to 
visit  Bullwinkle's  many  dmes,  consuming  vast 
quantities  of  chicken  and  pizza  and  ice  cream, 
watching  shows,  and  playing  nryriad  games. 

During  one  such  visit  it  was  my  pleasure  to 
meet  their  marketing  maven,  Larry  Schuller.  As  he 
showed  me  around  and  ans^vered  my  questions,  it 
was  clear  that  computer  technology  ptays  a  critical 
role  in  this  restaurant. 

First,  the  animated  characters  themselves  are 
controlled  by  Moosetronics,  a  set  of  distributed 
processors  running  off  an  S-lOO  bus.  The  song  and 
dance  routines  are  stored  on  both  tape  (audio  and 
synchronization)  and  disk  (for  \arious  body  move- 
ments). Some  of  the  characters  are  quite  elaborate. 
Bullwitikle,  for  example,  is  aboiu  six  feet  tall.  His 
eyes,  mouth,  head,  arms,  and  legs  all  mo\e  in  fairly 
realistic  fashion  (realistic  for  a  moose  based  on  a 
cartoon  character),  and  this  attention  to  detail 
characterizes  several  of  the  other  eleven  animals  as 
well.  The  attention  to  detail  includes  placing  the 
loudspeakers  in  each  figure  so  ihe  sound  comes 
from  each  animal  as  it  is  singing  or  talking. 

Fantasy  Fountain 

If  this  elaborate  production  weren't  enough,  visitors 
are  also  treated  to  a  computer-controlled  fantasy 
fountain  show  in  which  250  jets  propel  300  gallons 
of  water  in  a  dazzling  array  of  arcs  and  spirals.  All 
this  takes  place  under  colored  lights  in  accompani- 
ment to  such  melodies  as  The  Blue  Danube  and 
Raindrops  Keep  Fcdlin  on  My  Head.  This  water  show, 
more  than  anything  else,  appears  to  be  the  prime 
attraction  to  tlie  over-30  crowd  (your  esteemed 
author  included). 

But  the  computers  don't  stop  here.  The  system 
which  notifies  people  when  their  order  is  ready  is 
none  other  than  a  trusty  Apple  II  located  near  the 


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Gemini's  flexibility  is  embodied  in 
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d  in  So  if  you're  looking  for  an  incredibly 


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188 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


kitchen.  Monitors  scattered  throughout  the  restau- 
rant show  w  hich  orders  are  read) ,  and  each  new 
ordei'  is  ainiounced  by  a  liigh  resolution  image  of 
Bulluinkle  holding  up  the  new  number. 

The  prole.ssionalism  in  their  mechanical  char- 
acters is  reminiscent  of  Disney's  Country  Bear 
Jamboree,  and  for  good  reason.  It  was  designed  by 
a  collection  of  Disney  graduates  who  now  ply  their 
craft  for  others. 

Aside  from  pure  money,  what  motivated  the 
people  at  Bullwinkle'.s  t(j  create  this  restaurant? 
According  to  Larry  Schuller,  niicrtjcomputer-based 
entertainment  belongs  m  restaurants.  The  provision 
of  electronic  fim  to  go  with  the  food  is  perhaps  the 
next  stage  in  the  evolution  of  family  dining. 

Interestingly,  the  arcade  .seems  to  be  almost  an 
afterthought  at  Bulhvinkle's.  Off  away  from  the 
eating  area,  50  games  piovide  entertainment  for 
patrons  who,  in  my  opinion,  show  much  greater 
care  for  the  machines  than  I  am  used  to  seeing. 
While  I  was  unable  to  get  the  exact  figures,  I  found 
that  Bullwinkle's  derives  a  considerably  smaller 
fraction  of  its  revenues  from  the  games  than  does 
Pi/./.a  Time  Iheater.  Thai  doesn't  bother 
liullwinkle's  at  all.  As  Schuller  say.s,  they  are  aware 
of  the  continuing  controversy  surroiinchng  the.se 
games.  When  v\ill  the  contro\eisy  go  away?  In 
SchuUer's  mind,  the  controversy  surrounding 
these  games  will  go  away  when  the  games  become 
more  educational. 

The  Next  Step 

There  is  no  question  that  arcade  games  can  be 
made  more  educational  —  Children's  Television 

Workshop  has  shown  that.  But  just  as  Bullwinkle's 
feels  that  it  has  improved  the  electronic  entertain- 
ment/rcstaiuant  idea  of  N(]lan  Bushnell,  they  also 
feel  that  they  can  someday  make  improvements  in 
the  design  of  the  arcade  games  themselves. 

As  nice  as  such  improvements  might  be,  they 
are  not  their  first  order  of  business.  The  next  step 
is  to  caref  iillv  locate  the  next  several  restaurants. 
Not  suri)risinglv,  their  first  announced  franchise 
was  for  i;^  reslainanls  in  Canada,  wiili  tlic  first  to 
open  in  F.dtnonlon  in  March,  Dudley  l^o  Right  of 
the  Royal  (Canadian  Moimted  Police  has  been  a 
popular  character  there  for  years,  so  the  success  of 
this  expansion  venture  is  virtually  guaranteed. 

This  doesn"  t  mean  that  the  United  Stales  has 
been  ignored,  Twentv-nine  restainants  are  sched- 
uled for  construction  here  in  1983,  20*^  of  which 
will  be  company  owned.  In  addition,  negotiatic^ns 
are  imderway  to  share  this  technology  with  the 
United  Kingdom.  One  has  to  be  "moost"  impressed 
with  this  expansion  plan,  especially  since  each 
restaurant  costs  well  over  a  million  dollars  to 
set  up. 


As  the  water  show  comes  in  a  close,  and  the 
curtain  falls  on  Dudley  Do  Right,  one  must  wonder 
whatcompuler  pioneers  like  {ohn  von  iSeimian 
would  have  thought.  Computer  teclinology  has 
advanced  extraordinarily  in  the  past  30  years. 
Have  its  applications  advanced  as  well? 

Boris,  if  I  hear  one  more  moose  joke  I  will 
blow  up  the  stage! 

Ndlrislia,  darling,  that  would  be  moost 

devious  of  \oh!  Q 


\ferbatim 

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Dealer  Inquiries  Welcome 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEl 


189 


A  Monthly  Column 

COMPUTE!  welcomes  Keith  Faiktier,  wliose  ''Extra potations"  column  begins  this  month.  Keith,  wlio  has  extensive 
exJM'iienee  fit  all  levels  ofcvmlntling,  has  co)itributed several  excellent  Apple  articles  to  COMPUTE!  in  the  past.  To 
start  his  monthly  column,  he  demon.sirates  how  to  use  a  simple  BRUN  to  bring  in  the  power  oj  the  renumber  program 
-  ivithout  afjecting  the  program  in  memoiy.  There's  aho  a  way  to  make  yourself  a  simple  assembler  ij  you  don't  have 
the  Mini-assembler. 

Extrapolations 

Beat  The  "Applesoft  Renumber"  Blues 

Keith  Falkner,  Toronto 


On  your  System  Master  diskette  iliere  is  a  very 
powerful  utility  program  tailed  Rennnd)er.  Ihi.s 
prograni  can  nieige  two  Applesoli  programs  atitl 
can  move  several  lines  from  one  place  to  another 
within  an  Applesoft  prograni.  Of  coinse,  Reninnber 
will  also  reinunber  the  lines  ol  an  Applesoft  jiro-. 
gram,  and  the  options  it  offers  in  this  function  are 
as  complete  as  anyone  could  wish. 

Furthermore,  Renumber  is  cleverly  packaged 
as  an  Applesoft  piogram  so  that  no  complicated 
machine  language  instructions  are  needed  to  rtm  it. 

Protecting  Memory 

When  you  run  Renumber,  a  hidden  machine  lan- 
guage component  relocates  itself  lo  the  top  2048 
bytes  of  memory,  prevents  Applesoft  from  over- 
writing it,  and  enables  the  ampersand  {&:)  com- 
mand. Thereafter  you  can  LOAD,  RUN,  SAVK, 
etc.,  as  usual,  and  the  ampersand  command  invokes 
one  of  the  three  functions  of  Renumber.  This  is 
very  clever  packaging,  bccau.se  this  way  only  one 
version  of  Renumber  is  needed  for  32k  or  48K 
Apples,  regardless  of  the  ciurcnt  upper  limit  of 
memory. 

Setdng  MAXFILES  or  rinniing  the  utility 
known  as  Program  Line  Editor  both  alier  the  upper 
limit  of  memory,  but  Renumber  does  not  care. 
This  versatility  is  commendable,  but  it  comes  at  a 
price.  If  you  have  not  bothered  to  run  Renumber, 
but  are  working  on  an  Applesoft  program  and 
wish  to  renumber  it,  you  must  fust  SAVE  it,  then 
run  Renumber,  then  reload  your  Applesoft  pro- 
gram. Generally,  you  do  not  need  this  Oexibility. 
For  example,  if  you  have  a  48K  Apple,  the  machine 
language  component  eventuallv  resides  in  locations 
$8E00-$95FF  (36352-38399). 

ril  show  you  how  to  save  this  machine  language 
routine,  together  with  a  prologue  to  do  the  mini- 
mum initialization.  Then  a  simple  BRUN  command 


will  activate  the  essence  of  the  Renumber  program, 
without  affecting  any  Applesoft  program  in  mem- 
ory. At  the  same  time  we  will  deal  \vith  the  more  or 
less  well-known  bug.  If  the  program  being  renum- 
bered contains  a  multiplication  liy  a  constant,  such 
as  XI  =J  *  100,  and  there  is  a  line  number  100 
which  becomes,  say,  line  number  80  upon  renum- 
bering, the  constant  may  become  80  as  well. 

This  is  a  consequence  of  the  clever  relocation 
rotiline  which  makes  the  machine  language  code 
i  unction  in  whatever  memory  locations  it  occupies. 
Specifically,  the  token  for  LIST  is  replaced  by  the 
token  for  multiplication  because  the  sequence  of 
tokens  $AC  SBO  .SBC  is  taken  for  the  instruction 
LDY  $BCB0,  and  the  relocation  routine  changes 
this  to  LDY  SCARO. 

So  SBC,  the  token  for  LIST,  has  been  replaced 
by  $CA,  the  token  for  *.  Hence,  line  number  refer- 
ences following  LIST  (a  rare  verb  to  find  in  a  BASIC 
program)  can  never  be  renumbered,  and  constants 
which  appear  to  be  line  number  references  in  a 
multiplication  statement  are  subject  to  bogus  re- 
numbcringl  Fortunatelv.  this  is  easy  to  fix. 

One  more  thing  should  be  done  to  Renumber. 
Some  of  us  have  a  program  to  load  PET  tapes  into 
our  Apples,  and  some  of  these  programs  have 
spaces  between  the  words  or  numbers  in  the  pro- 
gram. In  PETs  this  practice  improves  legibility,  but 
not  so  in  Apples,  so  Applesoft  removes  any  extra 
spaces  you  may  type  in.  Thus,  Renumber  does  not 

expect  spaces  in,  for  example,  GOSUB 400, 

Those  spaces  prevent  Rentmiber  from  changing 
that  400  if  renumbering  gives  line  400  a  new  line 
number.  The  fix  for  this  problem  is  included  in 
Programs  I  and  2. 

Now  it's  your  turn  to  do  some  work:  if  you  use 
DOS  3.2,  type  the  lines  in  Program  I ;  if  you  use 
DOS  3.3,  type  the  lines  in  Program  2.  In  either 
case,  test  your  results  as  shown  below. 


190 


COMPUTfl 


Decern  ter  1982,  Issue  31 


Type  in  this  trivial  program: 

1  INPUT   X 

2  IF    X    <    1    THEN    1 

3  ON   X  GOSUB    39,87 
27    END 

39    LIST    87 

45    RETURN 

87    PRINT    99    *    39 

99   GOTO   45 

\ovv  ready  the  renumbering  routine: 
BRUN  BRENUMBER 

Now  renumber  voiu"  program: 

& 
LIST 

The  result  should  look  like  this: 

10  INPUT  X 

20  IF  X  <  1  THEN  10 

30  ON  X  GOSUB  50,70 

4  0  END 

50  LIST  70 

6  0  RETURN 

70  PRINT  99  *  39 

80  GOTO  60 

VViUi  the  sL()c:k.  Reiunnber  program  in  a  48K 
Apple,  line  50  would  siill  say  LIST  87  and  line  70 
would  now  say  PRINT  99  *  50.  Now  type  NEW  ... 
the  above  is  ^vorthless.  Don't  ]3roceed  initil  you  get 
it  right,  because  an  unrelialDle  oi"  inactiuate  tool  is 
much  worse  than  none  at  all. 

Here  is  wliat  vou  have  produced.  Brrinimhrrh 
a  small  (ten  sector)  binar)  program  which  loads 
into  locations  $8DF,0-$95F'F,  sets  the  upper  limit  of 
memorv  to  S8F.00  (minus  one),  and  sets  up  the 
ampei'.sand  (&)  command  to  imoke  the  (uik  tions 
ol  Reniunber.  Brenumber  may  be  used  only  in  a 
48K  Apple,  and  then  onlv  when  MAXFILES  has 
its  default  value  of  three.  There  are  no  safeguards 
in  Brenumber,  so  impredictable  results  occur  if 
these  constraints  aren't  met. 

Orderly  Programs 

N'ou.  suppose  \ou  are  working  on  an  Applesoft 
program  and  vou  decide  to  renumber  it.  Without 
l)oihering  to  save  il,  just  BRUN  Brenumber  and 
vou  have  all  the  facilities  of  Renumber  available, 
it's  important  to  remember  that  the  BRUN  com- 
mand did  not  renumber  your  program:  it  just  ena- 
bled the  ampersand  {&)  command  which  does  the 
actual  renumbering.  So  let's  think  of  clever  ways  to 
use  the  Renumber  program.  The  program,  with 
16  screens  of  instructions,  can  be  formidable  to  try 
to  understand,  but  it's  worth  learning. 

Briefly,  renumbering  is  done  by  typing  the 
ampersand  (Be)  and  maybe  some  parameters.  The 
parameters  tell  Renumber  two  things:  what  line 
numbers  to  assign  and  what  portion  of  the  program 
is  to  be  renumbered.  All  the  parameters  are  op- 


tional, the  default  being  to  renumber  the  whole 
program  1 0.  20,  30,  etc. 

FIRST=  1000  the  Hrsl  line  niimlH-r  will  tic  11)00, 
INC  =  20  succfssivi-  line  iiuinlH-is  iiuic;isr  Ijv  120. 
START  =  5000     only  lines  3()()0  and  kilf  r  wiM  be 

icnninbLTcd. 
END  =  6990     only  lines  up  to  6990  will  be  ifnuniberetl. 

The  FIRST  and  INC  parameters  are 
straight  forward,  so  let's  see  how  the  STAR'F  and 
END  parameters  can  help  us.  One  way  I  make  my 
progiams  neat  and  I'eadable,  as  well  as  accurate,  is 
to  have  a  main  roiuine  whose  line  numbers  are  less 
dian  1000,  and  a  menu  which  e\cn(uall\  says  some- 
thing like  ON  SEUt;OSUB  1000,2000,3000,  ... 
1  1000,  lor  example,  if  there  are  1  1  selecti(jns  from 
the  main  menu.  I  hen  1  use  line  numbers  20000 
and  up  for  subordinate  routines  such  as  entitling 
tlie  screen,  formatting  numbers,  eir. 

So  how  do  I  prt'ser\e  this  orderly  sclu'me  in 
renumbering  the  program?  Well,  consi<ler  the 
effect  of  these  commands: 

&  F  100,  S  0,  E  999         (ijaramcscis  am  he  abbu-viau-d) 
&F  1000,  S  1000,  E  1999 
&  F  2000,  S  2000.  E  2999 

and  so  on,  until  finally 

J 

&  F 20000,  S 20000 

The  Ihst  connnand  will  reiuunhei"  onl\  the  mam 
routine;  (he  second  will  reniunber  lines  1000-1999, 
etc,  and  the  last  will  rctuuuber  only  the  elementary 
roiuines.  All  \civ  fine,  but  who  wants  to  tyjic  in  21 
commands  to  renumber  a  program?  Well,  here  is  a 
simple  six-line  program  to  create  an  F.XKC.  FILE 
named  RENLNL  Uuslomize  the  program  to  suit 
voiu'self,  then  rim  it  one  time  and  keep  its  output 
on  the  same  disk  vou  have  Brenumber  on.  Then, 
when  vou  wish  to  renumber  a  program  in  the 
complex  wav  outlined  above,  just  type  EXEC 
RENUM. 

10    OS    =   CHR$     (4>:FS    =    "RENUI^":Q$    =    CHR$     (34) 
20    PRINT   D$"0PEN"F$:    PRINT    DS"WRITE"F$;    PRINT 

"MON    I" 
30    PRINT    "IF    PEEK(36352)<>164    THEN    ?CHRS(4)"Q 

$"BRUN    BRENUMBER''Q$ 
40    X    =    100:Y    =    999:    FOR    I    =    0    TO    30:     IF    I    THE 

N    X    =    Y    +    1:Y    =    Y    +    1000 
50    PRINT    "&    F"X" (S'X" ,E"Y:    NEXT 
60    PRINT    "?    CHR$(7)":    PRINT    "NOMON    I":    PRINT    ~ 

DS-CLOSE" 

RENUM  can  take  several  minutes  to  do  its 
work  on  a  huge  program,  so  you  have  an  opportu- 
nity for  a  break.  It  is  vital  that  you  never  press 
RESF/F  while  Renumber  (or  Brenumber)  is  oper- 
ating -  it's  almost  certain  U)  destroy  your  program! 
Fhe  MON  1  statement  at  the  start  of  the  EXEC 
FILE  causes  each  command  to  be  listed  as  it  is  read 
frtjm  disk,  so  watch  and  wait  patiently. 


Decembef  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


191 


Hiding  And  Moving  Lines 

The  HOLD  and  MERGE  functions  of  the  Re- 
number program  are  probably  poorly  underslood; 
here  is  an  example  whicli  harch  hints  at  the 
power  of  these  commands. 


LOAD  PHONE  LIST 
BRUNBRENUMBER 
&  5400,  Fl 000 


SAVE  PHONE  INTERIM 
DEL  1,200 
DEL351,63999 

&F351,n 

&HOLD 


from  System  Master  disk 

from  the  disk  where  you  put  it 

to  make  a  gap  for  more  lines  of 

DATA 

we  need  it  on  disk  fur  a  moment 

discard  the  prologue  and  credits 

discard  everything  but  DATA 

statements 

old  DATA  from  201 -350  becomes 

351-500 

put  150  lines  into  "hold-file" 

in  memory 
LOAD  PHONE  INTERIM  you  can  DELETE  it  now  or  later 
&  MERGE  combineoldandnew,  nowSOO 

DATA  statements 
In  line  1720  and  2590,  change  the  figure  150  to  300. 
In  line  1 160,  change  the  program  name  to  PHONE  LIST  300. 
SAVE  PHONE  LIST  300      wherever  you  want  the 

finished  product. 
We  start  with  Phone  List,  a  prot>rani  on  vour 
DOS  System  Master  disk,  and  double  its  capacity 
from  1 50  to  ?t{)0  names. 

This  clever  program  actually  stores  names  and 
telephone  numbers  in  DATA  statements  with  line 
numbers  from  201  through  '^50.  The  two  DEL 
statements  eliminate  all  lines  but  these,  which  are 
then  rentmibered  ;^.">1  through  500  bv  1.  The 
&:IIOLn  connnand  hides  ihese  lines  and  a  LIST 
connnand  at  ibis  point  would  show  no  lines.  .Mler 
the  Phone  Interim  program  is  reloaded,  the  hidden 
lines  are  merged  into  the  gap  iK'lween  lines  ,1,')0 
and  10(H). 

When  you  consider  all  thai  ibis  in\<)lves,  the 
process  is  ver\  rapid.  It's  hard  to  see  how  such  a 
significant  change  could  have  been  wrought  any 
other  way,  withom  a  lot  ol  tiresome  typing.  Using 
the  tecbni(|ues  sIio\\n  above,  \(>u  can  mo\ca  bunch 
ol  lines  around  within  a  |3i'ogram,  combine  two 
programs,  and  incorporate  proven  routines  from 
one  program  to  another  witlioul  the  error-prone 
step  of  retyping. 

Some  programs  have  lines  with  line  numbers 
greater  than  (i3909,  the  legal  maximiun.  Reninnber 
is  clever  enough  to  leave  these  alone,  and  this  is 
probably  for  the  best.  A  word  of  caution  in  this 
area:  I  once  fabricated  an  illegal  line  number  (i;i5!^.'i 
and  spent  several  days  looking  for  the  mysterious 
cause  of  a  number's  silently  changing  from  '2  to 
2.0()0()0()007.  The  problem  disappeared  when  I 
removed  the  bad  line  niniiber. 

As  with  most  tools,  practice  improves  skill.  Do 
u.se  tlu'  Rrcnumber  program  to  its  limit  -  it's  very, 
very  good.  Rut,  and  it's  a  big  hut,  be  prudent.  Save 
an  important  program  before  renumbering  it,  and 


don't  overwrite  that  backup  until  the  renumbered 
version  is  proven. 

Homework  Assignnwnl:  if  you  have  an  Apple  II 
Plus  with  tio  Integer  ROM  Card  nor  Language 
Card,  you  mav  ha\e  no  Apple  Mini-Assembler.  In 
that  case,  follow  the  instrticiions  below.  \"ou  will 
create  a  one-pass  assembler  which  will  be  of  use  in 
future  trohnnns  in  this  series.  Please  tiote  that 
"Crf  RL-^'"  means  hold  down  the  CTRL  key  and 
type  "Y".  In  the  lines  where  this  is  used,  a  space  is 
shown  for  clarity  only;  do  not  type  anv  spaces  in 
those  two  lines! 

How  To  Make  A  Mini-Assembler  if  You  Have  An 
Apple  II  Plus 

1  ake  a  diskette  to  an  .Apple  which  has  botli  Integer 
BASIC  and  Programmer's  Aid. 

If  a  I6K  RAM  card  is  installed,  boot  the  System 
Master  diskette. 

>t;ALL-151 
*D4D.'iG 

*6()()():-l(:  98  (^0 

*fi(K»3<  f,50().f6:k:  ctrl.-^'  '^ 
^Ni(i(t3<Fr)0().F(W(:c:rRi,-v 

*BSAV'F  MINl-.\SSM.AS(iilOO.LSIH) 
(I  HANK  I  HE  NICK  Al'PI.E.) 


Program  1. 

RUN  RENUMBER 

(PRESS  RETURN  WHEN  INVITED.) 
CALL  -151 
8DE0 
8DE8 
8DF0 


8DF8 
9  0DE 
9  5ED 
95F0 
9  5Fa 
94D4 


A9  8E  85  70  85  74  3D  F7 

03  A9  00  85  6F  85  73  80 

F6  03  A9  40  80  F5  03  20 

6C  D6  4C  D0  03  4C  D0  03 

20  F0  95 

30  80  28 

20  B5  94  08  C9  20  F0  F7 


28  60 

BC     < BUG  FIXERl  I  ! 

(INSERT  DISK  TO  HOLD  RESULT.) 
BSAVE  BRENUMBER,A$8DE0,LS820 


Program  2. 


RUN  RENUMBER 

(PRESS  RETURN  WHEN  INVITED. 


CALL 

-151 

8DE0: 

A9  8E 

85 

70  85 

74  80  F7 

8DE8; 

03  A9 

00 

85  6F 

85  73  80 

8DF0: 

F6  03 

A9 

4C  8D 

F5  03  20 

8DF8: 

6C  06 

4C 

00  03 

4C  00  03 

9  0DA: 

20  F0 

95 

95ED: 

30  8D 

28 

95F0! 

20  B2 

94 

08  C9 

20  F0  F7 

95F8: 

28  60 

94D1: 

BC 

<  — 

■-BUG  FIXER!  I  1- 

(INSERT  DISK  TO  HOLD  RESULT.) 
BSAVE  BRENUMBER,AS8DE0,L$B20 


© 


192 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


For  PETICBM  computers  with  a  disk  drive,  this  program 
unll  list  any  progi'am  in  a  way  that  can  be  easily  under- 
stood: all  the  special  characters  for  all  the  Commodore 
computers  are  taken  into  account. 

A  Universal 
Program  Lister 

Jim  Butterfield 
Associate  Editor 

You'll  need  a  PET/CBM  disk  system  to  run  Lister. 
It  will  neatly  list  any  BASIC  programyou  have  on 
disk  to  the  screen  or  printer. 

There  are  lots  of  Lister  type  programs  around. 
This  one  isn't  much  different,  except  that  it  is  very 
complete.  It  runs  very  slowly;  have  a  cup  of  coffee 
while  it's  running. 

Why  Another? 

Several  months  ago,  I  passed  out  a  program  at  the 
Toronto  PET  User  Group  meeting.  It  contained  a 
number  of  the  4.0  disk  commands.  I  confidently 
said  at  the  time,  "Those  of  you  with  earlier  systems 
won't  have  any  trouble  con\erting  DOPEN  to 
OPEN  and  so  on...." 

What  I  didn't  think  of  was  this:  users  with  an 
earlier  system  couldn't  list  the  program  properly. 
Their  computers  couldn't  understand  DOPEN 
tokens  and  printed  nonsense  instead. 

The  problem  is  more  general.  If  you  don't 
have  an  80-column  machine,  you  won't  be  able  to 
make  anv  sense  out  of  the  window-making  charac- 
ters that  are  used  there.  If  you  don't  have  a  VIC, 
you'll  be  baffled  by  the  characters  that  set  color. 

So  I  embarked  upon  a  new  Lister  which  would 
contain  the  special  characters  for  all  Commodore 
machines:  PET,  CBM,  and  VIC.  It  seemed  like  an 
easy  project. 

Code  Inflation 

But  the  program  grew.  As  it  was  written,  a  number 
of  possibilities  kept  cropping  up  —  things  that  would 
be  handy  for  the  user  if  provided. 

The  listing  job  wasn't  hard.  Just  pick  it  off 
disk,  translate  the  tokens,  and  put  it  on  the  screen. 
But  then  -  it  v\fould  be  nice  if  the  output  could  go 
to  the  printer. 

As  long  as  output  goes  to  the  printer,  it  should 
be  neat.  Why  not  put  spaces  in  strategic  places? 
That  way,  ONCEGOT05,6  might  print  as  ON  CE 
GOTO  5,6  and  be  much  more  readable. 

If  we're  stretching  otu  a  line  of  code,  it  might 
not  fit  onto  a  single  line  of  listing.  If  we  need  to 


break  it  in  two,  it  would  be  nice  to  pick  a  logical 
break  point,  so  that  a  word  like  PRINT  doesn't  get 
split  in  the  middle. 

It's  often  nice  to  see  cursor  movements  spelled 
out  —  especiallv  the  ones  that  do  not  work  on 
your  machine.  And  repeated  cursor  movements 
should  be  numbered,  so  that  you  don't  print 
DOWN,DOWN,DOWN.  Instead,  DOWNS  will 
deliver  the  message.  Of  course,  there  are  other 
times  when  you  would  prefer  to  have  the  listing 
show  in  the  same  way  that  it  does  with  a  conventional 
screen  LIST. 

Sometimes,  when  your  program  is  printing 
instructions,  they  are  in  upper-  lowercase  ("text 
mode")  and  you'd  like  the  listing  to  refiect  it.  At 
other  times,  you  need  the  graphics  because  that's 
what  your  program  is  printing. 

Of  course,  if  you  want  to  do  different  parts  of 
your  program  in  different  modes,  you'll  need  a 
line  number  range  in  order  to  list  the  parts  you 
want  at  any  particular  time. 

The  long  hnes  combined  with  text  mode  create 
another  problem.  My  printer  (a  2023)  is  too  dumb 
to  realize  that  if  I  print  over  80  characters,  I  want 
the  continuation  line  to  be  in  the  same  mode  as 
before.  Instead,  it  drops  back  to  graphics  mode.  So 
I  had  to  count  characters  carefully  and  arrange  my 
own  split  lines. 

Spaces  are  a  special  problem.  Most  of  the  time, 
they  should  be  printed  as  spaces;  btit  sometimes 
that's  hard  to  read,  especially  when  the  spaces  are 
part  of  a  cursor-movement  stream.  I  made  a  com- 
promise on  this  one. 

Program  Details 

The  program  is  in  BASIC,  so  you  can  modify  it  to 
your  particular  needs  and  printer.  It  won't  quite  fit 
the  VIC;  if  you  want  to  try  a  VIC  modification 
don't  forget  to  change  the  POKEs  on  line  630  and 
the  PEEK  at  line  32768.  PET/CBM  machines  will 
list  VIC  programs  directly  from  disk,  even  where 
the  BASIC  programs  can't  be  LOADed,  LISTed  or 
RUN  on  the  PET. 

A  Few  Comments  On  Program  Variables 

L9  is  the  length  of  a  line,  normally  40  or  80; 
Q  is  quotes-mode;  it  also  notes  REM  statements; 
A$(J)  is  a  table  of  cursor-control  names, 
and  A(J)  is  the  corresponding  character 
designations; 

K$(J)  is  similarly  a  list  of  BASIC  keywords; 
C  and  CI  are  flags  to  tell  whether  adjacent 
characters  are  alphantuneric,  so  that  we 
will  split  PRINTX  into  PRINT  X  but  not 
PRINT"X"; 

B  counts  the  number  of  repeated  cursor  move- 
ments; Bl$  is  the  current  keyword; 


JINSAM" 

EXECUTIVE 


-L-/l;^^ 


Used  at  NASA, 

Kennedy  Space  Center       '^"^ 
With  Multiple  Applications  Related 
to  the  Columbia  Space  Shuttle  Proj 
rescue  operations,  statistical 
inventory  and  vehicle  tracking. 


eoH 

I    9 


•:'e* 


USA 


micro 


software 


JINSAM  EXECUTIVE  " 

has  broken  the  10,000  record  limit.  You 
may  now  have  up  to  65,000  records  in  one 
database. 

We  aiso  have  included  a  free  form 
report  generator  for  data  entry,  elimi- 
nating the  need  for  WordPro™  and  have 
included  automatic  mathematical  reiations 
eliminating  the  need  for  VfstCaic™.  How- 
ever, you  still  have  these  superb  interfaces 
available. 

Executive™  will  be  available  for  CBM 
and  IBIM  personal  computers. 


E- 


JINI  MICRO-SYSTEMS,  Inc. 


DATABASE  MANAGEMENT  SYSTEM  DESfGN 


BOX  274  KINGSBRIDGE  STN.,  RIVERDALE.  N.Y.    10463  (212)  796-6200 


194 


COMPUTEI 


December  Waz  Issue  31 


F$  is  the  character  preceding  a  spelled-out 
cursor  movement;  it  is  either  a  left-square- 
bracket  or  a  comma; 

M$  is  the  down-shift  character  for  text  mode 
printing,  when  needed; 

P$  is  the  print  string;  everything  is  assembled 
here  before  printing. 

Copyright  ©  1 982,  Jim  ButterfieUL 


90  REM  LISTER         JIM  BUTTERFIE 

LD 
100  DATA  19,147,17,145,29,157,18,14 

6,20,148,141,32 
110  REM  80-COLUMN  CURSOR  STUFF 
120  DATA  7,21,149,22,150,14,142,25, 

153 
130  DATA  15,14  3 
140  REM  VIC  STUFF 

150  DATA  144,5,28,159,156,30,31,158 
160  DATA  8,9,133,137,134,138,135,13 

9,136,140 
170  DATA  HOME, CLEAR, DOWN, UP, RIGHT, L 

EFT,RVS,RVOFF,DEL,INST,RET 

URN, SPACE 
180  DATA  BELL, D. LINE, I .LINE, ER.BEGI 

N,ER. END, TEXT, G RAP HIC,SCRO 

LL, UP, SCROLL. DOWN 
190  DATA  TOP, BOTTOM 
200  DATA  BLACK, WHITE, RED, CYAN, MAGEN 

T A, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW 
210  DATA  LOCK, UNLOCK, Fl, F2, F3, F4 ,F5 

,F6,F7,F8 
220  DIMA(40) ,A$ (40) ,K$(90) 
230  FORJ=0TO40:READA(J) :NEXTJ 
240  FORJ=0TO40:READAS (J) :NEXTJ 
250  DATA  END,FOR,NEXT,DATA,INPUT#,I 

N PUT, DIM, READ, LET, GOTO, RUN 

, IF, RESTORE, GOSUB 
260  DATA  RETURN, REM, STOP, ON, WAIT, LO 

AD, SAVE, VERIFY ,DEF,POKE,PR 

INT#, PRINT, CONT 
270  DATA  LIST, CLR,CMD, SYS, OPEN, CLOS 

E, GET, NEW, TAB ( ,TO,FN,SPC(  , 

THEN, NOT, STEP 
280  DATA  +,-,*,/,'^,AND,OR,>,  =  ,<,SGN 

,INT,ABS,USR,FRE,POS,SQR,R 

ND, LOG, EXP, COS 
290  DATA  SIN, TAN, ATN, PEEK, LEN,STR$, 

VAL,ASC,CHR$,LEFT$, RIGHT?, 

MID$,GO,CONCAT 
300  DATA  DOPEN,DCLOSE, RECORD, HEADER 

, COLLECT, BACKUP, COPY, APPEN 

D,DSAVE, CATALOG 
310  DATA  RENAME, SCRATCH, DIRECTORY 
320  FORJ=0TO89:READK$ (J) :NEXTJ 
4  00  CL0SE1:INPUT"NAME  OF  PROGRAM  FI 

LE";G$ 


410  OPEN  1  ,8  ,3,G$+" ,P,R" 

420  GET#1,A$,B$ 

430  IFA$<>CHR$ (1) ANDAS<>""GOTO400 

4  40  IFA$=""THENA$=CHR$ (1) :GET#1,X$ 
450  INPUT"LINE  NUMBER  RANGE   -{03  L 

LEFT} "; Z$ 
460  L0=0 :L1=0:L2=1E9 

470  F0RJ=1T0LEN(Z$} : YS=MID$ (Z$ , J , 1 ) 
480   Y=ASC(Y$) :IFY>=48ANDY<=57GOT05 

10 
490   IFY=32GOTO510 
500   L0=J:IFY<>45GOTO600 
510  NEXTJ 

5  20     IFL0<LEN{Z$)THENL2=VAL(MID$ (Z$, 

L0+1) ) : IFL2=0THENL2=1E9 
530  IFL0>1THENL1=VAL(Z$) 
540  IFL0=0THENL1=L2 
600  P3$=" [":P4$="] ":INPUT"LIST  TO  P 

RINTER   N(03  LEFT}";Z$ 
610  P=3:IFASC(Z$) =89THENP=4 :LS="{D0 

DOWN] ":P3$=CHR$ (219) :P4$=C 

HR$ (221) 
620  Pl$=" [" :P2$  =  "]  "  :  INPUT"GRAPHICS  ~ 

OR  TEXT   G{03  LEFT} ";Z$ 

6  30  POKE594  68,12:IFASC(Z$) =8  4THENPO 

KE594  68,14:M$=LS:P1$=P3$:P 

2$=P4$ 
640    INPUT"TRANSLATE    CURSOR    MOVES       N 

{03    LEFT}";Z$ 
650    IFASC(Z$) =89THENT7=1 
660    0PEN4 ,P: F$=P1$ 
670    J  =  80  :  IFPO3GOTO690 
680    PRINT" {CLEAR} " : PRINT"++++++++++ 

++" : F0RJ=1T081 : IFPEEK (3276 

8+J) =32THENNEXTJ 
690    L9=J:PRINT#4 , "PROGRAM:        ";G$ 
700    REM    NEW    LINE 
710    GOSUB2010:Q=0:T1=1:C1=-1 :GET#1, 

A$,B$:IFST<>0GOTO30  0  0 
720    IFB$=""GOTO3000 
730    GET#1,A$,B$ 

7  40    L=ASC(A$+CHR$ (0) ) +ASC ( B$+CHR$ (0 

)  )*256 
750    IFL<L1GOTO1080 
760    IFL>L2GOTO3000 
770    F2=l:PRINTi4,MS,-  P$:P$  =  STR$  (L)+" 

II 

800  REM  START  TEXT  HERE 

810  GET#1 ,A$ : IFA$=""GOTO710 

820  T=0 :A=ASC(A$) : I FA=32ANDF$= " , "GO 

TO840 
830  IFQ=0OR(AAND127) >31ORT7=0GOTO90 

0 

8  40  FORJ=0TO40:IFA=A(J)THENB$=A$ (J) 

:GOTO860 
850  NEXTJ:GOTO1000 
860  IFB$=B1$THENB=B+1:GOTO810 
8  70  IFB>0THENA$=MID$ (STR$ (B+l) ,2)+F 

$+B$:GOTO890 

(continued  on  p.  196) 


40-Column  VIC- $29,951 


But. .  .there's  a  catch. 


We  found  a  way  to  transform  your  cramped 
VIC  screen  into  a  40column,  smooth  scroll-  . 
ing  text  display.  So  we  created  Terminal-40,  '"  ' 
a  program  for  communicating  by  modem 
with  networks  such  as  CompuServe  and 
Source.  It's  inexpensive,  powerful,  and  a 
pleasure  to  use. 

But    we    created    a    problem,    too.    Now 
everyone  wants  all  their  programs  in  40  col- 
umns. That's  the  catch.  Terminal-40  is  only        j 
for    telecommunications.    Don't    despair,        '  - 
though.  You'll  have  the  finest  VIC  terminal        ^ 
around.  \^!S^^, 

So,  plug  in  your  nfiodem  and. . . 


MODEM 


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TERMINAL-40  .  .  .  $29.95 

Requires  8K  or  larger  memory  ex- 
pansion and  modem.  VIC  printer 
optional.  On  cassette. 


REACH  OUT     ^ 
and  BYTE  SOMEONE! 


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MAtUNG  LIST 
and  LABELS 

TOTL-  LABEL  20 
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Easy  Editing 
User  defines  label  size 
Automatically  sorted 
Optional  non-printing 

data  tines 
Browse  through  list 
Select  labels  tor  printing 
$20.00 


WORD  PROCESSING 

TOTL.  TEXT  2.0  (VIC  Only) 
Full  capability  word  processing 
Margin  and  spacing  control 
Centered  title  lines.  Indentation 
and  tabs.  Upper  and  lower  case 
and  graphics.  Full  screen 
editing.  Scrolling  up  and  down 
No  limit  to  document  lenglti 
S25.00 

TOTL.  TEXT  2.5  (VIC) 

TOTL.  TEXT  2.6  (64) 

All  TOTL.  TEXT  2.0  features  plus: 
Heading  lines  (up  to  4) 
Footing  line  and  footnotes 
Keyboard  input 
Right  margin  justificalion 
Print  from  memory  or  device 
(2.6  only) 

$35.00 


TIME  MANAGEMENT- 
SCHEDULING,  REMINDERS 

TOTL.  TIME  (VIANAGER  2.0 

(VIC  and  64) 
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Bar  chart  reports  from  2  days 
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Reports  may  also  be  sorted  by  dales 

58  possible  report  formal  s 

$25.00 


KEY  WORD 
CROSS  REFERENCE 

RESEARCH  ASSISTANT  2.0 
(VIC  and  64) 

Great  for  students  and  authors 
Compile  reference  notes 
Save  bibliographic  data 
Quick  cross  reference  by  keyword 
Prim  data  and  cross  reference  lists 
Edit  reference  data  (with  disk  only) 
$25.00 


SOFTWARE  for  VIC  20*  and  COMMODORE  64*  "^ 

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SHIPPING  INCLUDED, 
California  Residents  add  6%  Sales  Tax. 
$3.00  charge  for  C.O.D, 
Send  check  or  money  order  to: 

TOTL.  Software 

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"wST    Call  (415)  943-7877 


SPECIAL  VERSIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR 
QUANTUM  DATA  INC.  40/80  COLUMN 
VIDEO  BOARD 

Designed  tor  tape  and/or  disk  input/output. 
VIC  programs  require  8K  expansion. 
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Specify  machine  when  ordering. 
All  programs  shipped  on  cassette  tape. 
DEALER  INQUIRIES  WELCOME. 


•VIC  20  and  COMMODORE  64  are  trademarks  of  Commodore  Business  Machines. 


880 
890 

900 
910 
920 
930 
1000 


AS=F$+B$ 
B=0:B1$=B$ 


F$  =  " 


Fl=l :GOTO1010 


A=A-128 :IFA<0ORQ<>0GOTO100  0 
rFA=127THENA$=_;;^"  :GOTO1000 
T=1:A$=K$ (A) 
IFA=15THENQ=2 
GOSUB2010 


1010  IFA$=CHR$ (34)THENQ=1-Q 

1020  REM  C=-l  FOR  ALPHANUMERIC 

10  30  C=ASC(LEFT$ {A$,l) ) :C= {C<480RC>5 

7)AND(C<65ORC>90) 
1040  IFT<>T10RT=1THENT1=T: IFNOTCANDN 

0TC1THENP$=P$+"  ":GOSUB250 

0 
10  50  C=ASC{ RIGHTS (A$,1)):C1=((C<48  0R 

C>57)AND(C<6  5ORC>90) )0RA=3 

7 
1060  P$=P$+A$:GOSUB2500 
1070  GOTO810 

1080  REM  SKIP  TO  NEXT  LINE 
1090  GET#1,A$:IFAS=""GOTO710 
1100  GOTO1090 

2000  REM  CLOSE  OFF  CURSOR  EXPRESSION 
2010  IFF1=0GOTO2040 
2  0  20  IFB>0THENP$=P$+MID$ (STR$ (B+l) ,2 

) :GOSUB2500 
2  0  30  B=0:Fl  =  0;Bl$  =  "":P$  =  P$-(-P2$:GOSUB 

2500:F$=P1$ 
2040  RETURN 

2500  IFLEN(P$) <L9GOTO2600 
2510  FORJ=L9TOL9*.6STEP-l 
2  5  20  IFMIDS (P$,J,1)=": "GOTO2  58  0 
2  5  30  NEXTJ:FORJ=L9-lTOL9*. 6-lSTEP-l 
2540  P=ASC(MIDS (P$,J) ) 
2550  IFP=91GOTO2580 

2  56  0  IFP=59  0RP=4  4ORP=9  3THENJ=J+l:GOT 

02580 
2570  NEXTJ:J=L9-1 
2580  PRINT#4 ,M$; LEFTS  (P$,J-1) 
2590  P$="     "+MID${P$,J) 
2600  RETURN 

3  0  00  IFLEN(P$) >0THENF2=1:PRINT#4,M§; 

P$ 
3010  IFF2=0THENPRINT"**  NO  LINES  FOU 

ND  **" 
3020  CLOSE1:GOSUB2000:CLOSE4        © 


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PET/CBMA^IC?  SEE  SKYLES. 


PET  owners  everywhere  sing 

•^  Thanks  for  the  MemonesJ)J^ 
to  good  old  Bob  Skyles 

.  .  .  they  should  .  .  .  because  Bob  Skyles  is  the  only 
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And  ihc  Skylfs  memory  sysicms  li;ivc  ihc  highcsi  tiualily  coriLrol  oC  any 

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The  boards,  in  side  i  he  PET  CBM,  insiall  in  nun  uieswil  horn  special  looK  or 

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. . .  For  ur}y  PETever  made.  When  ordering,  jiisl  describe  your  PtiT  by  model 

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California  orders:  please  call  (415)  965-1735. 


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INTERFACES 

ADA-1 450  Serial .■"; 

ADA-1600  Parallel 149 

RS232  cable  (or  Vic  or  64.  2m 30 

Video/Audio  cable  for  64  &  monitor 

MONITORS  —  Great  resolution 
for  the  CBM  64  or  VIC  I 

Panasonic,  13"  Color ■, ;  S375 

Amdek  Color  I 330 

NEC  JB  1201M,  12"  Color 330 

NEC  JB  1201. 12"  green  phosphor 170 

Amdek  Video  300L,  green  phosphor 175 

BUSINESS  SOFTWARE 

Spellmaster  Dictionary  {great  for  WordPro!) S199 

OZZ  Data  Base  System  (8050) 240 

Silicon  Office  (database,  wp) ; .  995  (New) 

Wordcraft  80 289 

VisiCalc  (new  expanded) 199 

Dow  Jones  Portfolio  Management  System  (RS232) 120 

WordPro  4  +  or  5  +  299 

The  Manager 199 

Legal  Time  Accounting 425 

I.R.M.A 295 

BPI A/R.  G/L,  Job  Cost,  Inventory,  Payroll 32&pkg 

SJB  will  service  any  VIC  or  CBM64. 

MasterCard,  Visa,  Money  Order,  Bank  Check 

COD  (add  S5)  accepted. 

Add  3%  surcharge  for  credit  cards. 

In  stock  items  shipped  within  48  hours,  FO.B.,  Dallas,  TX. 

All  products  shipped  with  manufacturer's  warranty, 

TO  ORDER  CALL  TOLL  FREE 
800-527-4893   800-442-1048  (Within  Texas) 

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(214)  343-1328  Ajj  V    Business  Hours: 

Prices  are  subject  to  change  without  notice.  sat  io  to  2 


SOFTWARE  FOR  CBM  64S: 

Word  Processing  S90 

Computer  Tutoring  Game  (COCO)  50 

(General  Ledger 199 

Pet  Emulator  (emulates  4.0  basic) 30 

CBM  EasyCalc  (for  the  64) 99 

CBM  EasyFinance 50 

CBM  EasyPlot 80 

CBM  EasyScan  (appointment  manager) 80 

Sprite-Magic  (build  sprites  on  screen  with 

Joystick,  save  to  disk  or  cassette) ; . . .  30 

Assembler  Package  tor  CBM  64  (cassette) 

Editor  (creates  and  updates  source  code). 

Assembler,  Loader,  Disassembler 50 

Mail  Mate , , . ,  50 

IEEE  Interface  (64) .,,,.  100 

Parallel  Interface 90 

RS232  Interface  (modems,  printers) 45 

VIC  PRODUCTS 

VIC  20  Computer,  5K S199 

Vic  Datasette  Recorder 60 

Vic  1541  Disk  Drive 395 

VIC  MODEM  (for  CBM  64) ,"  100 

VIC  1 525  Graphic  Printer  (for  CBM  64) 325 

8K  Memory  Expansion  Cartridge 49 

16K  RAM 99 

24KRAM  155 

IEEE  Interface  (VIC) 85 

Gorf  (great  arcade  game) 30 

Omega  Race 30 

Midnight  Drive 23 

VIC  3  slot  Expander 43 

VIC  6  slot  Expander 83 

Seawolf , . , .  23 

Cosmic  Cruncher 23 


Arcade  Joysticks  —  Heavy  duty  witli  2  firing 

buttons!  Great  for  tlie  VIC  or  S4 

SuperPET  (5  languages,  2  processors) 

CBM  8032  Computer,  80  column 

CBM  Memory  Expansion,  64K 

PET  4032,  40  Column 

CBM  8050,  1  Mg.  Dual  Drive 

CBM  D9060,  5  Mg.  Hard  Disk 

CBM  D9090.  7.5  Mg,  Hard  Disk 

CBM  4040,  340K  Dual  Drive 

CBM  2031,  170K  Single  Drive 

PRINTERS— LETTER  QUALITY 

CBM  8300,40cps 

Diablo  620,25cps 

Nee  Spinwriter  7700,55cps 

Nee  Spinwriter  3500,35cps    .   . 

PRINTERS -DOT  MATRIX 

CBM  4022,80cps/graphics 

CBM  8023,150  cps/graphics 

Okidata  82A.120cps/serial  or  par 

Nee  8023A(parallel) 


198 


COMPUTEI 


December  198Z  Issue  31 


Tlii.s piogram  is  only  48  lines  long,  loads  in  only  36  cassette  turns,  uses  up  only  1.6K,  and  costs  nothing-  hiil  it  loili 
remtmher  your  BASIC  progynm  in  RAM,  rcsoh/'  line  numbi-r  references,  and  remain  in  meiiioiy  so  you  can  use  it  again 
and  again.  And  all  of  it  is  i)i  BASIC! 

RENUMBER 

(And  a  Brief  Exploration  Of  BASIC) 

Manny  Juan 
Dole  CiV.  CA 


Type  this  program  as  is  into  your  Atari  —  the  first 
three  Hnes  must  be  entered  exactly  as  shown  -  and 
save  it  on  a  cassette  with  the  LIST"C"  command. 
This  command  saves  the  program  as  ASCII  text 
instead  of  as  tokenized  statements  (as  when  a  pro- 
gram is  saved  with  CSAVE).  A  program  saved  this 
way  may  be  reentered  later  to  merge  with  another 
program  already  in  memory,  as  described  below. 

Now  type  NEW  to  clear  memory  and  CLOAD 
your  favorite  program.  Make  stire  that  the  highest 
line  number  is  less  than  32100  and  that  it  is  an 
END  statement.  After  the  load  is  finished,  place 
the  tape  containing  RENUM  (the  renumbering 
program)  into  the  cassette  drive  and  type 
ENTER"C",  This  will  make  the  Atari  think  that 
program  statements  (which  are  normally  entered 
at  the  keyboard)  are  now  being  ENTERed  from 
the  cassette  drive.  After  you  have  done  this, 
RENUM  becomes  a  part  of  yotn-  program,  occtipy- 
ing  the  last  48  lines  of  it  and  ready  to  be  invoked. 

To  renumber  your  program,  simply  tvpe 
GOTO  32100.  The  program  displays  "F'r6m,BY?" 
and  awaits  your  response.  Type  the  line  number 
you  want  your  program  to  start  with,  followed  by 
the  increment  value  you  desire.  Please  make  sure 
that  the  potential  line  numbers  will  not  extend 
beyond  32 100.  Sit  back  and  wait  for  a  couple  of 
minutes.  (The  time  varies  according  to  the  size  of 
the  program  and  the  number  of  line  number  re- 
ferences RENUM  has  to  resolve.) 

This  utility  will  renumber  your  program  ac- 
cording to  the  starting  number  and  increment 
value  you  supply.  It  also  resolves  all  Hne  number 
references  in  the  following  statement  types:  GOTO, 
GOSUB,  IF.. .THEN,  ON, ..GOTO,  ON...GOSUB, 
TRAP,  and  RESTORE.  It  can  recognize  references 
to  non-existent  line  numbers  (e.g.,  TRAP  40000), 
and  it  attempts  to  recognize  symbolic  references 
(e.g.,  GOTO  LABEL).' 

Whenever  it  encounters  any  of  these  condi- 
tions, RENUM  will  display,  on  the  screen,  the  new 


line  number  of  the  current  line  being  scanned, 
followed  by  "NF"  if  the  referenced  hne  was  Not 
Found,  or  "SR"  if  a  Symbolic  Reference  was 
encoimtered. 

I  suggest  that  you  note  these  messages  on 
paper  so  that  you  may  investigate  them  later.  State- 
ments fiaggecl  with  "NF"  (other  than  some  TRAP 
statements  which  may  reference  line  numbers 
above  32768)  usually  imply  that  those  statements 
are  unexecutable.  The  presence  of  "SR"  messages 
should  tell  you  to  look  for  those  places  in  the  pro- 
gram where  the  offending  symbolic  reference  is 
assigned  a  value,  so  it  can  be  adjusted  according  to 
the  new  numbering  sequence. 

When  the  renumbering  piocess  is  completed, 
this  utility  displays  the  number  of  lines  in  your 
program,  followed  by  this  message: 

LIST"C :  ",bbbbb,eeeee 

where  bbbbb  is  the  beginning  number  and  eeeee  is 
the  ending  number  of  your  program.  You  may 
position  the  cursor  over  this  line  and  press  the 
RETURN  key  if  you  are  ready  to  save  your  program 
in  ASCII  format  on  cassette.  (Note  that  a  CSAVE 
command  issued  at  this  point  would  have  saved 
your  program  and  this  luility  on  cassette  in  token- 
ized form.)  Just  remember  to  use  the  ENTER"C" 
command  to  reload  your  program  next  time, 
though.  After  that,  you  then  CSAVE  it  again  in  a 
more  compact  form. 

If  you  are  doing  program  development, 
RENUM  becomes  a  very  handy  tool  to  use  to  "open 
up"  crowded  line  numbers  to  allow  easy  insertion 
of  new  lines.  And  if  you  are  an  author,  RENUM 
adds  a  slight  touch  of  professionalism  to  your 
ardcles  with  neatly  renumbered  program  listings. 

Program  Logic 

The  logic  of  RENUM  is  very  simple.  Starting  from 
the  first  line,  it  scans  each  statement  and  considers 
only  those  that  may  refer  to  a  line  number  (GOTO, 


FIRST  and  FINEST 

In  Systems  Software  for  Atari  and  Apple 


MAC/ 65 
First  we  delivered  Atari's  Assembler/Editor  (tfie 
cartridge). 

Ttien  we  produced  our  enhanced  "EASMD." 
Now  OSS  IS  introducing  ttie  lines!  integrated 
assembly  language  development  system  yet! 
In  addition  to  being  ideal  for  writing  small, 
■quick     and     dirty"     subroutines     and 
programs. IMAC'65  shows  its  full  power  and 
speed  when  used  with  even  the  most  complex 
of  large  assembly  language  source  tiles. 
Naturally.  MAC' 65  is  upward  compatible  with 
both  EASfVID  and  the  Atari  cartridge.  And.  of 
course,  the  object  code  output  is  also  compati- 
ble with  OS  A-.  Atari  DOS.  and  or  Apple  DOS. 
as  appropriate. 
IVIAC  65   S80.00* 


OS/A+ 

Optimized  Systems  Software  ~  the  group  that 
produced  both  the  first  Apple  DOS  and  the  first 
Atari  DOS  —  now  brings  you  OS  A- ,  which 
combines  the  finest  features  of  these  and  other 
successful  personal  computer  operating 
systems. 

OS/A+  is  the  tifst  and  finest  operating  system 
available  for  both  Apple  II  and  Atari  computers 
and  features  a  keyboard-driven,  easy-to-use 
command  processor.  In  addition  to  several 
simple  resident  commands.  OS  A-  allows  logi- 
cal and  readable  requests  for  even  the  most 
sophisticated  utility  commands.  In  fact,  the 
user  can  even  add  system  commands  as 
desired. 

But  the  real  power  and  flexibility  of  OS/A  ■  is 
Its  ability  to  easily  interface  to  devices  and  disk 
drives  of  virtually  any  kind  and  size.  File  com- 
patibility (with  Apple  DOS  or  Atari  DOS,  as  ap- 
propriate), device  independence,  batch  proces- 
sing, easy  of  use  —  OS/A-  truly  brings  the 
finest  m  operating  systems  to  your  computer 
AND  NOW  OS  A-  (for  standard  Atari  or  Apple 
drives)  is  included  as  a  part  of  every  standard 
OSS  language  package.  Versions  of  OSA-  for 
some  higher  capacity  drives  available  at 
extra  cost 


Unless  otherwise  noted,  all  OSS  products  re- 
quire 48K  and  at  least  one  disk  drive.  We  re- 
commend 64K  for  the  Apple  version  of  OS/A+ . 


SpeedRead+ 

The  first  and  still  finest  speed  reading  tutor 
designed  for  you  to  use  on  your  computer  is 
available  only  from  OSS. 

SpeedRead+  uses  time-proven  techniques  to 
train  you  to  instantly  recognize  words  and 
phrases,  and  yet  it  goes  far  beyond  what  mere 
mechanical  devices  are  capable  of. 
SpeedRead-i  exercises  your  peripheral  vision, 
improves  your  eye  movement  and  timing,  and 
generally  works  with  you  at  your  pace...  now 
and  in  the  future. 

NOTE:  The  Atari  version  ol  SpeedRead*  needs  only 
16K  of  RAM 

SpeedFlead+     S59.95 


tim 

r 

As  a  product  of  Tiny  C  Associates,  tiny-c  was 
the  first  structured  language  interpreter  for 
microcomputers.  tJow  OSS  brings  this  innova- 
tive mterpretive  language  to  yoir  home  com- 
puter. While  not  having  the  speed  and  power  a 
true  C  compiler,  tiny-c  is  an  excellent  choice 
for  the  programming  student  who  is  ready  to 
begin  learning  the  valuable  techniques  of 
structured  languages. 

tiny-c  provides  an  easy-to-use,  easy-to- 
modify  environment  that  encourages  ex- 
perimentation while  promoting  proper  pro- 
gramming style.  The  tiny-c  package  includes 
not  only  a  comprehensive  and  instructional 
user  manual  but  also  complete  source, 
liny-c  S99.95' 


C/65 

NOW  AVAIUBLE! 
The  first  native  mode  C  compiler  ever  produced 
for  Atari  and  Apple  computers. 
C65  supports  a  very  usable  subset  of  the  ex- 
tremely powerful  and  popular  C  language.  Just 
as  C  is  used  by  the  most  sophisticated  pro- 
grammers from  the  professional  and  academic 
communities,  so  shall  C.65  prove  to  be  a  pow- 
erful and  much-needed  tool  for  6502  software 
developers. 

C'65  supports  integer  and  character  types  (and 
arrays),  pointers,  fully  recursive  functions,  and 
much  more. 

NOTE:  C  65  requires  MK  65  or  an  equivalent  assem- 
bler. Two  disk  dnves  recommended  but  nol  required 

C/65  S80.00' 


BASIC  A- 
"From  tlie  ajtiiors  of  Atari  BASfC..." 

Its  a  fact!  OSS  gave  you  that  first  and  most 
popular  language  for  Atari  Home  Computers. 
But  why  be  content  with  the  first  when  you  can 
have  the  finest? 

BASIC  A-  IS  the  only  logical  upgrade  available 
to  the  Atari  BASIC  programmer.  While  retaining 
all  the  features  which  make  Atari  BASIC  so 
easy  to  use.  we've  also  given  BASIC  A-  lea- 
tures  that  place  it  at  the  forefront  of  modern 
interpretive  languages.  BASIC  A-  will  let  you 
explore  the  worlds  of  structured  programming, 
superior  input  output,  helpful  programming 
aids,  and  even  a  very  comprehensive  PRINT 
USING  command.  And,  exclusively  for  the  Atari 
computer,  an  almost  unbelievable  array  of 
PLAYER  f^fllSSILE  GRAPHICS  commands  and 
functions. 

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"REMEIVIBER:  Standard  OS.'A^  is  included  at  no  extra  charge  with  BASIC  A+.  IWAC  65.  C'65.  and  tiny-c. 

ATARI,  APPLE  II,  and  TINY  C  aie  Iiatfemarks  ol  Atan.  Inc  .  Apple  Computer,  Inc  .  anfl  Tiny  C  Associates,  resseclively  Speedflesd  - .  MAC  65.  C  65 
BASIC  A-  and    OS  A-  are  Iraflemarks  ol  Opiimiied  Systems  Soltware.  Inc 


Optimized  Systems  Software,  Inc..  10379  Lansdale  Ave.,  Cupertino,  CA  95014,  (408)  446-3099 


Wn.j    T.         vif 


fp^   t~  -^^  ^  %.Am 


200 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


IF.. .THEN,  etc.).  If  the  line  number  reference 
extracted  is  less  than  the  line  number  of  the  current 
line  being  .scanned,  it  searches  forward  from  the 
beginning  of  the  program;  otherwise,  il  begins  its 
search  from  the  current  line. 

While  performing  its  search,  it  also  keeps 
track  of  the  future  line  number  for  each  line  en- 
countered. When  it  finds  a  match,  il  replaces  the 
line  number  reference  by  the  future  line  number 
of  the  matching  line.  After  il  has  resolved  all  such 
line  number  references,  it  starts  over  from  the  top; 
this  time,  it  steps  through  all  the  lines  of  the  pro- 
gram, a  line  at  a  dme,  and  actually  renumbers 
them.  That's  all  there  is  to  it. 

Let  me  advise  you  at  this  point  that  the  re- 
mainder of  the  article  will  discuss  some  internal 
mechanisms  of  the  BASIC  interpreter  and  will  be 
more  technical.  If  you  are  satisfied  with  the  utility 
of  RENUM,  skip  the  rest  of  the  article.  But,  if 
you're  a  system  programmer,  read  on! 

How  does  RENUM  know  where  to  start?  The 
address  of  the  first  line  in  a  program  is  always 
pointed  to  by  a  two-byte  register  at  locations  136 
and  137.  (The  value  of  a  two-byle  register  is  always 
computed  as  the  left  byte  +  256  *  right  byte.)  Before 
we  discuss  how  RENUM  steps  through  the  pro- 
gram, resolves  line  number  references  and  renum- 
bers lines,  we  need  some  background  information 
on  how  BASIC  works. 

BASIC  Tokens 

As  everyone  probably  knows  by  now,  a  BASIC 
program  is  always  stored  in  RAM  in  a  "tokenized" 
formal.  Keywords  (PRINT.  LET,  COTO,  etc.)  are 
replaced  by  single  bytes  whose  values  identify  the 
keyword.  Variables  are  also  stored  as  single  bytes 
whose  value  is  128  -I-  N,  where  N  is  the  position  of 
the  variable  in  the  variable  table  (the  first  variable 
occupying  position  zero). 

Numeric  literals  (like  those  found  in  expres- 
sions or  in  statements  hke  A  =  1 23  or  GOTO  32700) 
are  replaced  by  seven  bytes.  The  first  byte  is  always 
14,  which  stands  for  "numeric  literal  follows,"  and 
the  last  six  bytes  make  up  the  BC^D  (Binary  Coded 
Decimal)  representation  of  the  literal.  Line  numbers 
are  encoded  into  a  two-byte  representation  so  that 
the  right  byte  multiplied  by  256  plus  the  left  byte 
equals  the  value  of  the  line  number. 

Each  BASIC  hne  (except  REM  and  DATA), 
whether  it  is  made  up  of  one  statement  or  multiple 
statements,  is  always  stored  as  a  string  of  one-byte 
tokens  in  this  format: 

Nl,  N2,  PL,  (LL,  TK, ...  other  tokens...,  DM)... 

where  the  portion  enclosed  in  parentheses  may 
occur  one  or  more  times.  Nl  and  N2  make  up  the 
line  number  so  that  LN  =  N 1+  256  *  N2.  PL  is  the 


length  of  the  whole  tokenized  string,  including  N 1 
and  N2.  If  PL  is  added  to  the  address  of  N  1 ,  we  get 
the  address  of  the  next  line.  LL  is  the  (jllsei,  relative 
to  the  address  of  N 1 ,  of  the  next  statement  within 
the  string. 

The  value  of  LL  is  never  greater  than  PL,  but 
it  is  equal  to  PL  at  the  last  or  only  statement  within 
the  line.  TK  is  the  token  representing  the  kc\word, 
and  il  may  be  followed  by  other  tokens.  Finally, 
DM  is  an  end-of-statement  delimiter.  It  contains  a 
value  of  22  if  the  statement  is  the  lasl  or  only  state- 
ment in  the  line;  otherwise,  it  contains  a  value  of  20. 

For  example,  consider  this  line  in  BASIC: 

356?A:GOTO  12343 

The  resulting  token  string  that  represents  it  is  fully 
annotated  below: 


Relative 

Token 

Address 

Value 

Description 

0 

iOO 

356  MOD  256 

1 

1 

INT(356/256) 

2 

17 

offset  to  next  line 

3 

7 

offset  to  next  statement 

4 

40 

token  for  ? 

5 

128 

variable  number  +128 

6 

20 

end  of  first  statement 

7 

17 

offset  to  next  line 

8 

10 

token  for  GOTO 

9 

14 

"number  follows" 

10 

66 

exponent  byte  of  1  iteral 

u 

1 

1, of  12345(0*  16+1) 

12 

35 

23,  of  12345  (2*  16  +  3) 

13 

69 

45,  of  12345  (4*  16  +  5) 

14 

0 

other  digits,  if  any 

15 

0 

same  as  above 

16 

22 

end  of  statement  and  line 

17 

(start  of  next  1  i  ne) 

A  tokenized  statement  is  not  necessarily  com- 
pressed, as  you  can  see  above.  Compression  is 
more  readily  apparent  in  a  program  where  long, 
meaningful  variable  names  are  used  generously, 
and  literals  sparingly. 

The  syntax  for  GOTO,  "GO  TO",  GOSUB, 
TRAP,  and  RESTORE  (tokens  10,  1 1,  12,  13,  and 
35,  respectively)  requires  a  line  reference  im- 
mediately following  the  keyword.  (RESTORE 
sometimes  requires  none.)  For  these  slatement 
types,  RENUM  immediately  resolves  the  line 
number  references,  if  any.  Both  ON. ..GOTO 
(tokenized  formal  30,. ..,23)  and  ON. ..GOSUB 
(format  30,..  .,24)  are  followed  by  a  list  of  line 
number  references  which  are  separated  internally 
by  the  token  18.  You  may  say  that  token  18  stands 
for  the  commas  separating  the  numbers. 

Finally,  IF. ..THEN  is  recognized  as  the  token 
string  (7,. ..,27).  When  a  line  number  reference 
immediately  follows  THEN,  that  number  becoines 
a  part  of  the  IF. ..THEN  token  string.  In  all  other 
cases  (as  in  IF.. .THEN  A  =  0,  or  IF.. .THEN  GOTO 


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202 


COMPUTEl 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


100),  tlie  whole  statement  is  broken  into  two  token 
sitintrs  so  that  it  now  reads  (internally)  as 
"lK...'r}lKN  <null  statenient>:  next  statement. "  1 
inge  you  to  investigate  these  statement  types,  and 
others,  hv  Rl'Nning  ihc  shoil  prf)grani  bclou  : 

10    DIM    A* < 1 ) 

20  X=PEEK < 136> +PEEK C 137) *256 

30  LN  =  PEEK  (X  )  +PEEK  (X  +  1)*256;PL  =  PEEK:<X 

+  2) 
40  IF  LN=3276B  THEN  STOP 
50  IF  LN<=90  THEN  9  0 
60  LIST  LN:?  '■ADDR=";X 
70  FOR  1=1  TO  PL 
80  ?  PEEK  ( X  +  I  +  l  );",";: NEXT  I:?  :  INPUT 

AS 
90  X=X+PL:BOTD  30 

Just  add  the  BASIC  statements  you  want  to 
examine  after  line  90  and  ivpe  RUN.  Line 40  checks 
lot  end  of  program.  A  "pliaiuoni '  line  (niiinbered 
!^27()8)  is  always  present  as  the  last  statement  of 
aii\  program  to  tell  ilie  BASIC'  interpreter  where 
the  program  ends.  It  cannot  be  listed,  deleted,  or 
referenced.  But  it  /,v  there. 

If  \()n  also  want  to  sec  all  the  valicl  kcvuords  in 
BASICl.  and  (heir  tokenized  values  as  well,  type 
(his  ]>i()grain  in. 

5  DIM  A« ( 1 0) 

10  I =42161 : K=0; ?  CHR*(125) 

20  A*="";J=0 

30  C  =  PEEK(I):IF  0  128  THEN  100 

40  J=Ji-l  :  A«  (  J)  =CHR*  (C) 

50  1=1+1: GOTO  30 

lOO  C=C-123: J=J+1 : A* ( J > =CHR* (C) 

llO  PRINT  l<;,A« 

120  K=K+1:IF  K>53  THEN  STOP 

130  1=1+3: GOTO  20 

"i'ou  will  notice  that  there  are  54  (0  tlirough 
y)'A)  kevwords.  BASIC  looks  up  this  table  when 
translaling  a  statement  into  a  token  string.  If  it 
finds  no  inalch,  BASIC  asstmies  that  the  statement 
has  an  ini|)lied  l.V.'V  keyword,  and  it  assigns  a  token 
value  o(  54  for  the  keyword  portion  ol  the  lesulling 
token  string. 

BCD  To  Decimal,  And  Back 

.As  I  said  earliei",  all  nmneiic  literals  used  in  BASIC 
statements  (inclufling  line  ntunber  leterences)  are 
expressed  in  BCD  (Binar\  Coded  Decimal)  format 
internally.  When  I  di.scovered  this,  while  I  was 
investigating  tokens,  I  realized  that  1  needed  the 
capability  of  converting  a  line  number  reference 
(rorn  BCD  to  decimal,  and  back,  in  order  to  make 
Rl.NC.M  work. 

I'he  process  takes  many  steps,  including  nor- 
malizalion  of  a  number  to  even  powers,  "chunking" 
of  digits  by  two's,  and  merging  nybbles  [a  picre  of 
iiifoiuiaOon  Hull's  jour  bits  long]  to  bytes  [one  tfiti/'s 
ciirhl  hits].  In  fad,  a  whole  article  could  be  devoted 
to  BC;D  to  decimal  conversion.  Suffice  it  to  sav  that 


1  did  not  have  to  write  a  lengthy  routine  lo  do  the 
con\ersion  —  I  simply  took  advantage  of  BASIC'S 
built-in  conversion  routines. 

BASIC  Variable  Table 

BASIC  mainuiins  a  variable  table  (addressed  by 
locations  134  and  l'^5)  where  all  \ai  iables  are 
stored.  Each  enlry  in  the  table  is  eight  bvies  long; 
the  first  byte  specifies  the  variable  type,  and  the 
second  b\te  identifies  the  \at  iable  iniml)er,  which 
starts  with  zero.  For  scalar  variables  (not  DI.Meu- 
sioned),  the  first  byte  is  always  zero,  and  the  segment 
defined  bv  b\ies  tinee  through  eight  contains  the 
BCD  rejjresentation  ol  (he  \ariabie's  \alue. 

Let's  define  a  variable,  say  WM,  lo  be  our  work 
area  for  doing  the  couveision.  To  convert  a  BCD 
luunber  to  decimal,  we  just  POKL  the  six  bvics 
representing  the  niuuber  into  the  BCD  .segment  of 
the  entr  \  correspotuling  to  WM.  \'(/ilfil  \VM  now 
coiuains  ihe  decimal  value  ol  the  number  (as  would 
be  proved  by  PRINTing  it). 

To  coinert  the  other'  wa\  (as  when  we  are 
replacing  a  line  mimber  reference  bs'  a  future  line 
number),  we  simply  etjuale  WM  lo  the  desired 
decimal  \alue,  extract  tin-  last  six  1)\  les  of  WM's 
entry  in  the  \ai  iable  table,  and  I'OKL  them  into 
the  token  string  to  replace  the  old  BCD  nitmber. 

BASIC  Symbol  Table 

But  how  do  we  kuow  where  WM  resides  in  the 
varial>le  table?  When  RKNUM  is  first  loaded  (or 
LN TERed  from  cas.selte),  dozens  of  variables 
would  have  already  been  added  to  the  variable 
table.  All  variables  defined  and  used  in  the  program 
(or  even  in  direct  mode)  get  stored  in  the  table.  But 
before  eac  h  one  is  added,  the  variable's  N.VML  is 
first  added  lo  the  end  of  another  table  —  the  symbol 
table.  (It  starts  at  location  2048  on  a  cassette-based 
system,  and  it  seems  to  start  at  7(i7b  when  DOS  II 
is  present.) 

This  table  is  acluaiU'  a  characiei-  siring  wliich  is 
a  concatenation  ol  all  vai  iable  names  -  in  tlie  se- 
quence they  are  first  defined.  .And  this  sequence  is 
followed  by  the  variable  table.  1  he  last  character  of 
each  name  is  flagged  (hit  seven  Itirued  on)  to  serve 
as  a  terminator.  1  ype  in  this  shoit  program  to  .see 
what  the  symbol  table  looks  like: 

10  X=2048 

2  O  1=0 

30  C=PEEK(X+I> 

40  IF  C=0  THEN  STOP 

50  PRINT  CHR* (C) ; 

60  1=1+1 

70  GOTO  30 

Before  RL'Nniug  it,  entei'  a  lew  \ariables  with 
long  names  (RUMPLES  TIL  ISKIN  =  0,  etc.)  in 
diiecl  mode  so  \()u  can  recognize  them.  I  he  char-   - 
acters  appearing  in  reverse  video  mark  the  ends  ot 


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204 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


tlie  \ariable  names. 

With  this  information,  it  is  possible  to  resolve 
the  question  posed  aliove  by  extracting  the  variable 
name  string  segments,  one  at  a  time,  until  one  of 
I  hem  matches  "WM,"  at  which  point  the  variable 
niunber  for  VVM  vvotild  be  obtained.  However,  this 
method  requires  a  slow  and  lengthy  routine  to 
perform  string  extraction  and  matching.  There 
has  to  be  a  better  way. 

Current  Line  Pointer 

A  new  register  comes  into  play.  Locations  138  and 
139,  I  discovered,  always  point  to  tlie  ctu'rent  line 
being  executed.  With  ihis  new  knowledge,  I  was 
able  to  define  WM  and  pinptjint  its  location  in  the 
variable  table  in  a  single  line  of  BASIC!  I  refer  vou 
now  to  line  32120  in  tlie  listing.  The  first  statement 
defines  the  variable  VVM.  Keep  in  mind  that  when 
this  whole  statement  was  tokeni/ed,  an  entry  for 
WM  was  added  lo  the  \ariai)le  table,  and  its  variable 
number  now  appears  in  the  tokenized  string. 

The  second  statement  flctermines  the  address 
of  this  very  .same  line  as  it  is  IxMug  executed.  At  this 
point,  X  points  to  the  beginning  of  the  line.  Let  us 
dis.sect  the  third  siatement.  Iheexjjression  "{X  +  5)'" 
positions  us  to  tlie  token  for  WM  in  the  statement 
"WM^tr.  ••PEEK{X  +  5)-128"  looks  at  that  byte 
and  comerts  it  to  the  true  variable  nimiber  assigned 
to  WM.  Multiplying  it  bv  eight  toniputes  the  offset 
from  the  beginning  of  the  variable  table  (defined 
bv  the  first  two  terms  of  the  statement).  Finallv, 
adding  two  to  the  result  positi<iiis  us  to  the  BCD 
segment  of  WM's  entry  in  the  variable  table.  With 
this  address  .saved  in  Y,  BCD  to  decimal  conversion 
(and  back)  becomes  a  i)iee/.e  (as  shown  respectively 
bv  the  one-liners  32470  and  32530). 

RENUM,  Line  By  Line 

With  ail  that  background  information  out  of  the 
wav,  we  can  now  talk  aboui  the  other  signiticanl 
lines  in  RENUM.  Lines  32 100  ihrough'322 10  are 
the  main  loop  of  the  program,  which  positions  the 
variable  C  to  the  kevword  token  of  every  statement 
encountered  before  it  enters  thr"analyze-keyword" 
subroutine  at  line  322SO.  Tlie  next  loop,  32220 
through  32270,  perloniis  the  ai  lual  reiumihering 
of  the  lines. 

Line  32290  checks  for  COTO.CK)  TO, 
GOSUB,  TRAP,  and  RESTORE.  Lines  32300 
through  32370  check  for  the  statements 
0\...CrOTO  and  ON...(;OSCB.  Line  32330  skips 
numeric  literals  that  liie  program  might  come 
across  following  the  keyword  ON,  but  beft)re  the 
words  GO.SUB  (token  21)  or  C.O^fO  (token  23). 
Lines  323.S0  through  32410  handle  tlie  IE  state- 
ment, and  line  324 10  similarly  skips  insignificant 
numbers  until  it  encounters  the  word  THEN  (token 
27).  The  reason  for  skipping  over  these  numeric 


literals  is  to  preclude  RENUM  from  nhsintci  preting 
BCU)  segments  as  valid  tokens.  Line  32430  handles 
theca.se  where  IE. ..THEN  is  immcdiaielv  ioilowed 
by  a  line  number. 

4"he  subroutine  starting  ai  32450  pei forms  the 
.search  and  replace  operation.  Line  32450  il.self 
checks  for  end  of  statement  (as  when  RES'EORE  is 
not  followed  by  a  number).  When  a  line  number 
lelei eiice  is  loinui,  line  32470  torn erts  il  (now 
expressed  as  six  bytes  in  BCD  format)  into  decimal 
for  comparison  with  the  current  line,  which  is 
performecf  at  32480. 

•    At  this  point,  il  is  determined  whether  search- 
ing is  to  start  IVoiu  the  lop  or  from  the  current 
position.  Lines  32500  and  325 10  search  for  a  match- 
ing line  number.  When  a  match  is  found,  line 
32530  converts  the  future  line  number  oi  that 
malcliing  line  to  BCD  as  described  previousK  and 
replaces  the  original  reference.  Einalh  .  c  ontrol  is 
Iransferred  to  32.550  wlicn  the  actual  : ctiuuihering 
process  is  completed. 

The  program  itself  can  be  further  reduced  in 
si/c  b\'  merging  statements  into  single  lines,  but 
that  is  u[)  to  you.  I  he  most  obvious  leatin cs  missing 
from  the  program  are  soimd  and  gra|jhiis.  and 
that  can  he  easilv  remedied. 


32100 

REM  RENUMBER  BY  MANNY  JUAN 

321  10 

T8=256: 1=1 : 2=32100 

32120 

WM=0: X=PEEK (138) +PEEK ( 139) tTS: Y 

=  PEEK  (134) +PEEK (135)  tT8  +  8«  (PEEK 

(X+5) -128) +2 

32130 

?  "FROM, BY": INPUT  FR,BY:?  CHR* ( 

125) 

32140 

B  =  PEEK  (  136) +PEEK ( 137)  *T8:  X  =  B: M  = 

FR 

32150 

LN=PEEK ( X ) +PEEK (X+I ) «T8: SOUND  0 

, LN. lO, a 

32160 

IF  LN=Z  THEN  32220 

32170 

PL=PEEK (X+2) ;C=X+3 

32180 

LL  =  PEEt'  (C)  :  C  =  C  +  I 

32190 

GOSUB  32280 

32200 

IF  LL<PL  THEN  C=X -t-LL :  GOTO  32180 

32210 

X=X+PL5 M=M+BY: GOTO  32150 

32220 

M=FR: X=B: SOUND  1,0,0.0 

32230 

LN  =  PEEK  (X)  +PEEK  (X  +  I)  fTSiSOfi^iD  0 

, 3276S-LN, 10, 8 

32240 

IF  LN=Z  THEN  32550 

32250 

MH=INT (M/T3) : ML=M-HH»TB 

32260 

POKE  X,ML:PDKE  X+I,MH 

32270 

M=M+BY: X=X+PEEK<X+2) sGOTO  32230 

322S0 

TK  =  PEEK  (O 

32290 

IF  TK=10  OR  TK=lt  OR  TK=12  OR  T 

K=13  OR  TK=35  THEN  C=C+I: GOSUB 

32450: RETURN 

32300 

IF  TKO30  THEN  323S0 

32310 

C=C+I ; D=PEEK (C) 

32320 

IF  D--23  OR  D  =  24  THEN  32350 

32330 

IF  D=14  THEN  C=C+6 

32340 

oOTO  32310 

32350 

C=C+I:GDSUB  32450: D=PEEK ( C ) 

32360 

IF  D<.>20  AND  D<>22  THEN  32350 

32370 

RETURN 

(fdiilniiiril  11)1  j).  206) 


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32380 

32390 

32400 

32410 

32420 

32430 

32440 

32450 

32460 

32470 

32480 

32490 

32500 

32510 

32520 

32S30 

32540 

32550 

32560 

32570 

IF  TK<>7  THEN  RETURN 

C  =  C+I : D  =  PEEK  <C) 

IF  D=27  THEN  32430 

IF  D=14  THEN  C=C+6 

GOTO  32390 

C  =  C+I:IF  C<(X-t-LL)  THEN  GOSUB  32 

450 

RETURN 

D=PEEK(C):IF  D=20  OR  D=22  THEN 

C=C+I : RETURN 

IF  D014  THEN  -^  M:"  SR,";:C  =  C+I 

: RETURN 

C=C+I:FOR  J=0  TO  3:P0KE  Y+J,PEE 

K <C+J) : NEXT  J 

IF  WM<LN  THEN  WX=B : RN=FR : GOTO  3 

250  0 

WX=X: RN=M 

WN  =  PEEK (WX )  +PEEK  <WX  +  I>*TB: SOUND 

1  .  1<JN.  10.8 
IF  WN<Z  AND  l»IN<WM  THEN  RN  =  RN  +  BY 
:  WX  =  WX  +  PEEK  <t*(X+2)  :  6DTD  32500 
IF  WNOWM  THEN  7  M;"  NF ,  " ;  :  GOTO 

32540 
WN=RN:FDR  J=0  TD  3: POKE  C+J , PEE 
K  (Y  +  J )  : NEXT  J 
C=C+6:RETURN 
?  :7  (M~FR)/BY;"  LINES" 
?  "LIST" ; CHR* (34) ; "C: " ; CHR* (34) 
:  "  ,  " ; FR;  " ,  "  ; M-BY 
END  © 


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208 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


If  you've  ever  used  the  VIC's  data  file  functions  to  do  tape 
saves  and  loads  of  machine  code,  hex  tables,  or  srraphics, 
you'll  appreciate  the  speed,  ease,  and  flexibility  witlt  which 
this  program,  Dump/Recover,  accomplishes  those  taslu. 
You'll  also  learn  a  bit  about  using  BASIC's  iiilernal 
machine  language  routines. 

VIC  Block 
SAVE  And  LOAD 

Sheila  Thornton 
New  York  NY 

This  program  is  built  around  four  of  the  kernal 
routines,  the  sclf-tontained  machine  language 
software  modules  in  \*IC;'s  opeialing  system  which 
can  be  accessed  ihrougli  a  group  of  [  M  P  instructions 
located  at  the  top  of  memory. 

rhese  routines  -  SETLFS,  SETNAM,  SAVE, 
and  LOAD  —  are  subroutines  of  the  SAVE  and 
LX)AD  functions  in  RASIC:.  but  can  Ix-  used  inch- 
vidually  lo  save  any  size  memory  block  up  to  locali(jn 
32766  (37FFE)  and  to  load  the  saved  matter  into  its 
original  position  or  a  new  one. 

To  discourage  casual  copying  of  their  pro- 
prietary software.  Commodore  has  inserted  code 
in  the  SAVE  routine  which  aborts  aiiemptcd  tape 
saves  above  32766  ($7FFE  hex).  However,  a  VIC 
owner  who  boasts  a  1540  disk  has  informed  me 
that,  cin-ioiisly,  this  prohibition  doesii'l  extend  to 
disk  saves. 

Dimip/Recover  (Program  1)  combines  43  bytes 
of  machine  code  and  ten  lines  of  BASIC  to  connect 
you  to  the  kernal  routines  and  lo  allow  specification 
of  start  and  end  address  and  name  via  an  INPUT 
statement. 

Understanding  The  Method 

Program  2  is  a  commented  disassembly  of  the 
machine  code  thai  Dump/Recover  must  POKE  into 
memory.  In  the  fust  (our  instructions,  the  logical 
File  number,  device,  and  secondary  address  are 
selected,  and  then  the  SETLFS  routine  which 
makes  it  all  happen  is  called.  The  second  four 
instructions  specify  tlie  length  of  the  file  name  and 
its  location  in  memory,  and  then  jimip  to  SE'FNAM, 
which  will  expect  to  find  the  file  name  immediately 
above  the  eiul  of  tlie  array  variables  (as  pointed  to 
by  zero  page  locations  49  and  50)  and  the  name 
length  at  address  0. 

At  this  point,  the  SAVE  or  LOAD  routines  can 
be  called,  but  the  usual  tape  messages  (other  than 
the  PRESS...  instructions)  will  not  be  displayed. 
Some  sleuthing  inside  VICs  Operating  System 


disclosed  that  SAVE  and  LOAD  require  that  bit 
seven  at  address  157  ($9D)  be  .set  for  the  messages 
to  be  piinicfi.  'Fhe  two  inslructions  following  the 
jinnp  to  SETNAM  accomplish  this. 

While  these  messages  are  not  i  ec[uit cd  for  a 
successful  .save  or  load,  I  fnui  it  comicjrting  to  see 
that  VIC  is  indeed  SAVING/SEARCHIXC  FOR/ 
LOADING  the  File  Fve  specified.  Fhis  feedback 
also  serves  as  a  i  hei  k  lor  typing  errors,  and  hel]js 
lo  spare  V\C  from  doggedly  searching  through  an 
entire  cassette  lor,  say, ''OPCODE  T.ABEL'"  while 
Fve  excused  myself  to  make  tea.  Unfortunately,  I 
wasn't  able  to  find  liow  to  turn  on  the  "PLOAD 
ERROR"  message,  so  (his  is  handled  in  BASIC, 

Aliei- completing  these  preparatory  roiiiines, 
the  program  leturns  to  BASIC,  which  checks 
whether  a  save  or  load  has  been  chosen  and  jiunps 
to  the  ap[)ropriate  machine  code.  LO.AD  will  look 
at  addresses  2.")1  and  252  (SFB,  SEC)  to  iiiid  the 
start  address,  and  S.WF  will  addiiionallv  use  253 
and  254  for  the  ewd  address. 

Since  Dump/Recovers  purpose  is  to  save  Luid 
load  an\'  permitted  section  of  mcmorv,  I  decided 
that  the  "safest"  place  t(j  ]nit  the  machine  cotle  \vas 
in  the  BASIC  input  buffer  (512  to  6()0-$()2()0- 
$0258),  making  it  necessary  to  re-POKE  the  code 
every  time  the  program  is  run.  While  this  doubles 
the  permanent  program  length  (to  487  bytes),  it 
does  add  flexibility. 

Returning  lo  Program  1,  you  can  .see  that 
Dump/Recover's  first  job  is  to  accept  the  start  and 
end  addresses  (in  decimal)  and  the  file  name,  so 
the  input  buffer  can  be  freed  up  for  the  machine 
code.  The  end  address  entered  for  a  save  must  be 
one  higher  than  that  of  the  last  bvie  to  be  sa\ed. 
For  a  load,  a  "0"  must  i)e  entered  as  the  end 
address. 

Line  100.3  ]ilaies  the  name  length  in  location  0 
and  turns  the  etid-ol-arrays  pointer,  plus  the  name 
length,  into  a  decimal  number.  Because  all  of  the 
program's  variables  must  be  set  up  before  the 
latter  step  is  taken.  "U"  is  first  set  eqttal  to  "  I ."  In 
line  1004,  the  program  puts  the  file  name  above 
the  BASIC  variables,  jumps  to  the  SETLFS  and 
SETNAM  routines,  POKEs  the  start  address 
pointer,  and  tests  whether  a  dump  or  recovery  has 
been  selected.  If  a  dump,  line  1005  places  the  end 
address  in  memory,  jiunps  to  the  appropriate 
machine  code,  and  ends  the  piograni. 

Since  a  side  effect  of  the  LOAD  rouline  is  that 
the  numeric  and  array  variable  pointers  are  set  to 
the  end  address  of  the  loaded  material,  line  1 006 
saves  the  pointers  in  the  input  buffer  before  LOAD 
is  called,  and  restores  them  afterward.  Line  1007 
checks  the  I/O  STATUS  word,  and  prints  a  load 
error  message  if  STATUS  reports  either  an  lun-e- 
coverable  load  error  or  any  mismatch. 


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210 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982  Issue  31 


It  liie  E\U  staleiiieiiLs  iii  lines  1005  and  lOOH 
areclianged  to  RETL'RNs,  Dump/Recover  can  l)e 
used  as  a  subroutine:  but  don't  forget  that,  while 
RUN  restores  the  DA'IA  pointer,  (".OSUli  does 
not.  I  have  iasNioned  short,  unique  versions  oi 
Dump/Recover  to  include  in  programs  which  need 
to  load  in  binarv  data  and  lo  preface  frequenilv 
used  machine  code  tapes  so  they  will  load  in  wiihoui 
making  BA.SKl  forget  wlnere  its  put  its  variables. 

.Mateiial  SLived  with  Dnmjj/Recover  tan  he 
verified  from  BASICS  using  the  format,  X'KRIF^ 
"FILENAME",  1,1.  BASIC  will  also  load  these 
tapes,  but  the  adjustment  made  to  the  \arial)le 
pointers  may  make  it  necessary  to  execute  a  NEW 
after  the  load.  You'll  often  iind  rt  necessary  to 
protect  (he  loaded  file  from  BASIC  in'  lowering 
the  string  and  encl-of-memory  pointers. 

The  kernal  routines  are  pretty  thorotighh 
docmnented  in  the  Prograiiiiiicr's  Rcfcmicr  Ciadc 
(pp.  IS1*-21  I),  but  I'd  like  lo  share  with  vou  some 
omissi(5ns  and  errors  I  discovered  there  while 
witting"  this  program.  First,  the  Guide  neglects  to 
say  w  hat  the  valid  secondary  addresses  are  for  the 
SAV'F.  function.  I  wasn't  surprised  to  discover  thai 
!he\  are  the  same  as  used  in  B.\,SI(!: 

0=  Relocatable  save 

1  =  Non-ielocatable  sa\e 

2=  Relocatable  save  wjih  end-of-tape  marker 

3  =  Non-relocatable  save  with  F.-C)-'I"  marker 

'Fhedi.scussion  of  llieSK  TLFS  roiuine  indicates 
that  'l:i3  (SFF)  should  be  used  if  »wsccondar\' 
address  is  desired.  While  this  may  be  true  for  other 
I/O  operations,  a  2."),")  functions  exactly  like  a  ,'^  for 
a  tape  save.  I  he  C.'^/V/c  also  gives  iiKoireci  secondary 
addresses  for  a  load.  In  fact,  a  "'O'  will  permii  a 
relocating  loafl,  and  a  "I"  will  inesca]jabl\  send  die 
file  back  to  ils  origin. 

With  just  a  few  bytes  of  simple  "straighllinc" 
code,  even  inexperienced  machine  language  ]iro- 
granmiers  can  lap  significanl  |:)i()gi;uiiming  power 
and  speed  from  the  3(>  kernal  routines.  I'\e  found 
other  documenlalion  errors  in  the  (iii/flc,  though, 
so  I  suggesl  \(>u  tliorougliK  test  out  a  routine 
before  incoiporaling  it  in  a  program. 

Program  1:  BASIC  Version 

999  REM  "DUMP/RECOVER"  FOR  VIC-20 

1000  PRINT"START, END, NAME"  :  INPUTV , W, V$ :R=540  :  FO 
RJ=1T04  3:READT:P0KER+J+5,T:NEXT:G0T01 

003 

1001  DATA169, 1,152, 1,16 0,0, 32, 18 6,  2 5 5, 16 5,  0,166 
,49,164,50,32,189,25  5,169,128,13  3,157 

,96 

1002  DATA169, 0,1 66, 25 1,164, 2 52, 32, 2 13, 2 55, 9 6, 16 
9,251,166,25  3,164,254,3  2,216,25  5,96 

1003  T=LEN(V$) :POKE0,T:U=1:S=256*P£EK(50)+PEEK( 
49>+T 

1004  F0RJ=1T0T:P0KES-J,ASC(RIGHT5 (VS,J)) :NEXT:S 
VS546:U=V:T=252:GOSUB1009:IFW=0THEN1006 


100  5  U=W:T=2  54;GOSUB1009:SYS579:END 

1006  FORJ=0TO5:POKER+J,PEEK(45+J) : NEXT: SYS 5  69 ; F 
ORJ=0TO5:POKE4  5+J,PEEK(R+J) :NEXT 

1007  IFSTATUSAND4aTHENPRINT:PRINT"?L0AD" :PRINT" 
ERROR"; 

1008  END 

10  09  POKET,INT(U/256) : POKET-1 , U-256*PEEK (T) : RET 
URN 


Program  2:  Machine  language  subroutines 

SET  FILE  NO. 
SET  DEVICE  NO.  (TAPE) 
SET  SEC.  ADDR. 
(RELOCATABLE) 
CALL  SETLFS 
GET  NAME  LENGTH 
GET  NAME  START  ADDR.  LO 
GET  NAME  START  ADDR.  HI 
CALL  SETNAM 

TURN  ON  TAPE  MESSAGES 

SET  LOAD  FUNCTION 
GET  LOAD  START  PNT.  LO 
GET  LOAD  START  PNT.  HI 
CALL  LOAD 


0222 

A9 

LDA 

f01 

0224 

A2 

LDX 

#01 

0226 

A0 

LDY 

#00 

0228 

20 

JSR 

FFBA 

022B 

A5 

LDA 

00 

022D 

A6 

LDX 

31 

022F 

A4 

LDY 

32 

0231 

20 

JSR 

FFBD 

0234 

A9 

LDA 

#80 

0236 

85 

STA 

9D 

0238 

60 

RTS 

0239 

A9 

LDA 

#00 

023B 

A6 

LDX 

FB 

023D 

A4 

LDY 

FC 

023F 

20 

JSR 

FFD5 

0242 

60 

RTS 

0243 

A9 

LDA 

#FB 

0245  A6  LDX  FD 
0247  A4  LDY  FE 
0249  20  JSR  FFD8 
024C  60  RTS 


SET  SAVE  START  PNT. 

OFFSET 

GET  SAVE  END  PNT.  LO 

GET  SAVE  END  PNT.  HI 

CALL  SAVE 


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Dealer  and  disrriburor  inquiries  welcome- 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


211 


This  pivgrani  for  the  Atari  4001800,  8K  memory,  lets 
fou  mix  text  and  graphics  easily  on  any  four-color  graphics 
screen.  Characters  can  be  redefined  and  moved  about  as 
"game  shapes"  at  hiu^h  speed  on  the  graphics  screen. 

TextPlot  II 

Mark  Grebe 
York,  NE 


When  "TcxiPlol"  (COMPUTE!,  November  1981, 
#18)  was  puljlishccl,  I  thought  ihal  ii  vvoukl  prob- 
ably be  limited  to  sucli  uses  as  labeling  graphs.  At 
the  time.  I  was  busv  writing  games  for  the  Atari,  so 
I  overlooked  this  valualile  routine.  However,  when 
David  Piotkiii's  article,  '"Using  lextl'loi  for  .\ni- 
inated  Cames"  (COMPUTE!,  April  I98'2,#2:^). 
appeared,  it  caught  my  eye  iniiiiediately.  I  had 
been  toving  with  the  idea  of  writing  a  machine 
language  routine  similar  to  Ai)ple"s  shape  tables,  so 
1  decided  lo  see  if  TextPlot  would  work. 

1  soon  found  that  TextPlot  had  a  limitation.  It 
can  place  the  character  only  at  liorizontal  positions 
that  are  divisible  by  four.  In  the  foin-  color  modes. 
the  Atari  stores  information  for  four  pixels  in  one 
byte.  When  you  attempt  to  move  (he  object  hori- 
zontally, it  jumps  foiu-  pixels  instead  of  moving 
smoothly. 

After  manv  horns  of  writing,  I  finished  a 
revision.  The  connnand  to  in\'oke  TextPlot  II  is 
almost  identical  lo  the  one  irsed  in  TextPlot: 

A  =  USR(  ADR(A$),chr,color,horiz,vert) 

There  must  be  four  paiametcrs  in  the  command. 
Unlike  TextPlot,  if  you  don't  have  four,  tlie  pro- 
gram returns  an  I'.RROR  -22.  Text  Plot  merely 
used  the  system  l:iell.  (1  would  like  lo  suggest  that 
machine  language  programmers  use  this  error 
number  as  a  standard  for  the  wrong  nnmber  of 
parameteis  in  a  IJ.SR  statement.)  The  meanings  of 
the  parameters  ai  e: 

chr  -  ASCII  value  of  the  character  you  wish  lo 

plot. 

color  -  The  color  of  the  character  (1-3). 

horiz  &  vert  -  these  are  the  same  as  the  X  and 

V  values  used  for  PLOT  and  DRAWTO  in  the 

graphics  mode  you  are  in. 

TextPlot  II  is  a  BASIC  loader  program.  Since 
the  progiam  is  too  large  to  fit  in  page  six,  il  is  broken 
into  two  parts.  The  portion  in  the  variable  \%  is 
completely  relocatable,  as  the  only  call  used  is  JSR 
$0600.  This  is  a  call  lo  the  other  portion  of  the 
program. 


Well,  ihaTs  it,  short  and  simple.  If  you  come 
up  with  anv  amazing  games  using  TextPlot  II, 
please  let  me  know.  If  you  don't  want  to  type  in  all 
those  data  statements,  I'll  be  happy  to  make  yon  a 
co])v.  Just  send  a  cassette  or  diskette,  an  SASK 
mailer,  and  %'i  to: 

Mark  Grebe 

36  Edison  Avenue 

Yor}!.  XI-:  6.S'-/67 


300O0  DIM  A*<354):FOR  1=1  TO  354:READ 
X: A* < I ,  I ) =CHR* (X)  5  NEXT  I : FDR  I 

=0  TO  21:READ  X:POKE  1536+1, X:N 

EXT  1 
30010  DATA  104,240,10,201,4,240,13,17 

0, 104, 104,202,208,251, 169,22, 13 

3, 185,76,64, 185, 104, 133, 195, 104 
30020  DATA  201,128,144,4,41,127,198,1 

95. 170. 141.22.6.224.96. 176. 15. 1 
69,64,224,32, 144,2, 169,224 

30030  DATA  24,109,22,6,141,22,6,104,1 

04. 141 .23.6. 104. 104. 141.24.6.20 
1,4, 144, 5,56,233,4 

30040  DATA  176,247,133,214,201,0,240, 

7. 169.4.56.229.214. 133.214.78.2 
4,6,78,24,6,6,214,24 

30O5O  DATA  104,104,141,25,6,133,186,1 
66,87, 169, 10,224,3,2  40,8, 169, 20 
,224,5,240,2, 169,40, 133 

30060  DATA  207,133,187,165,88,133,203 
, 165,89, 133,204,32,0,6,24, 173,2 
4,6, 101 , 203, 133,203, 144,2 

30070  DATA  230,204,24,165,203,101,212 
, 133,203, 165,204, 101,213, 133, 20 
4,  173, 22, 6,  133,  187,  169,8,  133,  18 
6 

3008O  DATA  32,0,6,165,212,133,205,173 
,244,2, 101,213, 133,206, 160,0, 16 
2, 8, 169, 0, 133,209, 133, 208 

30090  DATA  177,205,69,195,72,104,10,7 
2, 144,8,24, 173,23,6,5,208, 133,2 
08,224, 1 ,240,8,6,208 

30100  DATA  38,209,6,208,38,209,202,20 
8, 22B, 104, 152, 72, 160, 0, 132, 215, 
132,212, 166,214,240,88,56,38 

30110  DATA  215,202,208,250,177,203,5, 
215,69,215, 145,203, 165, 215, 73, 2 

55. 133.215.200.200. 177.203.5.21 
5 

30120  DATA  69,215,145,203,166,214,6,2 
09, 38,212,202, 208, 249, 160, 0,24, 
177,203, 101,212, 145, 203, 169, 8 

30130  DATA  56,229,214,170,132,212,70, 
208, 102,212,202,208,249,240,2,2 
08, 135, 160,2,24, 177, 203, 101,212 

30140  DATA  145,203,24,165,208,101,209 
, 160, 1 , 145, 203,24, 14  4, 9, 165, 209 
, 145,203,200, 165, 208, 145,203, lO 
4 

30150  DATA  168,24,165,203,101,207,133 
,203, 144,2,230,204,200, 192, 8, 20 
8, 206,96 

30160  DATA  169,0,133,212,162,8.70,186 
, 144,3,24, lOl, 187, 106, 102,212,2 
02,208,243, 133,213,96 


212 


COMPUTEr 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Create  eiml  Modify  multicolored  sprites  on  the  Commodore  64,  the  easy  xvaw 


Commodore  64  Sprite 

Editor 


Stephen  Meirowsky 
Peabody.  KS 


The  new  (Commodore  (>4  coniputer  has  one  of  ihe 
best,  if  not  the  best,  ji;i-aphics  capabilities  of  any 
lionic  computers. 

Graphics  Potential 

The  64  has  text  graphics  with  a  40  x  25  character 
format,  jnst  like  the  i'ET.  Plus,  it  has  Sprites  to  use 
with  the  (e\t  graphics.  These  tools  allow  you  to 
design  yotn-  own  pictures  in  four  different  colors 
(ihe  manual  shows  how  to  use  only  one  color),  jtisi 
like  arcade  video  games.  Sprites  can  be  one  of  I  b 
colors  in  the  single-color  mode,  and  foin*  of  eight 
colors  in  the  multicolor  mode. 

Eight  sprites  are  available  for  screen  display  in 
a  24  horizontal  by  2 1  vertical  pixel  format.  Each 
sprite  has  a  different  "displav  hierarchv"  when 
crossing  over  another  sprite.  Sprite  0  would  move 
in  front  of  Sprite  1;  Spiite  1  and  Sprite  0  would 
move  in  front  of  Sprite  2,  and  so  on  up  to  Sprite  7. 
All  other  sprites  would  move  in  front  oi' Sprite  7. 
Also,  you  can  tell  each  sprite  whether  il  moves  in 
front  of  or  behind  the  normal  text  graphics. 

Each  sprite  can  he  expanded  to  twice  its  size, 
horizontally,  vertically,  or  both.  .Automatic  collision 
detection  tells  voti  when  sprites  have  liil  eacli  other 
or  when  a  sprite  has  hit  the  Ixickground  text 
graphics. 

Commodore's  manual  gives  the  register 
number  in  the  grajihics  IC  chip  which  gives  access 
to  the  collision  information.  First  of  all,  the  sprite-to- 
sprite  collision  is  register  30  decimal.  When  sprites 
collide,  the  graphics  chip  sets  their  bits  in  this  regis- 
ter. Second,  the  sprite  to  background  graphics 
collision  is  register  3 1  decimal.  When  a  sprite  col- 
lides with  the  backgi-ound,  its  bit  is  set. 

Creating  a  Sprite 

To  make  a  sprite,  vou  must  first  draw  it  on  a  24x21 
grid.  Then  you  convert  the  set  dots  in  each  row 
into  three  separate  bytes  of  data,  using  binary 
code.  For  each  byte,  add  up  the  number  according 
to  its  bit.  The  numbers  for  each  bit  in  a  byte  are 
128,64,32,  16,8,4,2,  1. 


Example  of  converting  the  grid: 


Row  1  + +  . 

Row  2  +..+...+ . 
Row  3  ...+...+. 


+++++++++ 
+++++++++ 
+  +  +  .  .  .  +  +  + 


101  DATA  129,I,255:REM  DATA  FOR  ROWI 

102  DATA  145,1,255:REM  DATA  FOR  ROW2 

103  DATA  17,1,199   :REM  DATA  FOR  ROW3 

104  DATA 

Next,  POKE  into  memory  the  63  bvtes  of  data 
to  describe  the  sprite  to  the  computer.  The  conver- 
sion of  the  grid  into  63  bytes  is  not  hard,  but  it  is 
very  time  consuming.  This  is  the  reason  for  the 
Sprite  Editor. 

The  Easy  Way 

The  sprite  editor  gives  many  easy  single-key  com- 
mands to  edit  the  sprite,  display  it,  and  save  it. 
When  the  program  is  executed,  commands  are 
primed  along  the  left  side  of  the  screen.  On  the 
right  side  of  the  screen  is  a  24x21  grid  which  is 
used  to  edit  a  sprite.  Fo  move  the  cursor,  use  the 
cursor  keys.  If  you  want  a  pixel  set  on  the  sprite, 
push  the  1 ,  2,  or  3  keys.  If  you  want  llie  pixel  erased, 
push  the  ""<-'"  ke\ .  .Any  time  you  want  to  .see  the 
actual  sprite,  push  the  "  =  "  key  and  it  will  compute 
the  grid  into  the  byte  form  and  display  the  sprite  in 
the  lower  left  corner  of  the  .screen. 

If  you  make  any  updates  on  the  grid,  they  will 
not  be  displayed  in  the  corner  imtil  the  "="  key  is 
ptished  again.  Once  the  sprite  has  been  displayed, 
it  can  be  enlarged  horizontally  or  vertically  by 
pressing  "X""  or  "Y".  Also,  you  can  display  the  fiala 
for  using  this  sprite  in  a  program  by  pushing  "B". 

On  all  four  of  the  following  commands,  the 
computer  will  ask  if  it  is  the  correct  command  to  be 
executed.  The  lour  commands  are  "N"  for  erasing 
the  grid  and  the  sprite  to  edit  a  new  sprite;  "S"  for 
saving  sprite  data  to  cassette;  "L"  for  loading  a 
sprite  from  cassette;  and  "Q"  for  quitting  the 
program. 

To  change  colors  while  creating  a  sprite,  use 
the  "Fl,"  "F3,"  "F5,"  and  'F7'  keys. 


■II  * 


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214 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


10  POKE53281,6:DIM  A(21 , 24) , B ( 63) , A$ ( 15) : X=0: 

Y=0:R=0:C=0:S=1 0  39:31=55311 

11  V=53  248 : POKEV+21 , 0 : POKEV+23 , 0 : POKEV+29 , 0 : R 

ESTORE: FORX=0TO15 :READAS (X) :NEXT 

12  PRINT" (CLEAR} ": F0RR=1T021 : FORC= 1T024 : A (R ,C 

)=46jNEXT:NEXT:FORX=1TO63:B(X)=0:NEXT 

14    POKEV+4,60:POKEV+5,200:POKE2042,13:POKEV+3 

7,0:POKEV+41,14:POKEV+38,1 
16    F0RX=1T063:P0KE831+X,B(X) : NEXT :P0KEV+21 , 4 : 

POKEV+28,4 
20    PRINT" {CLEAR} {D0WN}MC    SPRITE    EDITOR{DOWN} " 

22  PRINT''_   ERASE" 

23  PRINT"1    MC    0-BLACK" 

24  PRINT" 2  SC   -LT  BLUE" 
2  5  PRINT" 3  MC  1-WHITE" 

32  PRINT"=  COMPUTE  SPRITE" 

33  PRINT"X  SCALE  "X" " 

34  PRINT"Y  SCALE  'Y'" 

35  PRINT"B  BASIC  DATA" 

36  PRINT"N  NEW  SCREEN" 

37  PRINT"S  SAVE  SPRITE" 

38  PRINT"L  LOAD  SPRITE" 

39  PRINT"Q  QUIT" 

5  0  Y=0 : FORR=1T021 : F0RC=1T024 : Y=Y+1 : POKES+Y,A { 

R,C)  :P0KES1  +  Y,14:NEXT:Y  =  Y+16:NEXT 

55  X=l:Y=l:GOT079 

60  GETA$:IFA$=""THEN60 

61  R=S+X+(Y-1) *40:C=A(Y,X) : POKER, C : POKER+1 ,C 

62  IFAS="{DOWNj "THENY=Y+1 : IFY>21THENY=1 

63  IFAS="{UP3 "THENY=Y-1 :IFY<1THENY=21 

6  4  IFA5="{RIGHT}"THENX=X+2:IFX>24THENX=1 
65  IFAS="{LEFT} "THENX=X-2:IFX<1THENX=23 

6  6    IFAS="_"THENA(Y,X)=46:A(Y,X+1)=46 

67  IFA$>"0"ANDA$<"4"THENR=48+VAL(AS) :A(Y,X)=R 

:A(Y,X+1)=R 

68  IFAS  =  "  =  "THEm00 

69  IFA$="X"THENPOKEV+29,ABS(PEEK (V+29)-4) 

70  IFAS="Y"THENPOKEV+23,ABS(PEEK (V+23)-4) 

71  IFA$="B"THEN120 

7  2    IFA$="L"ORA$="S"ORA$="N"ORA$="Q"THEN190 

73  IFA$  =  "{F15''THENR=33:GOSUB130 

74  IFA$="{F2}"THENR=37:GOSUB130 

75  IFA$="{F3}"THENR=41 :GOSUB130 

76  IFA$="{F4}"THENR=38:GOSUB130 

79  R=S+X+ (Y- 1 )*40:C=A{V,X) +128: POKER, C:POKER+ 

1 ,C:GOTO60 
100  Y=0:FORR=1TO21 : FORX=0TO2 : Y=Y+1 : B (Y) =0 : FORC 

=1T07STEP2:Q=A(R,X*8+C) -48 
102  IFQ<0ORQ>3THENQ=0 
104  B{Y)=B(Y)+2" (7-C)*Q:NEXT! NEXT: NEXT :F0RX=1T 

063:POKE831+X,B(X) :NEXT:GOT055 

110  PRINT"{REV}"AS";  YES  OR  C40" 

111  FORX=1TO10:GETN$:NEXT 

112  GETN$:IFN5=""THEN112 

114  PRINT" {UP}  {UP}":HETURN 

115  PRINT" {REV} CONTINUE" sGGTOlll 

119  REM 

120  PRINT" {CLEAR) ": F0RX=1T07 : PRINT"DATA"  ;  : FORY 
=  1T09:PRINTB(  (X-1) *9+Y)  " (LEFT} , " ;  :NEXT 

122  PRINT"{LEFT}  "  :  NEXT:  PRINT-.G0SUB115  :GOTO20 
130  C=PEEK{V+R}AND15:C=C+1:IFC>15THENC=0 

132  POKEV+R,C:PRINT" (HOME) (03  DOWN) " ; : IFR=33TH 
EN136 

133  PRINT" (DOWN}"; : IFR=37THEN1 36 

134  PRINT" (DOWN}"; : IFR=4 ITHENl 36 

135  PRINT" {DOWN}"; 

136  PRINT" {07  RIGHT}"A$(C) "   ": RETURN 

190  GOSUB110:IFNS<>"Y"THEN79 

191  GETN$:GETN$:IFA$="N"THEN11 

192  IFAS="Q"THENPOKEV+21,0:POKEV+28,0:PRINT"{0 
4    DOWN}": END 

194  PRINT" {CLEAR}": POKEV+21, 0 : INPUT"NAME  OF  SP 
RITE";NS:PRINT 


196  I  FAS  =  " L " T  HEN  OPEN1,1,0,N$:G  0T03  0  0 

200  OPEN1,1,1,NS:FORX=1T063:PRINT#1,B(X) :NEXT: 

CL0SE1:G0T015 
300  F0RX=1T063:INPUT#1,B(X) : NEXT : CLOSEl : PRINT" 

(DOWN}COMPUTING  SPRITE  MATRIX" 
310  Y=0:FORR=1TO21;FORX=0TO2:Y=Y+1 : FORC=2T08ST 

EP2:0=X*8+C:P=2* (8-C) 
312  S=B(Y)AND(P*3) : A(R ,Q) =46 : A{R ,Q-1 ) =46 
314  IFS>0THENA(R,Q)=S/P+48:A(R,Q-l)=S/P+48 
330  NEXT:NEXT:NEXT;S=1039:GOTO16 
500  DATA  BLACK, WHITE, RED, CYAN, PURPLE, GREEN, BLU 

E, YELLOW 
510  DATA  ORANGE, BROWN, LT  RED ,GRAY1 ,GRAY2 , LT  GR 

N,LT  BLIJE,GRAY3  © 


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[CBM-64  sold  separately  for  $595) 

--'  DIGITAL  TO  ANALOG  CONVERTER 
OR  8  CHANNEL  ANALOG  TO  DIGITAL 
CONVERTER  '^^ 

Model  MW-304V  $129.95 

Allows  your  VIC  or  COM  to  output  analog  signals 
or  digitize  up  to  8  analog  channels. 
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December  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTE) 


21S 


Add  five  invaluable  commands  to  \  IC  BASIC:  renumber,  delete,  find,  change,  and  kill.  This  enhancement  to  BASIC 
automatically  locales  itself,  protects  itself,  and  becomes  "part  of  the  computer."  It  recjiiires  1200  bytes  of  RAM,  a  little 
more  than  1 K.  The  article  describes  the  step-by-step  process  of  entering  this  program  (it's  machine  language,  but  you 
can  enter  and  use  it  without  knowing  machine  language).  Alternatively,  the  author  offers  to  make  tape  copies  ~  see 
instructioirs  below. 


Tiny  Aid  For  VIC-20 


David  A.  Hook 
Borrie,  Ontario 


Since  the  early  days  of  the  PET,  various  enhance- 
ments for  BASIC  have  been  available.  Bill  Seller, 
then  of  Commodore,  produced  the  first  public- 
domain  version,  called  "BASIC-Aid." 

Many  updates  and  improvements  have  been 
made  over  the  past  couple  of  years.  The  PET/CBM 
program  has  ballooned  to  a  4K  package  for  almost 
every  possible  PET/CBM  equipment  configuration. 

As  has  been  customary  in  the  Commodore 
community,  Jim  Butlerfield  developed  a  version  of 
the  BASIC-Aid.  He  called  this  Tinyaid2  (or 
Tinyaid4,  for  BASIC  4.0).  This  offered  the  six 
most  useful  commands  from  the  full-fledged 
program. 

Following  is  my  modification  of  that  work, 
designed  to  provide  VIC  u.sers  with  the  .same  bene- 
fits. After  using  this  for  a  while,  I  think  you  will 
find  the  added  commands  nearly  indispensable. 

Features 

VIC  Tiny  Aid  is  a  machine  language  program 
which  consumes  about  1200  byies  of  your  RAM 
memory.  After  you  have  loaded  the  program,  type 
"RUN"  and  hit  "RETURN".  The  program  repacks 
itself  into  high  memory.  The  appropriate  pointers 
are  set  so  that  BASIC  will  not  clobber  it.  VIC  Tiny 
Aid  is  now  alive. 

Once  activated,  five  commands  become  at- 
tached to  BASIC.  They  will  function  only  in  "direct" 
mode;  i.e.,  don't  include  them  in  a  program. 

(1)     NUMBER  1000,5         'RETURN' 
NUMBER  100,10 

Renumbers  a  BASIC  program  with  a  given 
starting  line  number  and  given  increment  between 
line  numbers.  The  maximum  increment  is  255, 

All  references  after  GOTO,  THEN,  GOSUB, 
and  RUN  are  automatically  corrected.  A  display  of 
these  lines  is  presented  on  the  screen  as  it  works.  If 


a  GOTO  refers  to  a  non-existent  line  number,  then 
it  is  changed  to  65535.  This  is  an  illegal  line  number, 
and  must  be  corrected  before  the  BASIC  program 
is  used. 


(2)     DELETE  100-200 
DELETE  -  1500 
DELETE  5199- 


'RETURN' 


Deletes  a  range  of  lines  from  a  BASIC  pro- 
gram. Uses  the  same  syntax  as  the  LIST  command, 
so  any  line  range  may  be  specified  for  removal. 
DELETE  with  no  range  will  perform  Hke  a  NEW 
command,  so  be  careful. 


(3)     FIND  /PRINT/ 

FIND/A$/,  150-670 
FIND  "PRINT",  2000- 


RETURN' 


Will  locate  any  occurrences  of  the  characters 
between  the  "/  "  marks.  Almost  any  character  may 
mark  the  start/end  of  the  string  to  be  found,  so 
long  as  both  are  the  same.  The  first  example  will 
find  all  the  PRINT  instructions  in  the  program. 

If  you  are  looking  for  a  string  of  text  which 
contains  a  BASIC  keyword,  you  must  use  the  quote 
characters  as  markers.  This  will  prevent  the  search 
string  from  being  "tokenized." 

If  a  limited  line-range  is  desired,  use  the  same 
syntax  as  for  LIST.  Note  that  a  comma  (",")  must 
separate  the  line-range  from  the  end  marker. 

All  lines  containing  the  string  are  printed  to 
the  screen.  If  a  line  has  more  than  one  of  them, 
each  occurrence  will  cause  a  repetition  of  that  Hne. 


(4)    CHANGE  -PRINT-PRINT#4,- 
CH  ANGE  /ABC/XYZ/,  6000- 
CHANGE  /DS$/D1$/,  -5000 


'RETURN' 


Using  the  same  syntax  as  FIND,  you  may 
change  any  string  to  any  other  string  in  a  BASIC 
program.  This  command  is  ^ery  powerful  and  was 


216 


COMPUTE! 


December1982,  Issue  31 


not  part  of  the  early  versions  of  BASIC-Aid  or 
Toolkit. 

As  before,  you  may  indicate  a  line-range.  As 
the  ciianges  are  made,  the  revised  lines  are  dis- 
played on  the  screen. 

Watch  out  for  tlie  difference  between  BASIC 
keywords  and  strings  of  text  within  quotes.  You 
may  use  the  quote  characters  to  differentiate,  as 
with  FIND. 

(5)     KILL  'RETURN' 

This  command  disables  VIC  Tiny  Aid  and  its 
associated  commands.  A  syntax  error  will  be  the 
result  if  any  of  the  above  connnands  aie  now  tried. 

Since  the  routine  is  safe  from  interference 
from  BASIC,  you  may  leave  it  acti\e  for  as  long  as 
your  machine  stays  on.  It  is  possible  that  VIC  Tiny 
Aid  may  interfere  w  ith  other  programs  that  modify 
BASIC'S  internal  "CHRCiOT"  routine.  Tlic  KILL  ' 
command  allows  you  to  avoid  this  conflict. 

Procedure 

The  VIC  contains  no  internal  machine  language 
monitor,  which  is  really  the  only  practical  wa\  to 
enter  this  program.  So  follow  (jiic  oi  tlie  three 
methods  below  to  perform  the  task. 

(1)  Borrow  an  Upgrade  or  BASIC  4.0  PET/ 
CB.M,  with  its  internal  ML  monitor.  This  will 
be  the  easiest  method  to  enter  the  program. 

(2)  Use  your  VIC-2(),  but  vou  iiiusi  Iiave  a 
machine  language  monitor: 

— Jim  Butterfield's  Tinymon  For  VIC 
(COMPUTE!,  January  1982,  #20). 

—  my  adaptation  of  Supermon  For  VIC 
(The  Transactor,  Volume  .•^,  Issue  #5). 

—  VTCMON  cartridge  from  Commodore. 

(3)  The  easy  way: 

Send  $3,  a  blank  cassette  or  1540/203 1/4040 
diskette  in  a  stamped,  self-addressed  mailer  to 
me  at: 

58  Steel  Street 

Barrie,  Ontario,  Canada 

L4M  2E9 

Be  sure  it's  packaged  secm-ely.  Diskettes  will 
be  returned  in  DOS  2^0  formal.  (')nly  2040  (DOS 
I.O)  owners  need  take  extra  care.  (The  programs 
need  to  be  copied  to  a  DOS  1 .0  formatted  disk. 
Don't  S.AVE  or  otherwise  WRITE  to  the  disk  you 

If  vou  are  using  a  VIC,  and  have  a  3K  R.\M  or 
SUPEREXPANDER  cartridge,  plug  this  in.  It  will 
be  somewhat  easier  to  follow,  since  programs  are 
then  "PET-compatible"  without  further  juggling. 
However,  don't  u.se  the  8K  or  I  OK  expansion  for 
this  job. 

If  yon  are  familiar  with  the  operation  of  the 
ML  monitor,  please  skip  ahead  to  the  specifics 


below. 

You  are  about  to  type  in  almost  2500  characters 
worth  of  hexadecimal  numbers.  In  addition  to  the 
digits  from  zero  to  nine,  the  alphabetic  characters 
from  A-F  represent  numbers  from  ten  to  liftcen. 
These  characters,  and  three  instructions,  will  be  all 
that  are  used  to  enter  our  program.  You  don't 
have  to  understand  the  process  —  just  tvpe  in  the 
characters  exactly.  It's  not  very  exciting,  l)ut  don't 
be  too  intimidated  by  the  "funny"  display. 

Believe  it  or  not,  this  is  the  most  efficient  way 
to  enter  the  information.  The  program  will  use 
only  1 200  characters  of  memory.  Using  a  "BASIC 
loader"  (with  D.^TA  statements),  the  program 
wouldn't  fit  in  a  5K  VIC^! 

Enter  the  machine  language  nioniiot  |jrogratn 
tising  a; 

TINYMON/SUPERMON  FOR  VIC:  -  LOAD 
and  RUN  the  program. 

PET/CBM- Type  "SYS  1024"  and  hit 
"RETURN". 

VICMON  Cartridge  -  "SYS  6*4096"  or  "SYS 
10*4096"  (this  depends  on  the  version  you 
have),  then  type  "RETURN". 

Note:  If  you  are  working  on  the  unexpanded  VIC, 
you  will  need  to  folloiv  the  alternate  instructions  in 
paientheses  below. 

The  cursor  will  be  flashing  next  to  a  period 
character  (".").  Type  the  entry  starting  at  the  cin-- 
rent  cmsor  position: 

.M  0580  O5C0         'RETURN'  (.M    1180    IICO) 

Several  lines  should  appear  on  the  screen, 
much  like  the  "memory-chnn|)"  whit  Ii  a(  companies 
this  article.  A  tour-digit  quantity  called  an  "address" 
leads  off  a  line,  and  either  eight  or  five  columns  of 
two-digit  values  appear  alongside. 

Look  at  the  tables  of  values  in  the  article.  I'hey 
show  eight  rows  of  these  addi-esses.  Note  that  the 
first  "block"  has  the  address  "0580,"  whicli  maiclies 
the  first  address  just  above.  The  first  row  of  the 
next  table  shows  "05C0."  which  is  the  second  (oi 
ending)  address  just  abo\e. 

\'our  mission  is  to  type  in  the  matching  values 
from  the  article,  in  place  of  the  two-digit  values 
you  see  on  the  screen.  If  you're  using  your  \'IC>  for 
this  job,  you  will  have  to  be  on  your  loes.  I'he  tables 
show  eight  bytes  per  row,  whereas  the  various  VIC] 
monitors  present  only  five  bvtcs  at  a  time,  ^'ou 
could  mark  off  the  values  in  groups  ol  fi\e  before 
you  start. 

Remember  to  hit  "RETURN"  at  the  end  of 
each  .screen  line,  or  the  changes  won't  be  made. 

Double  check  the  values  you've  typed.  It's  not 
easy  to  find  an  error  later  on. 

Look  at  the  next  block  of  values.  Type  in  the 


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218 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Start/end  addresses  to  display: 

.M  05C0  0600  RETURN'  (.Ml ICO   1200) 

Type  in  ihe  values  required  and  go  on  with 
the  rest  of  the  blocks. 

You  will  use  addresses  ranging  from: 

05xx-06xx-07xx-08xx-09xx-OAxx 

as  shown  in  the  tables.  The  "x"  characters  stand  for 
the  other  two  digits  of  the  address  in  the  leftmost 
column. 

If  you  are  working  on  the  unexpanded  VIC, 
the  sequence  of  addresses  is: 

1  lxx-12xx-13xx-14xx-15xx-16xx 

You  will  have  to  type  these  pairs  of  characters 
in  place  of  the  leading  two  shown  just  above. 

With  that  task  complete,  we  are  ready  to  pre- 
serve this  work  on  tape.  So  type: 

.S  "VIC  AID.ML",01,0580,0AB6     'RETURN' 
(or:  .S  "VIC  AID.ML",01,1 180,1686     'RETURN') 

Mount  a  blank  tape,  and  follow  the  instructions. 
Save  a  second  copy,  for  safety. 
Exit  the  ML  monitor,  with; 
.X        'RETURN' 

VERIFY  the  program  normally  before  going 
any  further. 

Now  comes  the  easy  part.  Type  "NEW",  then 
the  BASIC  listing.  Enter  this  exactly,  without  in- 
cluding any  extra  text.  Save  this  as  "VIC  AID.BAS" 
and  VERIFY  it. 

Leave  this  program  in  memory  for  the  next 
stage. 

Finally,  LOAD  the  "VIC  AID.ML"  and  SAVE 
"VIC  AID.REL"  on  another  blank  tape.  Both  the 
BASIC  part  and  the  machine  language  part  have 
been  SAVEd  together. 

Check-Out 

We  are  going  to  check  out  the  machine  language 
using  a  "checksum"  method.  Type  in  "NEW"  before 
proceeding.  Now  enter  the  following  program; 

10  1  =  0  (or:  101  =  3072  for  unexpanded  VIC) 

20  T  =  0:FORJ=1408  +  ITO2741-(-I 

30  T  =  T-HPEEK(I) 

40  NEXT  J 

50  PRINT  T 

After  a  few  seconds,  if  the  value  161705  ap- 
pears, you've  likely  got  it  perfectly.  Go  to  the  next 
section. 

If  not,  there's  at  least  one  incorrect  entry. 
Change  the  two  values  in  line  20,  using  the  table 
below.  Re-RUN  the  program  and  compare  against 
the  value  in  the  third  column. 

Repeat  the  process  for  each  row,  noting  any 
that  don't  match.  Each  row  corresponds  to  two 
"blocks"  from  the  last  section.  You  will  have  to  re- 
enter the  ML  monitor  to  re-check  those  sections 


that  differ.  Re-SAVE  the  ML  part! 

Block*     Value  1      Value  2     Checksum 


1-  2 

1408 

1535 

15201 

3-  4 

1536 

1663 

17221 

5-  6 

1664 

1791 

15925 

7-  8 

1792 

1919 

15117 

9-10 

1920 

2047 

15565 

11-12 

2048 

2175 

14141 

13-14 

2176 

2303 

15840 

15-16 

2304 

2431 

16276 

17-18 

2432 

2559 

15152 

19-20 

2560 

2687 

15194 

21 

2688 

2741 

6073 

Operation 

The  final  acid  test.  RELOAD  the  program  from 
tape  and  RUN  it.  The  screen  will  cleai"  and  a  brief 
summary  of  the  added  commands  will  be  displayed. 
The  cursor  should  return  almost  instantly,  imder 
the  "READY."  message. 

II  the  cursor  does  not  come  back,  there  is 
something  still  amiss.  All  the  numbers  appearing 
in  the  listing  in  this  article  were  produced  from  a 
working  copy  of  the  program  (Honest!).  You  still 
have  option  (3)  from  the  procedure  section  avail- 
able. If  you  do  send  a  tape/disk  at  this  point,  include 
yoin-  non-functioning  version.  I  can  then  do  a 
compare,  to  see  where  the  error(s)  were. 

This  has  been  a  massive  exercise,  and  mistakes 
can  easilv  creep  in.  Your  connnents  are  welcome. 


Program  I : 

Memory  Dum 

>  of  Tiny 

Aid 

0580 

A5 

2D 

85 

22 

A5 

2E 

85 

23 

0588 

A5 

37 

85 

24 

A5 

38 

85 

25 

0590 

A0 

00 

A5 

22 

D0 

02 

C6 

23 

0598 

C6 

22 

81 

22 

D0 

3C 

A5 

22 

05A0 

D0 

02 

C6 

23 

C6 

22 

81 

22 

05A8 

F0 

21 

85 

26 

A5 

22 

D0 

02 

05B0 

C6 

23 

C6 

22 

HI 

22 

18 

65 

05B8 

24 

AA 

A5 

26 

65 

25 

48 

A5 

05C0 

37 

D0 

02 

C6 

38 

C6 

37 

68 

05C8 

91 

37 

8A 

48 

A5 

37 

D0 

02 

0  5D0 

C6 

38 

C6 

37 

68 

91 

37 

18 

05D8 

90 

B6 

C9 

DF 

D0 

ED 

A5 

37 

05E0 

85 

33 

A5 

38 

85 

34 

6C 

37 

05E8 

00 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

05F0 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

05F8 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

AA 

0600 

DF 

AD 

FE 

FF 

00 

85 

37 

AD 

0608 

FF 

FF 

00 

85 

38 

A9 

4C 

85 

0610 

7C 

AD 

D9 

FB 

00 

85 

7D 

AD 

0618 

DA 

FB 

00 

85 

7E 

4C 

8F 

FC 

0620 

00 

F0 

03 

4C 

08 

CF 

A9 

C9 

0628  85  7C  A9  3A  85  7D  A9  B0 
0630  85  7E  60  DB  FB  00  85  8B 


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posite video  output  has 
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the  VIC  video  output. 
5  pin  DIN  jack. 

•  Includes  two  character  sets:  The 
ANSI  standard  7-bit  character  set 
and  the  Commodore  character  set 


QUANTUM 

DATA,  [NC. 


The  ASCII  character  set  features  all 
of  the  standard  lowercase  and 

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and  numbers. 

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IS  used  by  the  Video  Cartridge, 

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using  your  home  TV.  while 

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COMPUTE! 


December  1<?8Z  Issue  31 


0638  86  97  BA  BD  01  01  C9  8C 


0640  F0  10  D0  02  A4  8C  A6  97 

0648  A5  88  C9  3A  B0  03  AC  80 

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0658  D0  ED  A5  8B  10  02  E6  7A 

0660  84  8C  A2  00  00  86  A5  CA 

0668  E8  A4  7A  89  00  00  02  38 

0670  FD  D9  FF  00  F0  13  C9  80 

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20  CA 

iniiiliniit'il  i»i  p. 

222} 

Write  Program, 
Right  Price! 


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(714)  594-1351 

Commodore  and  VIC  20  are  registered  trademarks  of 
Commodore  Business  Machines,  Inc.  Wordcraft  20© 
copyright  held  by  PL.  Dowson. 


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COMPUTER 


Cf«jAAV/ilN 


ASSOCIATES 


50  Teed  Dr.,  Randolph, 

Massachusetts  02368 

617-961-5700 


222 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


0950  FF  00  D0  03  4C  8F  EC  00 

0958  20  CA  FF  00  A5  63  91  7A 

0960  20  CA  FF  00  A5  62  91  7A 

0968  20  B7  FF  00  F0  E2  20  CA 

0970  FF  00  20  CA  FF  00  20  CA 

0978  FF  00  C9  22  D0  0B  20  CA 

0980  FF  00  F0  C5  C9  22  D0  F7 

0988  F0  EE  AA  F0  BC  10  E9  A2 

0990  04  DD  D4  FF  00  F0  05  CA 

0998  D0  F8  F0  DD  A5  7A  85  38 

09A0  A5  7B  85  3C  20  73  00  00 

09A8  B0  D3  20  6B  C9  20  51  FF 

09B0  00  A5  3C  85  7B  A5  3B  85 

09B8  7A  A0  00  00  A2  00  00  BD 

09C0  00  00  01  C9  30  90  11  48 

09C8  20  73  00  00  90  03  20  82 

09D0  FF  00  68  A0  00  00  91  7A 

09D8  E8  D0  E8  20  73  00  00  B0 

09E0  08  20  91  FF  00  20  79  00 

09E8  00  90  F8  C9  2C  F0  B8  D0 

09F0  96  20  AC  FF  00  20  CA  FF 

09F8  00  20  CA  FF  00  D0  08  A9 


0A00  FF  85  63  85  62  30  0E  20 

0A08  CA  FF  00  C5  14  D0  0F  20 

0A10  CA  FF  00  C5  15  00  0B  20 

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3  PRINT" 

4  PRINT" 

5  PRINT" 

6  PRINT" 

7  PRINT" 

8  PRINT" 

9  PRINT" 

10  PRINT 

11  PRINT 

12  PRINT 

13  PRINT 

14  SYS(P 


DAVID  A.  HOOK 
{DOWN}   FROM  'TINY  AID'  BY: 

JIM  BUTTERFIELD 
{DOWN}   AND  'BASIC  AID'  BY: 

BILL  SEILER 
{DOWN}iREV}SAMPLE   COMMANDS; 
{DOWNlCHANGE  /?/PRINT#4,/ 
"FIND  .GOSUB.,  200- 
"DELETE  130-625 
"NUMBER  100,5 
"KILL  (VIC  AID) 

EEK(4  3)+PEEK(44)*256+38  3) 


Program  2:  BASIC  section  of  Tiny  Aid 

1  PRINT" {CLEAR}     {REV}  VIC 

2  PRINT" {DOWN}   ADAPTED  FOR 


Intelligent  Software 
For  VIC,  64,  PET,  and  CBM. 

Word  Processor  Plus  was  not  designed  to  demonslfat©  what 
computers  are  capable  of  doing,  to  be  an  expensive  toy,  or  to 
instill  awe  or  fear  or  even  odmirotion  into  its  user;  W/P+  was 
designed  solely  to  facilitate  correspondence,  for  a  wide  range 
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thoroughly  tested,  useobl©  word  processor  available  at  any- 
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version  available  for  VIC  and  64);  S30  [10k  RAfvl,  printer  req'd.). 
Upgrades  for  old  W/P  copies  (below  V4.0)  $16. 

Also  available:  Copycalc,  an  electronic  spreadsheet  program 
for  Commodore  computers;  S20  (S 15  w/another  progrom),  Ver- 
sion avail,  for  4k  VIC. 

Prices  include  documentation  and  shipping;  Coiit,  residents 
add  6%.  Please  specify  hardware  configuration  when  ordering. 
Other  programs  (sorry,  no  games]  and  a  catalog  available, 

William  Robblns.  Box  3745.  San  Rafael,  CA  94912 


A^^ 


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OKIDATA   PRINTERS 
MICROLINE  80,  82A,  OR  83A 
FOR 

COMMODORE  64^ 
commodore  VlC-20 


^ 


d 


TINY    AID 
VIC    BY: 


DEALEHS    INQUIRIES    ENCOURAGED 

OKIDATA 

iH3bec,inc. 

ROUTE    309    at     SWARTLEV     ROAD 
LINE     LEXINGTON,      PA      18932 
(215)     82  2-0  700 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


223 


Tins  tutorial  shows  a  quick  and  easy  way  to  select  random  numbers  using  PEEK  and  POKE  to  increase  speed.  The 
technique  is  also  demojistrated  as  an  alternative  to  the  SOUND  command. 

Atari  PEEK  And  POKE 
Alternatives 

Jerry  White 
Levittown,  NY 


When  vvriiiiig  a  BASIC  program,  it  is  otieti  neces- 
sary to  f~ind  the  fastest  possible  method  to  achieve  a 
desired  result.  When  speed  is  important,  an  assem- 
bler subroutine  is  usually  the  best  alternative.  In 
many  cases,  however,  using  PEEK  and  POKE 
instructions  instead  of  conventional  routines  can 
significantly  increase  the  speed. 

In  each  of  the  four  example  routines  below, 
RAM  location  540  is  tised  as  a  timer.  The  lerni 
"jiffy"  is  used  t(j  denote  l/(i()  of  a  second.  Location 
540  counts  backwards  until  it  reaches  zero.  When 
the  iTuinber  2,")5  is  POKEd  inU)  this  kjcaiion,  it  will 
take  loin-  and  one  quarter  seconds  to  coiuit  back 
to  zert). 

Each  routine  begins  with  a  Gra]jhics  0  com- 
mand to  clear  the  screen,  ^'ou  miglu  want  to  irv 
Mode  2  later  on  to  see  how  the  elapsed  time  of 
each  routine  is  affected.  Slandard  texl  mode  was 
chosen  so  the  routines  could  be  listed  on  the  screen 
and  the  elapsed  time  displavcd. 

Time  tesis  I  and  2  show  two  ways  to  select  a 
random  nttmber  between  zero  and  255.  The  first 
method  is  the  conventional  way.  For  demonstration 
purposes,  tlie  random  nimiber  was  selected  ten 
times. 

The  second  listing  provides  an  alternative 
melhofl  which  is  four  times  fastei'.  Oui-  number  is 
selected  with  a  PEEK  at  location  20.  This  is  also  a 
jiffy  counter,  but  unlike  location  540,  this  one 
counts  forward  unii!  it  reaches  255.  It  is  then  reset 
to  zero  and  continues  counting  normally.  This 
method  of  selection  is  only  useful  when  a  single 
random  number  is  required.  For  example,  to  return 
a  decision  on  a  50  percent  probability,  check  loca- 
tion 20  for  less  than,  or  for  equal  to,  127.  This 
method  would  not  be  effective  if  moie  tlian  one 
number  is  needed  within  a  slujrt  period  of  dme.  It 
is,  however,  an  excellent  alternative  in  most  cases, 
and  is  much  faster  than  the  conventional  method 
becau.se  llie  multiplication  is  eliminated. 

Time  test  routines  3  and  4  loop  through  the 
256  pitches  of  Atari's  undistorted  sound.  Test  3 
uses  the  conventional  SOUND  command.  The 


execution  time  was  123  jiffies,  orjust  over  two 
seconds.  Test  4  uses  the  POKE  command.  The 
difference  was  17/60ths  of  a  second. 

There  are  many  situations  where  the  PEEK 
and  POKE  commands  can  be  used  to  speed  up 
yoiu'  B.ASIC  programs.  There  are  also  things  that 
could  not  be  done  at  all  in  Atari  BASIC  were  it  not 
for  PEEK  and  POKE.  I  will  continue  to  explore 
this  subject  in  future  COMPUTE!  uiiorials. 


Atari  BASIC  Time  Test  1 
5  GRAPHICS  OzLiST 
lO    POKE    540,255:FDR    TEST^l     TO     10:X=RND 

(0) «256: NEXT    TEST: TIME=PEEK (540) 
20     ?     :?     "TIHE="  i255-TIME;  ■■     60ths    of     a 

second    .  " 

TIf1E=16    60ths    of     a    second. 


Atari  BASIC  Time  Test  2 

5  GRAPHICS  0:L1ST 

10  POKE  540, 255: FOR  TEST=1  TO  10tX=PEE 

K(20):NEXT  TEST; T I ME=PEEK < 540 ) 
20  ?  :?  "T1ME  =  "  ;255-TIME;  '■  60ths  of  a 

second  .  " 

TIME=4  60ths  of  a  second 


Atari  BASIC  Time  Test  3 
5  GRAPHICS  0:LIST 
lO    POKE    540,255:FOR    TEST=0    TO    255:30.0 

,TEST,   10,2:NEXT    TEST: TIME  =  PEEK C540) 
20    ?     :?     "TIME=";255-T1ME! "     60ths    of     a 

second  .  " 

TIME-123  AOths  of  a  second 


Atari  BASIC  Time  Test  4 
5  GRAPHICS  OjLIST 

10  POKE  540,255!F0R  TEST=0  TO  255:POKE 
53760  .TESTsNEXT  TEST; TIME=PEEK ( 540> 
20  ?  :?  "TIME=";255-TIME; "  60ths  of  a 
second  ." 

TIME=106  60ths  of  a  second  © 


224 


COMPUTII 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Fvr  Commodore  2022  and  2024  printers,  add  an 

automatic  shut-off  to  stop  the  machine  when  the  paper  has 
ran  out. 


Paper  Monitor 
Switch  For 
2022  Printer 

Rev,  Jack  Weaver 
Homestead,  FL 


Dire  warnings  are  always  posted  for  the  users  of 
dot-matrix  printers.  The  warning  DO  NOT  OPER- 
ATE UNLESS  PAPER  IS  IN  THE  MACHINE  is 
justified! 

Il  is  somewhat  sinprising,  then,  that  Commo- 
dore did  not  see  fit  to  include  a  Paper  Monitor 
Switch  in  its  2022  and  2024  printers. 

We  use  large  amtumts  of  fan-fold  paper  and 
have  found,  to  our  dismay,  that  not  every  stack  of 
fan-fold  paper  is  truly  a  continuous  stack.  For 
some  reason,  the  stack  may  be  separated,  and  this 
might  not  be  obvious  until  it  is  loo  late.  I'he  paper 
runs  out,  the  tractor  runs  on,  and  the  printer  con- 
tinues to  print  -  all  without  paper.  This  prompts 
visions  of  those  liny  wires  thai  make  up  the  print 
head  beating  themselves  flat  against  the  platen  and 
then  ruining  the  guides  through  which  they  run. 

The  solution  offered  here  works  perfectly  and 
has  saved  our  print  head  more  than  once  when  we 
have  had  to  leave  the  room  during  a  printing  run. 

Our  solution  is  twofold.  Finsl,  the  hardware  fix. 

The  principle  used  is  very  simple.  We  discov- 
ered that  if  we  grounded  the  PA-2  pin  (Pin  ID 
character  E)  on  the  Parallel  User  Port,  a  value  of 
251  is  produced  when  location  59471  is  PEEKed, 

(This  method  naturally  assumes  that  the  PA-2 
pin  is  not  being  used  for  any  other  peripheral.)  If 
the  PA-2  is  /(of  grounded,  when  we  PEEK  location 
5947 1,  the  value  is  255.  Our  method  grounds  PA-2 
when  the  paper  runs  out  and  isolates  P.'\-2  when 
paper  is  in  the  printer. 

We  used  the  tractor  feed  carriage  (which  is 
isolated  from  ground)  as  the  bracket  to  which  we 
attached  a  three-inch  long,  stainless  steel  fishing 
leader,  properly  bent  to  touch  the  paper  entry 
guide  when  no  paper  is  in  the  machine. 

This  stainless  steel  "whisker"  is  attached  to  the 
PA-2  pin  by  a  28-gauge  stranded  wire  which  we 
coiled  for  flexibility.  (The  wire  is  soldered  to  an 


appropriate  edge  card  connector  which  matches 
the  Parallel  Port.)  When  the  paper  is  properly  in 
the  machine,  the  steel  "whisker"  is  isolated  from 
the  paper  guide  by  the  paper  itself.  This  gives  us 
the  two  circumstances  needed  for  our  PEE  King 
program.  The  attached  drawings  should  be  self- 
explanatory. 

The  Software  Fix 

You  may  call  the  subroutine  wiih  a  GOSUB  before 
and  Just  after  paging  —  or  preferably  just  before 
every  PRINT  #  command  to  the  printer.  After  the 
bottom  edge  of  the  last  sheet  of  paper  has  passed 
the  "whisker,"  the  program  will  stop  until  the  up- 
arrow  key  {\)  is  pressed  (which  should  be  done  only 
after  new  paper  has  been  inlrotiuced). 

The  Subroutine 

Line  4000  returns  you  to  the  program  if  the  value 
of  PEEK(5947 1 )  is  equal  to  anything  other  than 
25 1 .  This  means  that  there  is  slill  paper  in  the 
printer. 

If  PEEK(5947l)  is  equal  to  251,  then  the  paper 
is  out.  and  line  4010  fills  the  screen  with  the  warning 
that  the  paper  has  run  out. 

Line  4015  clears  the  keyboard  buffer  in  the 
event  that  ihe  up-arrow  has  been  pressed  during 
the  run. 

Lines  4016-4027  give  an  audible  signal  if  you 
have  installed  a  CB-2  line  amjjlilier  for  sound. 

Line  4029  goes  back  for  more  sound  continu- 
ously until  the  up-arrow  is  pressed. 

Line  4030  turns  off  sound  after  up-arrow  is 
pressed  and  returns  from  the  subroutine  to  the 
main  program. 

Included  is  a  short  program  for  testing  the 
proper  grounding  of  the  PA-2  line.  After  the  line 
is  properly  connected,  run  this  short  program  and 
mantially  ground  and  un-ground  the  "whisker"; 
you  will  see  the  value  of  PEEK(5947 1 )  change  as 
you  do  it.  If  it  does  nol  change  back  and  forth 
from  251  to  255  as  you  manually  operate  the 
"whisker,"  then  there  is  some  error  in  \our  con- 
struction. Use  extreme  care  that  only  the  PA-2  pin 
is  .selected  for  grounding.  Consult  your  PET  manual 
or  see  attached  diagram  of  the  Parallel  User  Port. 

This  arrangement  has  no  effect  on  an)  of  our 
peripheral  operations  (such  as  our  2040  disk  or  the 
2040  printer). 


Program  I:  Monitor/Indicator  For  2022  Printer 

4000    IF    PEEK  (59471)0251    THEN   RETDRN 
4010    FOR  J=l    TO   10  SPRINT    "zPAPER   IS   OUT   t 

-.XXX    PUT    IN   NEW   PAPER": PRINT: NEXT   J 
4012    PRINT    "H^TYPE    '''    WHEN   READY   TO    -. 

-.CONTINUE" 

4015  GET  WQ$:IF  WQ$<>""  THEN  4015 

4016  POKE  59467, 16:P0KE  59466, 15:J=1 


Decembef  «82,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


225 


4020    GET  WQ$:POR  X=255    TO   1    STEP   -J; 

-iPOKE   59464, X 
4025    IF   PEEK(151)=59    THEN   4030 
4027    NEXT   X:J=J+1:IF   J=10    THEN   J=l 

4029  IF  WQSO"""    then   4020 

4030  GET  WQ$:POKE   59467 , 0 :RETDRN 
READY. 


Test  Program:  Grounding 

10  PRINT  PEEKC59471) 

20  GOTO  10 
READY. 


Back  View  Of  Parallel  Port" 
(facing  rear  of  PET) 

PA-2  Pin  -  8th  Pin  on  bottom 
from  the  right. 


To  PA-2 

Single  Wire 
Connector 


28  Gauge  Stranded  Wire  - 
Coiled  For  Flexibility 


Point  A   is 
Taped  To  Step 
Motor  Bracket 


See  Detail    B 


3"  Long  Stainless 

SteeljFishing  Leader 

"Whisker" 


Tractor  Feed 
Carriage  Cover 
Screws 


Front  Of 
Printer 


Back  Paper 
Guide 


Wire  Soldered 
To  Lug 


0— 


.sswv 


^ 


Detail  B 


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226 


COMPUTE! 


December  1962,  Issue  31 


"Change  Disk"  rhtingr^  ihc  dcvici'  nioiihcr  ufany  (loin- 
modore  disk:  2040,  '-iO-iO.  8050  or  2031.  It  is  an  adap- 
tation of  a  Commodore  ulilily  program. 

A  Floppy  With  A 
Strange  Device 

Jim  Butterfield,  Associate  Editor 

Why  would  you  uam  lo  cliange  a  device  number 
logkally"-  You  can  dig  into  tlie  innards  and  restrap 
iliedisk  U)  a  new  device  number  if  vou  wi.sli.  "Logi- 
cal" changes  are  leniporary  and  vanish  when  power 
is  removed  from  tlie  unit. 

The  most  usual  reason  is  a  temporary  liookup. 
[n  order  lo  niakecoj)ies  or  do  some  simiiai'  job, 
you  want  to  hook  together  two  or  more  imits. 
Ma\  be  you've  borrtjwed  an  8050  from  a  friend  for 
the  afternoon:  he  wouldn't  be  pleased  to  find  ihe 
unit  restrapped  when  you  return  it. 

Tlie  (rick  is  to  have  the  program  search  out 
the  right  place  to  do  die  disk  luiit  change.  There 
are  three  different  sets  of  locations  which  aie  used 


on  various  disks:  12/13  on  the  earlv  2040  and  3040 
tuiits:  1  19/120  on  2031  units;  and  oO/o  1  on  4040s 
and  (SOoOs.  We  lind  out  whicii  one  is  correct  bv 
PEEKing  the  innards  of  tlie  disk  and  seeing  which 
set  of  locatiotrs  contains  the  correct  (old)  lunubers. 
When  we  find  the  right  one.  we  make  the  change. 

For  those  users  interested  in  "■innards'";  the 
disk  imits  check  the  device  sirLipping  once  only  at 
power  up.  It  stores  the  compuied  "lisk'n"  and 
"talk"  addre.sses  in  RAM  memorv,  and  from  tlien 
on  will  use  only  the  compuied  values.  So  we  can 
cliange  R.AM,  and  the  device  number  will  be  oper- 
ational until  wee  (II  die  power. 

99  DATA  12,50,119,0 

100  INPUT"OLD  DEVICE  NUMBER"; DO 
110  IFD0<8  OR  D015  THEN100 

150  INPUT"NEW  DEVICE  NUMBER" ; DN 
160  IFDNO  OR  DN>15  THEN150 
200  OPEN15,DO,15:REM  COMMAND  CHANNEL 
210  A$=CHR$ (DO+32) :B$=CHR$ (DO+64) 
220  READA:IFA=0THENPRINT"DISK  NOT  R 

ECOGNIZED! ";GOTO310 
230  PRINT#15,"H-R"CHRS (A)CHR$ (0) :GE 

T#15,X$: IFX$<>A$GOTO220 
240  PRINTtl5,"M-R"CHR$(A+l)CHR$(0): 

GETil5,X$;IFX$<>B$GOTO220 
3  00  PRINTtH5,"M-W"CHR$  (A)CHRS  (0)CHR 

$ (2)CHR$ {DN+32)CHR$ {DN+64) 
310    CL0SE15  @ 


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and  all  variables/arrays  are  retained. 

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variables  or  any  array  data. 

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December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


227 


This  m«v  hi'  flic  'lexl  hrsl  ihiiisi  if  you  dout  have  a  disk  drive  for  your  VIC.  You  can  store  and  (juickly  locate  up  to  60 
pages  oj  information  on  one  cassette  tape. 

VIC  File  Clerk 


Dennis  Surek 
Wellond,  Ontario 


Tliis  proj^raiii  is  clesigiu'cl  lo  save  you  some  space 
around  liie  house-  spate  perhaps  presently  oc- 
cupied bv  large  filing  cabinets  or  old  cardboard 
storage  boxes.  You  will  be  able  to  file  and  at  any 
time  read  back  quickly  60  pages  of"  information 
stored  on  one  side  of  a  bO-minute  cassette. 

Whether  it  is  recipes,  or  budgets,  or  utility 
bills,  the  computer  stores  them  eliicienily  and 
accurately.  This  program  should  be  SAVEd  at  the 
beginning  ofevei-y  tape  that  is  to  be  converted  into 
a  tiling  caljinet. 

The  program  ilrsl  displays  the  file  nimibcrs 
and  names  and  then  asks  which  one  you  wish  to 
access,  and  whether  yon  wish  to  read  or  wintc  to 
that  file.  If" you  arc  writing,  the  instructions  will 
ap|:)ear.  Whetlicr-  \o\.\.  are  writing  or  reading,  you 
will  "Fast  Kind '"  to  the  propei-  file.  [See  Home  and 
Educational  Computing!,  Fall  1981.  p.  15.] 

If  vou  are  writing,  you  can  write  as  many 
pages  as  tlie  t'llc  maximum  allows.  If  you  are  read- 
ing, you  can  switch  lo  writing  suliseqneni  pages,  or 
von  can  c  ontinue  reading  ihrough  following  pages 
and  files. 

Line  10  sets  the  mnnber  of  files  (NF)  at  15  and 
the  mnnber  of  pages  per  file  (NP)  at  4.  Changing 
eitlier  or  both  of  these  to  lower  values  is  easily 
done  and  re(|iiires  no  fiuiher  changes  to  the  pro- 
gram. The  ];)rodtict  NF  x  NP  shoulfi  be  kept  to  60 
or  less.  With  this  in  mind,  it  isjust  as  easy  to  decrease 
NFand  increase  NP.  But  note  that  the  program 
onh'  fast  finds  to  each  file,  and  that  increasing  the 
nimiber  ol  ]Jages  pei'  file  clefeais  this  last  find 
feature. 

Increasing  NF  to  more  than  15  creates  some 
minor  problems.  \"oii  will  have  to  put  aflditional 
data  statements  for  file  names  Ijetween  lines  f  00 
and  240,  .'jecondlv.  to  kec])  the  menu  from  scrolling 
up  when  the  program  is  run,  insert  the  foflowing 
foin"  lines: 

81  IFI<>INT(NF/2)THEN90 

82  PRINT'-PRESS  ANY  KEY  TO":PRINT 
"CONTINUE" 

83  GETB$:IFB$  =  "  "THEN83 

84  PRINT"(CLEAR)" 


These  lines  allow  vou  to  see  half  of  the  file  names 
first  and  dten  to  call  for  ihc  rest  when  you  arc 
ready. 

Three  Naming  Choices 

Lines  100  lo  240  are  reserved  lor  file  names.  There 
are  three  methods  ior  dealing  wilh  file  names.  If 
you  know  all  of  the  file  names  ahead  of  time,  you 
could  enter  them  when  yon  kev  in  this  program. 
Converselv.  vou  might  not  bother  with  file  names 
at  all,  but  use  only  the  File  numbers,  writing  de- 
scriptions of  the  files  on  the  cassette  box. 

The  system  that  f  use  is  to  save  the  program  at 
the  exact  beginning  of  the  magnetic  poition  of 
each  tape.  I  then  simpiv  edit  any  of  these  lines  to 
the  title  1  want  and  reS.WK  the  program  starling 
at  the  same  position  on  the  tape.  The  tiew  program 
has  not  changed  iit  length  and  therefore  will  still 
fast  find  to  the  proper  file  lieaders. 

Lines  250  to  290  determine  which  file  you 
want  and  whether  vou  wish  to  read  or  write.  If  you 
are  reading  file  #1,  then  line  'MW  branches  lo  the 
read  file  routine  beginning  on  line  660.  I'his  is 
possible  because  the  PLAY  key  is  alrcadv  down 
from  loading  the  program  and  no  fast  forwartl  is 
required.  In  all  other  cases,  some  cassette  key 
instrnclions  wiU'be  needed.  Line  310  determines  if 
any  keys  at-e  down  and  instructs  you  lo  press  S'FOP 
in  order  lo  bring  all  keys  up.  Line  320  temporarily 
halls  ihe  program  luitil  this  is  done.  If  von  are 
wriiing  flic  #  1.  then  line  3'M)  branches  lo  the  write 
roiiiine  on  line  420.  Again,  no  fast  forward  is  re- 
quiied  for  this  file. 

For  all  other  files  the  cassette  must  be  put  into 
fast  fbrward.  Line  340  gives  this  instruction,  and 
fine  350  halts  the  program  inilil  (he  fast  forward 
key  is  depressed.  Line  3G0  begins  the  linier,  and 
line  370  halts  the  program  until  an  elapsed  time  of 
90  jiffies  per  page  per  file  is  reached.  At  that  instant, 
line  380  slops  the  cassette  motor.  Lines  390  ancf 
400  get  all  keys  up  in  a  manner  described  previ- 
ouslv.  Line  410  branches  to  the  leafl  routine,  and 
lines  420  lo  500  are  the  instructions  lor  writing  a 
file. 


228 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  3f 


Line  510  ()j:)etis  the  lilc  for  wriiing  and  iiicre- 
meiiis  ihe  page  count.  In  the  cf)nnnand  OPF.Xl.l.l 
the  first  "\"  is  liic  logical  Hie  mnnljer  or  i-elcience 
ninni>er  tor  our  data  (ilc.  The  second  .specilies 
ca.ssette  drive  #1,  and  the  tliird  indicates  that  the 
ille  is  being  opened  for  writing  uiili  no  end  of  tape 
marker.  It  is  the  absence  of  this  marker  thai  allows 
tlic  reading  of  consecutive  pages  later.  For  con- 
venieiu-e,  all  (lies  are  assignecl  logical  Hie  #  1 .  The 
progiani  keeps  track  of  tlie  actual  file  number  with 
the  variable  F. 

Lines  520  (o  590  input  from  the  kevboard  up 
to  20  message  lines  that  make  up  one  page.  If  a 
me.s.sage  line  containing  more  than  22  cliaiaclers  is 
eniei-ed,  it  is  edited  to  that  length  bv  line  540.  Line 
550  displays  the  last  five  characters  of  the  message 
line  as  accepted  scj  that  you  know  how  to  begin 
)X)ur  next  message  line. 

If  \ou  are  writing  fewer  than  20  message  lines 
and  have  signaled  this  with  ilie  input  message 
STOP,  then  line  580  will  till  tlie  rest  of  the  ])age 
with  blank  message  lines.  This  keeps  all  the  pages 
the  .same  length  and  therefore  at  a  specific  location 
on  the  ta]>e.  This  enables  you  to  later  change  anv 
jjage  simply  b\  writing  over  the  old  one  without 
having  to  rewrite  the  following  pages  in  that  file. 
Lines  fiOO  to  650  determine  if  you  wish  to  write 
the  next  page.  If  the  answer  is  no,  the  program 
terininates. 

Lines  bbO  to  7-}()  are  the  read  file  routine.  Ihe 
zero  in  the  connnand  C)PK\  1 , 1 ,0  indicates  a  read 
operation.  Line  720  moves  the  cursor  up  one  line  ii 
the  message  line  is  22  characters  so  that  no  blank 
lines  will  be  displayed  between  me.s.sage  lines. 

Lines  750  to  780  arc  for  inputting  and  bi  anch- 
ing  on  connnands  to  read  or  write  subsecpient 
pages.  Lines  790  to  810  are  the  usual  instructions 
to  get  ail  cassette  key.s  up  when  changing  from 
reading  one  page  to  writing  the  next  page. 

Lhis  program  has  been  kepi  reasonablv  short 
so  that  lc«d  lime  is  at  a  minimum.  For  that  reason, 
there  is  no  programming  of  special  color  or  soimd 
connnands. 


10  NF=15:NP=4:DIMAS (NF) ,0${2a) 

20  PRINT"{CLEAR)  ***VIC  FILE  CLERK***" 

30  REt^BY  DENNIS  SUREK 

4  0  REM    555  LLOYD  AVE 

50  REK        WELLAND,ONT 

60  PRINT"THIS  PROGRAM  WILL" 

70  PRINT"READ  OR  WRITE  TO  FILk;:" 

80  F0RI=1T0NF 

90  READ  A$ (I) :PRINTI;TAB(5) ;A$(I) :NEXTI 

100  DATA  UNNAMED 

110  DATA  UMNAMED 

120  DATA  UNNAMED 

130  DATA  UNNAMED 

140  DATA  UNNAMED 

150  DATA  UNNAMED 


160  DATA  UNNAMED 
170  DATA  UNNAMED 
180  DATA  UNNAMED 
190  DATA  UNNAMED 
2  00  DATA  UNNAMED 
210  DATA  UNNAMED 
220  DATA  UNNAMED 

2  30  DATA  UNNAMED 
240  DATA  UNNAMED 

250  INPUT"FILE  SELECTED" ;F 
260  IFF<IORF>NFTHEN250 
270  INPUT"R-READ/W-WRITE";C5 
280  IFCS="W"ORC$="R"THEN300 
290  GOTO270 

300  IPF=lANDC$  =  ''R"TtiEN660 

310  PRINT" [CLEAR}"; :IF{PEEK( 37151) AND64)=0THEN 
PRINT"PRESS  STOP  ON  TAPE" 

3  20  IF (PEEK (37151) AND64)=0THEN32a 
330  IFF=1THEN420 

340  PRINT"PRESS  FAST  FORWARD" 

350  IF(PEEK(37151}AND64)=64THEN350 

360  PRINT"OK'':A=TI 

370  IFABS(TI-A)<(F-1)*NP*90THEN370 

380  POKE37148,PEEK(37I48)AND247 

390  PRINT"PRESS  STOP  ON  TAPE" 

4  00  IF(PEEK (37151) AND64)=0THEN400 
410  IFCS="R"THEN660 

420  PRINT"{CLEAR}"; 
430  PRINT"INSTHUCTIONS  TO" 
440  PRINT" {REVlWRITE  FILE" 
450  PRINT" [02  DOWN}MAXIHUMS:" 
460  PRINT"========" 

470  PRINT" [DOWN}-20  LINES  PER  PAGE" 

480  PRINT"  (TYPE  STOP  IF  LESS)  " 

490  PRINT"-";NP; "PAGES  PER  FILE" 

500  PRINT" {02  DOWN} {REV}WAIT{OFF}  FOR  PROMPT. F' 

IRST" 
510  0PEN1,1,1:PC=PC+1 
520  PRINT" [CLEAR) {REV}WRITE  FILE" ; F; " PAGE" ; PC 

5  30  FORK=1TO20:INPUTO$(K) :IFLEN(0$ (K) ) <=22THEN 

560 
540  05{K)=LSFTS (OS (K)  ,22) 

550  PRINT"*LINE  EDITED  TO* " ; RIGHT5 (OS (K) , 5 ) 
560  IFOS (K)="STOP"THEN580 
570  PRINT#1,0S (K) :NEXTK 
580  FORI  =  KTO20:PRINT|tl,"  "  :  NEXTI 
590  CLOSEl 

600  PRINT"WRITE  NEXT  PAGE? ": INPUT" Y/N" ; WS 
610  IFWS="N"THEN820 
620  IFW$="Y"ANDR$="N"THEN79a 
630  IFW$="Y"ANDPC<NPTHEN510 
640  IFPC>=NPTHENPRINT"MAX";NP; "PAGES  REACHED": 

GOTO8  20 
650  GOTO600 
660  OPEN1,1,0:PC=PC+1 
670  IFPC>NPTHENPC=1:F=F+1 
680  PRINT" [CLEAR}"; 

690  PRINT" [REV3READ  FILE";F;"PAGE"; PC 
700  FORK=1TO20 
710  INPUT#1,0$ (K) 

7  20  PRINT0$ (K) :IFLEN(0$(K) ) =22THENPRINT" [ UP) "; 

730  NEXTK 

740  CLOSEl 

750  PRINT"READ  NEXT  PAGE?" : INPUT"Y/N"  ;  RS 

760  IFR$="Y"THEN660 

770  IFR$="N"THEN600 

780  GOTO750 

790  PRINT"PRESS  STOP  ON  TAPE":RS="Y" 

8  00  IF (PEEK (37151)AND64)=0THEN800 
810  GOTO510 

8  20  END 


6 


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230 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Til  f  St  tJirt'c  short  Appli'soft  fyiairmi/Ls  show  you  liini'  In  cliiuigt  !ini-  uumbeis  in  oirlrr  lo  th'li'ti'  and  rrrfilr  uiulclrlah/r 
lines. 

Undeletable  Lines,  Revisited 

p.  Kenneth  Morse 
Augusta,  GA 


Miciiael  P.  Antonovich  dcscnbcd  (COMPUTE!. 
OcLober  198 1  ,#  1 7)  a  methtxl  of  using  the  Apple's 
monitor  to  enter  Ap|)lcsoft  program  statenienls 
that  could  not  be  easily  flcleted  using  the  Applesoft 
DEL  connnand.  He  indicated  that  a  way  to  get  rid 
of  such  lines  was  to  change  the  end-of-program 
|)oiniciin  S69-6A  (1 15-1  16,  decimal). 

There  are,  however,  at  least  two  other  general 
approaches  to  deleting  "undeletable"  lines: 

( 1 )  Change  the  line  number  back  to  a  deletaiile 
number.  This  may  be  done  In  using  the  monitor 
(or  POKE  statements)  to  mociify  the  number  of  a 
s]iecific  line,  or  bv  simpiv  rumiing  .A.p]ile's  Re- 
niunber  progiam.  Once  a  deleiable  line  number 
has  been  achieved,  DHL  will  complete  the  job. 
Readers  mav  find  the  program  text  file  Deleiable 
(see  Program  1)  belpi'ul  in  (|uick[y  gaining  control 
oi' undeletable  lines. 

(2)  LIST  the  deleiable  portion  of  the  program 
to  a  new  text  file,  clear  inemor\  with  a  NF.W  com- 
manti,  and  ihcn  F.XKC  the  text  file.  The  undeletable 
lines  will  have  vanishedl 

Mr.  Antonovich's  a]>proach  (changing  live 
end-of- program  pointer)  and  the  text  file  approach 
(#2  above)  will  work  onK  when  the  undeletable 
lines  are  at  the  end  oi  the  program.  Howes er. 
tnidelelable  lines  ma\  also  be  placed  at  ihe  begin- 
ning oi  the  }>rogram  (wbere  they  inhibit  LIS!  ings 
beginning  at  specific  line  numbers)  or  in  mid- 
program.  For  example: 

10  PRINT  "THIS  IS"; 
20  PRINT  "A  TEST" 

ma\'  be  converted  to 

65535  PRINT  "THIS  IS  "; 
20  PRINT  "A  TEST" 

by  entering 

POKE  20S1,255:POKE  2052.255 

in  immediate  execution  mode,  and  the  program 
will  RUN  and  LLST,  but  y()ii  cannot  RUN,  LIS  F  or 
CiO  rO  eitiicr  20  or  (i.'i.'i^a  as  specific  line  mnnbers. 
However,  it  is  not  practical  to  make  the  opening 
lines  undeletable.  since  ihe  progiam  would  then 
work  onlv  (or  tiie  trivial  ca.se  of  a  program  with  no 
GOTOs  or  GOSUBs!  To  test  this,  enter; 


NEW 

10  PRINT  "THIS  IS"; 

20  PRINT  "A  TEST  " 

30  GOTO  50 

40  STOP 

50  PRINT  "IT  WAS  A  SUCCESS" 

and  change  line  10  to  line  65535  as  above.  The 
program  will  not  be  able  to  find  line  50! 

Secondly,  il  is  not  necessary  to  key  in  an  entire 
line  through  the  monitor  to  adiieve  an  undeletable 
line  luimber.  Programs  2  and  3  below  jjrovide 
Applesoft  and  Integer  HASIG  programs  that  will 
change  specified  line  luimbcrs  to  the  nndeletable 
\alue  of  (555,^5. 

Deletable  (Lines  1-8  In  Program  1) 

RUNning  Prcigram  I  creates  a  program  text  file, 
Deletable,  which  may  be  F^.XF.Ced  to  convert  unde- 
letable .-\pplesoft  lines  to  a  deletable  range  ((iHOOO- 
6:^90',)).  Deletable  will  rernmibei-  ii])  to  I  (»()()  nnde- 
letable lines  per  run.  Once  the  line  numbers  are  in 
the  deletable  range.  DLL  will  finish  the  job. 

Line  0  is  a  temporary  line,  used  to  create  the 
text  file  Deletable  bv  LIS'Fing  to  the  file  lines  1-8. 
When  Deletable  is  RL'X,  line  2  sets  the  value  of 
the  high  and  low  bvies  to  be  POKEd  as  the  new 
deletable  line  number.  Line  3  initializes  LI,  the  line 
address,  as  the  slarl-of-program  address  stored  in 
bvtes  103-104  (decimal).  Line  4  calculates  (T.,  tiie 
line  inimber  being  tested,  and  determines  if  it  is 
undeletable  (i.e.,  at  least  (J4000).  If  the  value  of  CL 
(line  4)  is  undeletable,  deletable  values  are  POKEd 
(line  5),  the  POKE  values  are  incremented,  and 
conti-ol  is  passed  to  line  (i.  When  all  line  mnnbers 
have  been  tested  (or  1  ()()()  lines  lia\e  been  made 
deletable).  Deletable  deletes  itself! 

Deletable  mav  also  come  in  handv  in  ca.se  of  a 
bombed  .\ppleso(t  program  caused  b\  an  inadver- 
tent POKE  which  created  an  illegal  line  number. 
However,  if  the  pointer  to  the  next  line  was  bombed, 
Deletable  will  not  be  able  to  help. 

Fo  use  Deletable: 

—  Kcv  in  (aiul  SAVE)  Program  I 

—  RL'N  (this  will  create  Deletable) 

—  LOAD  the  program  containing  the  itn- 
deletable  lines 

—  EXEC  Deleiable 

—  RUN 


December198Zlssue31 


COMPUTEI 


231 


Applesoft   (Lines  61800-61970  In  Program  2] 

The  program  \s  ill  renumber  as  655;^5  all  lines 
between'62()()()-(i39y9  and  ihen  rlek-le  itself.  Here's 
how  it  works. 

Beginning  with  the  (Irsi  line  ciirrcnlly  in  mem- 
ory, the  program  caknlates  CL,  ihc  current  line 
number  {line  (il92()).  If  CLis  less  than  (i'iOOO,  then 
the  address  (l.l)  of  the  next  line  number  is  calcu- 
lated in  line  (11940,  and  the  progiam  recycles  to 
61920.  If  the  number  is  at  least  r)20()0,  the  address 
of  the  line  number  is  saved  in  the  L()  array,  and  a 
lest  is  macle  lo  determine  if  the  end  of  the  lines  to 
be  remmibered  has  been  reached. 

If  not,  the  program  returns  to  61920  to  test 
the  next  line  number.  If  it  is  the  final  line,  it  then 
renumbers  eacli  line  referenced  in  the  L()  array  to 
65535,  and  DKLctes  .Applesoft  Permanent  Notice. 
If  vou  expect  to  renumber  more  than  ten  lines,  you 
will  need  to  DIM  I,(),  either  as  a  direct  command 
or  by  inserting  a  DIM  statement  in  the  program. 

To  use  Applesoft  Permanent  Notice: 

—  Key  in  and  SAVE  Program  2 

—  RUN  (this  creates  .Applesoft  Pt  rmanent 

Notice) 

—  NFAV  or  LOAD  a  program 

Enter  lines  numberecl  62000-63999  which 
vou  want  to  be  made  permanent 

—  exec;  .Applesoft  Permanent  Notice 

—  RUN  61800 

Integer  (Lines  31000-31170  in  Program  3) 

Integer  Permanent  Notice  operates  in  somewhat 
similar  fashion,  but  the  lines  lo  he  reiuimbered 
should  be  in  the  range  32{)00-327()7  (remember: 
Integer  BASK!  doesn't  like  numbeis  greater  than 
32767).  Lines  31070-31090  determine  LI .  the 
address  of  the  line  number  lo  be  tested.  CL,  the 
line  number  itself,  is  calculated  in  31 100  and  tested 
in  31110.  If  CL  is  32000  or  greater  (line  31  120). 
then  LI  is  tested  (line  31  130)  to  see  if  the  llnal  line 
has  been  tested.  If  not,  the  address  LI  is  stored  in 
the  array  .'\DI)(L),  L  is  incremented,  and  control 
shifts  to  line  3  1  120.  When  all  line  mimbers  have 
been  tested,  the  \alue  255  (line  3  1  HiO)  is  POKEd 
into  both  bvles  of  (.'ach  address  stored  in  .VDDO. 
.\DD()  is  curremly  DIMensi<jned  at  10:  ibis  mav  be 
changed  to  renumber  more  than  ten  lines  to  unde- 
letable  status. 

To  use  Integer  Permanent  Notice: 

—  Kev  in  and  SAVE  Program  3 

—  RUN 

—  NEW  or  L()/\D  a  progr:mi  file 

—  Enlei-  lines  to  be  made  permanent.  Nimibcr 
them  between  32000  and  32767 

—  exec;  Integer  Permanent  Notice 

—  RUN3I00() 


Program  1:  Deletable 

0  Dt  =   CHR»  (4)!  PRINT  DS"OPEN  DELETABLE"!  PRINT  D$"WRITE 

DELETABLE":  LIST  1  -  3;  PRINT  Dt"CLDSE  DELETABLE"!  END 

1  REM 

SAVE  'DELETABLE'  BEFORE  RUNNING! 


2  HI  =  246:L0  =  24!  REM   VALUE  IS  t3000 

3  LI  =   PEEK  (103)  +  25i  »   PEEK  (104):L  =  0 

4  CL  =   PEEK  (LI  +  2)  +  25t  ♦   PEEK  (LI  +  3)!  IF  CL  <  64000 

THEKi 

5  POKE  LI  +  2,LO!  POKE  L!  *■  3,Hi:L0  =  LO  +  II  IF  LO  .>  255 

THEN  LO  =  0!HI  =  HI  +  1 

6  LI  =   PEEK  (LI)  +  25i  »   PEEK  (LI  +  D!  IF  LI  =  0  THEK  3 

7  IF  256  «  HI  +  LO  <  t4000  THEN  4 
S   DEL  1,8 


Program  2:  Applesoft  Undeletable 

1  D*  =  CHR»  (4)!Ft  =  "APPLESOFT  PERMANENT  NOTICE"!  PRINT 
Dt"OPEN"Fti  PRINT  Dt"WRITE*'F*:  LIST  t!900,il5>70:  PRINT 
D$"CLGSE":  END 

61800  REM   

61810  REM      'PERMANENT  NOTICE' 
61S20  REM         BY  KEN  MORSE 
61870   REM   

61875   TEXT  !  HOME  !  PRINT  "'HEM'  LINES  FOR  PERMANENT 

NOTICES  SKOULDBE  NUMBERED  62000  OH  HIGHER,  AND  SHOULD 

BE  THE  HIGHEST  NUMBERED  LINES  IN  THE      PROGRAM" 
61880  PRINT  !  INPUT  "MAKE  PROGRAM  LINES  PERMANENT 

BEGINNING   AT  62000  THROUGH  "!LL 
61S90  IF  LL  <  62000  THEN  61390 
61900  FL  =  62000 

61910  LI  =   PEEK  (103)  +  256  *   PEEK  (104):L  =  0 
61920  CL  =   PEEK  (LI  +  2)  +  256  »   PEEK  (LI  +  3)!  IF  CL  = 

>  FL  THEN  61950 
61940  LI  =   PEEK  (LI)  +  256  «   PEEK  (LI  +  D!  GOTO  61920 
61950  L(L)  =  LI  +  2:L1  =   PEEK  (LI)  +  2S6  »   PEEK  (LI  + 

DICL  =   PEEK  (LI  +  2)  +  256  *    PEEK  (LI  +  3)!  IF  LI  > 

0  THEN  L  =  L  +  II  GOTO  61950 
61960   FOR  J  =  L  TO  0  STEP  -  II  POKE  L(J),255!  POKE  L(J)  + 

1,255!  NEXT  J 
61970   DEL  61300,61970!  END 


Program  3:  Integer  BASIC  Undeletable 

1  D»  =  "■■:  REM       CTRL-D 

2  PRINT  Dtr'OPEN  INTEGER  PERMANENT  NOTICE":  PRINT 

D»;"WRITE  INTEGER  PERMANENT  NOTICE"!  LIST  31000,31170! 

PRINT  D»;"CLOSE" 

31000   REM        

31010   REM  'PERMANENT  NOTICE' 

31020   REM  FOR  INTEGER  BASIC 

31030   REM  BY  KEN  MORSE 

31040   REM         

31050   DIM  ADD(IO) 

31040  FL  =  31999:L  -  0  • 

31070  LI  =   PEEK  (2021IL2  =    PEEK  1203) 

31080   IF  L2  >  127  THEN  L2  =  L2  -  256 

31090  LI  =  LI  +  256  »  L2 

31100  CL  =  (  PEEK  (LI  +  1»  +  256  ♦  (  PEEK  (LI  +  2)) 

31110   IF  CL  >  FL  THEN  31130 

31120  LI  =  Lit   PEEK  ILDI  IFCL<   =FL  THEN  31 100 

31130   IF  LI  >   PEEK  (761  +  256  «  (  PEEK  (77)  -  256)  THEN 

3UiO 
31140  ADD(L)  =  LI 
31150L  =  L  +  1!  GOTO  31120 
31 160  FOR  J  =  L  TO  0  STEP  -  1 !  POKE  ADD(J)  +  1,255!  POKE 

ADDIJ)  +  2,255!  NEXT  J 
31170   END 


232 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


Atari  Moving 

iVIessage 

Utiiity 


Michael  A.  Ivins- 
Cheyenne,  WY 


"Ticker  Tape  Atari  Mcssa<fcs,"  COMPUTE!.  Feb- 
ruary 1981,  sLruck  mc  as  being  an  cxccUciU  way  lor 
dealers  and  others  to  prescnl  promotional  and 
other  kinds  of  messages.  However,  the  message  I 
tried  to  type  in  was  one  of  several  hundred  charac- 
ters and  occupied  many  lines  of  text  on  the  screen. 

When  I  tried  to  rim  the  message,  I  found  that 
noliiing  was  being  displayed  beyond  the  third 
screen  line  of  my  original  text.  This  coincides  with 
the  limit  placed  on  a  logical  line  (jf  program  code. 

I  then  set  out  to  expand  the  program.  The 
program  which  accompanies  tiiis  article  is  the 
result.  It  is  a  menu-driven  ]jrogram  with  foiu- 
options.  The  first  option  is  the  entering  of  a  long 
message  in  shorter  segments  (I  call  them  "phrases") 
and  concatenating  these  into  the  main  message 
siring.  The  load  and  save  routines  allow  choice  of 
disk  or  tape  and  include  error  traps  in  case  yon 
forgot  to  turn  on  your  tape  recorder.  These  two 
options  eliminate  the  need  to  type  a  new  message 
every  time  the  program  is  rim.  Koran  explanation 
of  the  actual  message  movement,  I  refer  you  to  the 
original  article. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  program,  I  ran  into 
something  which  I  have  not  .seen  documented 
anywhere.  When  you  want  to  change  the  DIM  of  a 
variable,  you  will  encounter  an  ERROR  9  unless 
you  use  the  CLR  command,  as  I  did  in  lines  100 
and  200.  The  BASIC  Reference  states,  "This  com- 
mand clears  the  memory  of  all  previously  dimen- 
sioned strings,  arrays,  and  matrices  so  the  memor\- 
and  variable  names  can  be  used  for  other  purposes. 
It  also  clears  the  values  stored  in  undimensioned 
variables." 

It  also  does  something  not  mentioned  in  the 
manual.  When  I  first  attempted  to  use  the  com- 
mand, 1  wanted  to  put  it  in  a  subroutine.  However, 
every  time  I  did  this  I  was  presented  with  an 
"ERROR  16",  which  means  a  RETURN  was  en- 


countered without  a  matching  GOSUB.  It  is  now 
apparent  to  me  that  the  CLR  command  not  onlv 
clears  variables,  but  also  clears  die  "stack"  similar 
to  (he  way  I  he  "POP"  command  does.  This  means 
that  a  CLR  command  must  never  be  u.sed  as  part 
of  a  subroutine  or  in  a  FOR-NEXT  loop. 

Some  Few  Hints 

The  way  the  program  is  wriiien.  you  can  enter  a 
message  of  uj)  to  2000  characters.  'Fhis  is  a  pretty 
long  mcs.sage,  but  if  you  should  like  an  even  longer 
one  it  is  only  necessary  to  change  the  DIM  state- 
ments in  the  enter  and  load  roulines.  If  you  would 
like  your  me.s.sagc  to  be  more  colorful,  mix  upper- 
and  lowercase  letters  and  inverse.  The\  \vill  still  be 
displayed  as  uppercase  letters,  but  in  as  many  as 
four  different  colors  (a  similar  trick  gi\es  us  the 
colored  stars  in  the  message  border). 

A  control  comma  (grapliics  lieart)  will  show  as 
a  blank  space,  and  it  is  sometimes  wise  to  add  it  at 
the  end  of  a  phrase  to  insure  separation  fiom  the 
start  of  the  next  one.  Finally,  although  this  program 
will  accept  phrases  up  to  three  lines  long.  I  advise 
entering  shorter  ]jhrases  to  avoid  any  chance  of 
losing  something. 


Ticker  Tape  Update 


1  REM  MOVING  MESSAGE  UTILITY 

10  OPEN  #1  , 4, 0,  "K:  " : GOTO  20 

15  ?  CHR* ( 125) ; "YOU  MUST  ENTER 

ft  MESSAGE  FIRST";6DT0  25 

CHR« ( 125> 


DR  LOA 


20 
25 
30 


35 


MOUIHG  MESSHGE  UTXLIT' 


7 

D 
? 

7 .^^___ 

?     ;?     "SUITER    NEW    MESSAGE":?     :?     "tlOA 
D    AN    OLD    MESSAGE";?     :?     "aAVE    CURRE 
NT    MESSAGE";?     :?     "EUN    CURRENT    MESS 
AGE- 
GET    #1,A:IF    A069    AND    A076    AND    A< 


LONDON  SOFTWARE  presents 
THREE  NEW  GAMES  FOR  ATARI  400/800® 


COMPUTE  MAGAZINE  GAME  REVIEW. . .  (Sept.  1SB2)  ssys. . . 

"Space  Ace. . .  requires  the  reaction  instincts  of  a  prn-hockeY  goalie.  It's  suita- 
ble for  all  but  very  young  chitilren  and  is  aimed  at  the  video  game  addicts  among 
us. . .  fans  of  arcade-style  games  sbsuld  find  Space  Ace  both  well  executed  and 
challenging." 

Your  ship,  controlled  in  all  eight  directions  by  your  joy  stick,  battles  live  increiJi- 
ble  "bogies"  whose  unique  shapes,  sounds  and  actions  are  arcade  quality  in  every 
way.  and  are  guaranteed  to  "blow  you  away"  unless  you  are  a  true  SPACE  ACE. 
—  3  levels  of  play  —100%  machine  language        Ann  nc 

—bonus  ship  and  time  limit  options   —Hi-res  graphics  pZo.tiS) 


CHOMP!  CHOMP!  CHOMP!  Sounds  and  sights  of  giant  gnashing  teeth,  march- 
ng  critters  and  musical  notes  of  delight  greet  you  from  the  screen  as  yoii  are  tracked 
by  an  army  of  hungry  little  critters.  To  escape  and  score  you  must  entice  these  crit- 
ters into  the  crunching  jaws  of  HOT  LIPS.  This  megamouth  eats  anything,  (including 
you!)  and  you  must  be  quick  to  avoid  its  teeth.  Various  pitfalls  and  bonus  scaring 
opportunities  visually  surprise  and  excite  you  as  you  become  immersed  In  the 
strategy  of  this  action-packed  game.  The  "critters"  are  outstanding  graphically  and 
provide  a  challenge  for  every  game  player.  Full  hi-res  graphics  and  exceptionally 
smooth  continuous  action  make  this  a  truly  iun  game. 

-2  piayeroption  A*»n  nc 

—  100%  machine  language  3^9' 9 5 

—multi-level  of  play 

Better  than  a  pinball  game:  better  than  a  maze  game:  This  fast  action  game  Is 
for  the  new  gamester  as  well  as  the  true  gamester.  Choose  the  "easyball"  play  level 
to  start  and  get  the  hang  of  playing.  You  score  by  deftly  controlling  a  fleet  of  paddles 
off  which  bounce  multi-colored  balls  and  travel  through  changing  bumpers,  multi- 
point gateways,  and  across  flashing  scoring  zones. 

When  you  have  mastered  "easyball"  shift  up  to  the  "bumperball"  level  of  play. 
Everything  gets  tougher  and  you  really  have  to  "move  out"  to  score.  The  action  is 
last  and  continuous,  and  the  colors,  sound,  music  anit  Hi-Res  graphics  are  truly 
arcade  quality.  Two  player  option  and  6nn  nc 

10Q*/a  machine  language  of  course!  O^w-ww 

SEE  YOUR  DEALER  OR  ORDER  DIRECT 

Space  Ace,  Hot  Lips,  and  Bumperball,  all  require  1 6K.  joystick,  and  are  available  on  either  disk  or  cassette.  See  your  dealer  or  order  direct. 
London  Software,  374  Wildwood  Avenue.  Piedmont,  CA  94611,  Phone  orders  (415)  893-1090.  Visa/MC.  Please  add  $1.50 

postage  and  handling.  California  residents  add  additional  $1.95  sales  tax.  '"Atari  400/800  Is  a  registered  trademark  of  Atari  Incorporated. 


234 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


40 
41 

42 
43 
lOO 

101 

102 


103 


105 


IDS 
1  10 
115 

125 


130 
135 
200 

201 

202 
205 

210 

215 


220 

225 
228 
230 

231 
235 

240 
245 
250 

260 
265 
270 
280 

285 


290 

300 
305 

310 

315 
320 


325 


>B2  AND  A<>8 
IF  A=69  THEN 
IF  A=76  THEN 
IF  A=a3  THEN 
GOTO  400 
CLR  :DIM  XS 
(20) , Y* (20) 
W*="*  □  CJ} 
: Y«=W« 
?  CHR*<125) 
NE  SENTENCE 
ME,  HITTING 
?  "AFTER  EA 
UAL  SENTENC 
?  "MAY  BE  L 
ERS. " : ?  "WH 
ENTERED,  HI 
?  "HMDEir  A 
INPUT  M«: IF 
X* (LEN (X*) + 
THEN  110 
IF  LEN<X*)< 
LEN (X*)  : X*  < 
«  (LEN(X*)+1 
DIM  A*<LEN( 
6DT0  20 
CLR  .-DIM  X* 
(20) , Y* (20) 
?  "CCLEAR>L 
ISK"; : INPUT 


3  THEN  35 
lOO 
200 
300 

(20O0> , B* ( 1 > , WS (20) , P* 

,  Z«  <20)  , M* ( 1 15)  , Q*  ( 15) 

f!!I>  t    S3    <-3>     tSJ  t    a    " 

',  "ENTER  YOUR  MESSAGE  O 
OR":?  "PHRASE  AT  A  TI 
klaUJJii:." 

CH  ONE.":?  "NO  INDIVID 

E  OR  PHRASE" 

DNBER  THAN  llO  CHARACT 

EN  THE  LAST  PHRASE  IS 

T" 

GAIN  FOR  THE  MENU" 

M*=""  THEN  125 
1)=M*:IF  LEN(X*)<1900 

20  THEN  FOR  C= 1  TO  20- 
LEN(X*> +1)=B*;NEXT  C:X 
)  =B* 
X*)  )  ,C*  <LEN (X*)  )  : A*  =  X* 

(2000) ,B* (1 ) , W* (20) , P* 
, Z*  <20)  , M* ( 1 15)  , Q*  < IS) 
DAD  FROM  BASSETTE  OR  E 
Qt 


2S0 

#3, 4, O, Q* 


w*="«   iafJ>    <:i3>    *   8a<:j>    fsp    *   d" 

IF  Q*(1,1)<>"C"  AND  Q*  (  1  ,  1  >  <  .'  "D" 
THEN  2o6 

IF  G*(1,1>="D"  THEN  220 
Q*<2>=":":?  "INSERT  CASSETTE  WITH 

MESSAGE  INTO":?  "TAPE  RECORDER. 
PRESS  l;a^*IJ;T.'  WHEN  READY":GOTO  230 
?  "ENTER  FULL  FILENAME":?  "EXAMPL 
E-' D: PRDMOl . MSG' " 
INPUT  Q« 
TRAP 
OPEN 

X=l 

INPUT  #3,X:F0R  1=1  TO  XsGET  #3, A: 

X* < I , I > =CHR« < A> : NEXT  I 

X* (X, X) =CHR* (A) 

CLOSE  #3 

?  "LOAD  COMPLETE":? 

Y  FOR  MENU.  " 

GET  # 1 . A 

DIM  A* <LEN <X*> ) ,C*<LEN(X«) ) 

GOTO  25 

?  "DEVICE  DOES  NOT  RESPOND.":?  "C 

HECK  TO  SEE  THAT  IT  IS  CONNECTED" 

?  "TO  THE  COMPUTER  AND  IS  TURNED 

ON.":?  "NOW  ENTER  THE  DEVICE  CODE 

AND  FILE-" 
?  "NAME  <IF  ANY)  TO  TRY  AGAIN.": I 
NPUT  Q*:CLOSE  #3;GOTO  230 
TRAP  15: IF  X*=""  THEN  IS 
?  CHRS ( 125) ; "SAVE  TO  EASSETTE  OR 
EISK"; : INPUT  Q* 

IF  QS<1,1)<>"C"  AND  Q*<1,1)<>"D" 
THEN  305 

IF  D*( 1, 1>="D"  THEN  32S 
Q*(2>=":":?  "INSERT  CASSETTE  INTO 

TAPE  RECORDER.":?  "PRESS  r;^^ilJ:i: 
WHEN  READY.": GOTO  335 

?  "ENTER  FULL  FILENAME":?  "EXAMPL 
E-  ■•  D:  PROMOl  .  MSB'  " 


'PRESS  ANY  KE 


(A*=X* 


330 
332 

335 
340 
350 
355 
360 
365 

370 
375 
380 

385 

390 

400 
401 
405 

410 

415 

420 

425 


INPU 

TRAP 

OPEN 

?  #3 

FOR 

PUT 

NEXT 

CLOS 

ESS 

GET 

GOTO 

?  "D 

HECK 

?  "T 

ON.  " 

AND 
?  "N 
NPUT 
TRAP 
6RAP 
POSI 
2)  ;P 
POSI 
2)  :  Z 
POSI 
2)  :C 
7  64) 
FOR 

INT 
F  K  = 
GOTO 


T  D* 
380 
#3,  8 
;LEN  ( 
1  =  1  T 
#3,  AS 

I 
E  #3: 
ANY  K 
4»1  ,  A 

O 
EVICE 
TO  S 
O  THE 
:  ?  "N 
FILE 
AME  ( 
Q*:  C 
15:  I 
HICS 
TION 
«  (LEN 
TION 

*  <LEN 
TION 

*  (LEN 


,0,Q« 
X*) 

O  LEN  ( 
C (X*  (  I 

?  "SAV 
EY  FOR 


X«) 
,  I)  > 

E  COMPLE 
MENU" 


TE. 


'PR 


DOES 
EE  THA 

CQMPU 
OW  ENT 

IF  ANY 
LOSE  tt 
F  X*=" 
IB: Y*= 
1,3:? 
(P* ) +1 
1,7:? 
(Z*>  +1 
1,5:? 
(C*>  +1 


NOT  RESP 
T  IT  IS 
TER  AND 
ER  THE  D 

)  TO  TRY 
3:G0T0  3 
"  THEN  1 
W« 

#6: W* ( 1 , 
) =W*: W*= 
#6; Y*  (  1  , 
) =Y*: Yt= 
#6; A$  (  1  , 
>=A*: A*= 


OND. " : ?  "C 
CONNECTED" 
IS  TURNED 
EVICE  CODE 

AGAIN. " : I 


TI  =  1     TO    40:P0i<E     77, 
(RND (0) «4>  ,  INT  <RND( 
255    THEN    405 
20 


19) ; P*=WS ( 

P* 

19) : Z«=Y« ( 

Z* 

19) : C*=A« ( 

C*iK=PEEK ( 

O: SETCOLOR 
0) «15) , 8: I 


G 


TM 


SPACE  BOWL 

FOR  ATARI  400/800* 


SPACE  BOWL"  is  the  championship  sporting 
event  of  the  Denebs  -  a  species  of  extraterrestrials. 
Denebs  play  their  fierce  ball  game  far  in  space,  where 
orbiting  goals  serve  as  moving  targets  for  the  action. 

As  part  of  the  battle,  Denebs  fire  lasers  at  their 
opponents.  Since  Denebs  are  immortal,  "zapped" 
Denebs  undergo  reincarnation.  Denebsalso  become 
invisible. 

SPACE  BOWL"  is  unlike  any  sporting  event  on 
earth! 

Features:  For  2  game  players.  Joysticks  required.  All 
machine  language.  Minimum  ol  16K  RAM. 

SPACE  BOWL"  comes  on  c^assette  or  diskette. 

Price  is  $29.95. 

Also  available:  HOCKEY  and  SOCCER 

Cassette  or  diskette.  16K  RAM.  $29.95. 

Please  order  from  your  retailer  or  from 

Gamma  Software 

P.O.  Box  25625,  Los  Angeles,  CA  90025 
(213)473-7441 

Check,  money  order,  MC  or  VISA.  Add  $2.00  for  shipping  and 
handling.  Calif,  residents  add  6%  sales  tax. 

Dealer  inquiries  invited 

•Indicates  t^ademarl^  o(  Atari.  Inc. 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


235 


Restore  (N)  In  Applesoft 


Michael  Erperstorfer 
Vienna,  Austria 


riie  usual  RF.S'IORE  slalrtnent  in  Applesoft  .simply 
resets  the  rlata  list  pointer  io  ihc  firsi  orcuiTenct.'  ol" 
a  D.XTA  statenK'iil  in  an  ApplcsoCi  pro<;i;nn, 
ilionj^ii  in  some  a[)pli{ ations  it  would  lit-  netessaiy 
to  READ  from  a  distinct  DA  1  A  line.  With  a  small 
machine  language  program,  it  is  rather  easv  to 
build  a  RF.S  lORK  with  a  parLuneter. 

This  is  done  wiili  ihc  ampersand  (&)  command. 
This  s\'inhol.  wlu'ii  exec  nit'd  as  an  irrsltuclion, 
tauses  an  luuoiiditional  jump  to  inemor\  location 
$03 F5.  Al  location  $03 F5  there  must  be  a  JMF 
instruction  to  your  machine  language  program, 
which  is  tlu'ii  terminated  widi  an  R  T.S  instiiiciion 
to  ]>ass  control  back  to  A])[)lesolt. 

I  hcsvniax  orRE.S'l"{)RK{\)  with  the  amper- 
sand is  ii:.\  where  N  is  an  integer  in  the  range  0- 
6r>")35.  If  there  is  no  line  number  N,  the  data  list 
])oinlcrwill  he  set  to  the  ni'Xt  DA'FA  line  in  the 
progtam.  Illhere  are  no  more  n.\  1  .\  lines,  an 
OU  r  OF'  D.ATA  error  message  will  be  displaycfl. 
Belore  the  first  use.  the  machine  language  must  be 
linked  with  CALL  7(iS. 


SBBe- 

; RESTORE (N) . . . SN 

eeee- 

0300- 

A9 

0B 

LDA 

tS0B 

;LOAD  LB  OF  i-JMP. 

0302- 

SD 

F6 

03 

STA 

?03F6 

0305- 

A9 

03 

LDA 

IS03 

jLOAD  HB. 

0307- 

8D 

F7 

03 

STA 

S03F7 

030A- 

6e 

RTS 

;END  OF  INITIALIZATION. 

B30B- 

20 

67 

DD 

JSR 

SDD67 

; EVALUATES  NUMBER  AND 

; STORES  IT  IN  FP-AAC  fl. 

030E- 

20 

52 

E7 

JSR 

SE752 

; CONVERTS  FP-ACC  11  INTO 
;2BYTE  INT  ($50,S51) 

0311- 

20 

lA 

D6 

JSR 

SD61A 

; SEARCHES  FOR  LINEf 
; (IN  $50,S51). 

0314- 

38 

SEC 

;S9B,S9C  POINT  TO  LINK 
.-FIELD  OF  DESIRED  LINE. 

0315- 

Ab 

9B 

LDA 

IS9B 

;LOAD  DATA  LIST  POINTED 
; (S7D,$7E) 

0317- 

Ey 

01 

SBC 

f$01 

.-CONTENTS  OF  S9B,S9C-1. 

0319- 

S5 

7D 

STA 

S7D 

031B- 

A5 

9C 

LDA 

S9C 

031D- 

E9 

00 

SBC 

#S00 

031F- 

85 

7E 

STA 

S7E 

0321- 

60 

RTS 

; RETURN  TO  BASIC. 

B.A.SIC.  loader  lor  machiiu-  languagr  [jrogram: 


10  FOR  I  =  768  TO  801:  READ  V:  POKE  I,V:  NEXT 

15  CALL  768 

20  DATA  169, 11, 1-11,246, 3, 169, 3, 141, 247, 3, 96, 3 

2,103,221,32,82,231,32,26 
30  DATA  214,56,165,155,233,1,133,125,165,156, 

233,0,133,126,96 


The  MI,  roulitie  can  now  lie  saved  either  on 
disk  with  liSAVE  RESFORF(\).ASH()(),L$22  or 
onlaiK' wiih:i(K).;'.LM\V. 

A  simple  example  (or  the  use  ol  ^-.X: 


10  PRINT  CHR$(4)"BRUN  RESTORE  (N)" 

20  INPUT  "LINENUMBER:  " ;  LN 

30  &  LN 

4  0  READ  L 

50  PRINT  "HERE  IS  LINE  #"L 

6  0  GOTO  20 

100  DATA  100 

110  DATA  110 

120  DATA  120 

130  DATA  130 

140  DATA  140 

150  DATA  150 


FIRST  BORN  IN  1978! 


the  original  &  continuously  updated 


CCA    . 
Data  Management 

System 


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Uses Features  And  Capabilities 


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SOFT\A/ARE 

23a  Ix^hong*  St..  Chicopw.  Moiiochuwtti  01013 

(il3)   592-4741 

MadercDrd   &   ViSA   AccepiKl 

•    Dtal»i   And   Oistribtifor   Inquiriwt   Invited 

•  Closed  Mordoyi  -  Open  Doily    Til  330  -  Fndciyi  'TFI  8 


236 


COMPUTEl 


December  198Z  Issue  31 


,4  PET  program  that  allows  you  to  easily  move  machine  language  programs  from  one  area  of  memory  to  another. 
You  can  relocate  any  section  or  all,  translate  internal  references,  or  move  it  verbatim.  It  handles  JSRs,  J M Ps,  and 
references  to  tables. 


•     i 


EMOVER 


Everett  Lumpkin 
Modoc,  IN 


Have  you  ever  created  a  great  machine  code  utility 
only  to  realize  that  the  area  of  memory  in  which  it 
resides  is  needed  b\  another  program?  Maybe  you 
have  wanted  to  make  a  copy  of  Supermon  (a  high 
memory  monitor  utihtv)  for  a  friend's  8R  machine. 
"Codcmover"  will  move  machine  code  to  a  new 
location  rapidly  and  accinately. 

Machine  language  consists  of  codes  that  the 
6502  excctites.  The  code  may  process  or  transfer 
data,  test  and  branch,  and  control  input  and  output. 
All  of  these  instructions  u.se  different  addressing 
techniques,  and  the  principal  concern  of  our  code- 
moving  program  is  to  translate  the  proper  address 
along  with  some  jump  and  other  instiiictions.  The 
instructions  can  be  broken  into  three  groups. 

The  fit  St  group  re(]uires  the  most  alleniion. 
These  are  the  three-byte  c{)des  using  absohue, 
absolute  indexed,  and  absolute  indirect  addressing. 
Some  examples  would  be  LDA  $40FC:,  J  MP  $4095, 
EOR  $033A.Y.  JMP(.'$().S3A).  Each  of  the  instruc- 
tions in  this  group  is  followed  by  two  bytes  con- 
taining the  address  in  the  normal  low,  high  foimat. 
If  these  two  bytes  point  to  an  address  within  the 
machine  language  program  itself,  tlicy  will  need  to 
be  changed  to  reflect  the  new  location  of  the  pro- 
gram. If  they  point  to  an  address  outside  the  target 
program  (i.e.,  a  routine  in  ROM),  a  new  address 
need  not  be  computed. 

The  second  group  contains  instructions  which 
require  two  bvtes.  Some  examples  are  LDA  $FF, 
CMP  #$FF,  STA($40,X),  ROL  $28.X,  and  BEQ 
$0352,  The  branch  instructions  are  relative,  a  f//.s- 
placement  from  their  address.  As  a  result,  the\-  will 
point  to  the  correct  offset  address  after  they  are 
moved.  Branches  can  simply  be  moved  without  any 
worry. 

The  last  group  consists  of  instructions  only 
one-byte  long.  They  are  also  just  moved  with  no 
adjustments  necessary  because  the\  do  not  point  to 
an  address.  Some  examples  are  CLD,  PH  A,  ROL, 
and  ASL. 

The  Program 

The  program  is  relatively  self-explanatory,  al- 


though a  few  comments  may  be  helpful.  It  is  written 
in  PF,  I  B.\SIC  and  should  be  easy  to  transfer  to 
other  machines;  it  requires  about  4K.  The  lines 
that  do  the  actual  moving  are  1325  to  1560.  Two 
subroulincs  al  100  and  200  convert  from  hex  to 
decimal  and  vice  ver.sa.  At  line  300  are  stored  the 
opcodes,  which  are  three  and  two  bytes  long. 

At  line  1410  Codemovcr  PEEKs  the  current 
memory  location  and  com]iares  it  with  the  tliree- 
byte  opcodes  stored  in  C3%()  array.  If  a  match  is 
foimd,  the  program  then  computes  the  nddress 
from  the  following  two  b\  tes  to  see  if  ii  is  within 
the  boundaries  of  the  original  machine  code.  If  it 
is,  a  new  address  is  computed,  using  the  rlisplace- 
ment,  and  POKEd  into  the  new  code.  Otherwise, 
no  displacement  is  calculated. 

If  the  code  is  not  a  three-byte  opcode,  it  is 
then  chcc:ked  against  the  ariay  of  two-byte  opcodes. 
If  a  match  is  found,  the  program  then  mo\es  two 
bvtes  of  code.  Otherwise,  the  compiuer  moves  only 
one  byte  belore  PEEKing  the  next  macliine  code 
instruction. 

The  program  has  another  mode  of  moving 
machine  code  besides  translation  of  the  |MP  ad- 
dresses. You  may  want  to  move  a  lookup  table 
verbatim  so  that  the  copy  is  exactly  like  the  original. 
Failure  to  do  this  may  cause  the  table  to  be  changed 
slightly. 

Now  the  next  time  that  a  machine  utility  is  in 
an  unfortunate  or  l>usy  location,  simply  move  it, 
letting  the  computer  do  all  the  work.  Aftei'  all.  isn't 
that  what  these  machines  are  for? 

30  DI$="0123456789ABCDEF" 

40 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

62 

64 

66 

68 

70 

72 

74 

76 

78 

99  _ 

100  REM  SUB  TO  TRANSLATE  DECIMAL  TO  HEX: ENTER 


DIM  C3%(47) ,C2%(73) 

fj£[il*********VARIBLES************** 

REM 

REM  BO    — BEGIN  OF  ORIGINAL  CODE 

REM  LO    — LAST  OF  ORIGINAL  CODE 

REM  BC    — BEGIN  OF  COPY  CODE 

REM  LC    — LAST  OF  COPY  CODE 

REM  D     — DISPLACEMENT  OF  CODE 

REM  II    — BEGIN  OF  SECTION 

REM  12    — END  OF  SECTION 

REM  C3%(47)   --3  BYTE  OPCODES 

REM  C2%(73)   —2  BYTE  OPCODES 

REM  ADD       — FORMER  ADDRESS 

REM  NADD      — COMPUTED  ADDRESS 

REM 

f[gm* ***************************** 

GOTO  900 


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)  Mountain  View,  California  94041 


238 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


AS  AS~RETURN  AS  AS  DECIMAL 
120  A=VAL(A$) :A$="" 

130  F0RI=3T01STEP-1:B=INT(A/ (16"I} ) 
140  A$=A5+HID$(DIS,B+1,1) :A=A-B*16"I 
150  NEXTI 

160  A$=AS+MID$(DIS,A+1,1) 
170  RETURN 
200  REM  SUB  TO  TRANSLATE  HEX"  TO  DECIMAL: ENTER  ~ 

AS  A$ — RETURN  A$  AS  DECIMAL 
205  A=0 
210  F0RI=LEN(A$)T01STEP-1:P0RJ=1T016 

2  20  IFMID$ [A$,I,1}=MID$ (DIS , J , 1) THENA=A+ ( J-1) * 

16*{LEN(AS)-I) 
230  NEXTJ,I 
240  A5=STRS (A) : RETURN 
300  REM  3  BYTE  OPCODES 
310  DATA76, 32, 17 3, 174, 172, 109, 4 5, 14, 44, 20 5, 2 36 

,204,206,77,238,78 
320  DATA  13,46,110,237,141,142,140,125,61,30,2 

91   TOT  Q"3   9S4   189 

330  DATA  188,94,29,62,126,253,157,121,57,217,8 

9,185,190,25,249,153,108 
340  REM  2  BYTE  OPCODES 
350  DATA  101,37,6,36,197,228,196,198,69,230,16 

5,165,164,70,5 
360  DATA  38,102,229,133,134,132,105,41,201,224 

,192,73,169,162,160 
370  DATA  9,233,97,33,193,65,161,1,225,129,113, 

49,209,81,177 
380  DATA  17,241,145,117,53,22,213,214,85,246,1 

81,180,86,21,54 

3  90  DATA118, 24 5, 149, 148, 144, 176, 240, 48, 208, 16, 

80,112,182,150 
400  REM  SUB  TO  READ  OPCODES 
420  FORI=0TO47:READC3%(I} :NEXT 
430  FORI=0TO73:READC2% (1} :NEXT 
440  RETURN 

899  REM  ********MAIN  PROGRAM********* 

900  AS  =  "CODEr^OVEH" 

910  PRINT" {CLEAR} {02  DOWN} "TAB ( 30 ) A$ 

920  F0RI=1T09 

930  PRINT" {HOME} {02  DOWN} "LEFT? (A$, I)TAB(30) ; : 

FORJ=0TOI :PRINT"  " ; : NEXT: PRINTRIGHTS { 

A$,9-I) ; 
940  FORJ=1TO350:NEXT 
950  NEXT 
960  PRINT" {DOWN}BY{D0WN}EVERETT  LUMPKIN" 

1000  PRINT" {HOME} {07  DOWN}TKIS  PROGRAM  WILL  MOV 

E  A  SECTION  OF  " 
1010  PRINT"MACHINE  CODE  TO  A  NEW  LOCATION  TRANS 

LAT—  " 
1020  PHINT"{UP}ING  ALL  THE  JMP'S  AND  OTHER  ADDH 

ESSES." 
1030  PRINT"BECAUSE  SOME  PARTS  OF  THE  PROGRAM  WI 

LL" 
1040  PRINT"NEED  TO  BE  MOVED  VERBATIM  (TABLES  EC 

T  . )  " 
1050  PRINT" {UP)THIS  PROGRAM  WILL  PROCESS  THE  CO 

DE  A" 
1060  PRINT"SECTION  AT  A  TIME  .  {DOWN)  "  :GOSi!B400 
1070  PRINT"ENTER  THE  BOUNDRIES  OF  ENTIRE  BROGRA 

M.   FOLLOW  EXAMPLE  FORMAT." 
1075  PRINT"   B000-B7FF{UP}":INPUTA5 
1077  B$=RIGHT$ (AS, 4) :A$=LEFTS (A$,4) 
1080  GOSUB200:BO=VALCA$) : A$=B$ :GOSUB200 : LO=VAL ( 

A$) 
1090  PRINT" {DOWN}YOUR  PROGRAM  IS  AT  ";BO;"DECIM 

AL  TO" 
1100  PRINT  LO; "DECIMAL  AND  IS  "; LO-BO; "BYTES  LO 

NG." 
1110  PRINT" {DOWN}ENTER  THE  BOUNDARIES  WHERE  YOU 

WOULD  LIKE(UP}" 
1120  PRINT" {UP}THE  PROGRAM  TO  BE  COPIED.   TYPE  ~ 

1130  PRINT"IF  YOU  WANT  THE  COMPUTER  TO  COMPUTE  " 


AN" 

1140    PHINT"ADDRESS.": PRINT"       B000-B7FF{ UP} " 

1145    INPUTAS :B$=RIGHTS (A$,4) :A$=LEFT$ (AS, 4) 

1150  IFLEFTS (A5,1}="?"THEN1170 

1160  GOSUB200:BC=VAL(A$) 

1170  IFLEFTS (BS,1) ="?"THENLC=BC+ (LO-BO) :G0T0119 

0 
1180  AS=BS:GOSUB200:LC=VAL(A$) : BC=LC- (LO-BO) 
1190  PRINT" (DOWN}YOUR  NEW  PROGAM  WILL  BE" 
1200  PRINTBC"-"LC"IN  DECIMAL 
1210  AS=STRS (BC) :GOSUB100:PRINTA$"-"; 
1220  AS=STHS (LC) :GOSUB100:PRINTA$"  IN  HEX" 
1225  I1=BO:I2=LO:D=BO-BC 
1230  PRINT" {D0WN}ENTER  THE  {REV} SECTION { OFF}  OF 

CODE  TO  BE  MOVED." 
1240  Ag=STRS (II) :GOSUB100 

1250  PRINT"   "AS"-"; :A$=STR5{I2) :GOSUB100 
1260  PRINTAS"(UP}": INPUTBS 

127  0  AS = LEFTS (B$,4) :GOSUB2  00 : I 1=VAL ( AS ) 

128  0  AS=RIGHTS (B5,4) :GOSUB200:I2=VAL(A$) 

1290  PRINT" {DOWN} IS  IT  TO  BE  {REV} T{ OFF}RANSLAT 

ED  OR  MOVED  { REV} V { OFF} ERBATIM" 
1300  GETAS:IFA5=""THEN1300 
1310  IFAS="T"THEN1400 
1320  IFA$<>"V"THSN1290 
1325  REM  MOVE  VERBATIM 
1330  F0RI1=I1T0I2:A%=PEEK (II) : B= I 1-D: PRINTS ,A% " 

{UP) ":P0KEB,A%:NEXT 
1340  IFI1>=LOTHEN1600 
1350  Il=I2+i:l2=LO:GOTul230 
1400  REM  TRANSLATE  ADDRESS'S  AND  MOVE 
1405  11=11-1 
1410  11=11+1 :A%=PEEK (II) : PRINTI 1 ,A% " { UP) " : IFI 1> 

I2THEN1340 
1420  REM  IS  IT  3  BYTE  OPCODE? 
1430  FORJ=0TO37 ; IFC3% (J) <>A%THENNEXTJ :GOTO1510 : 

REM  NOT  3BYTE 
1435  REM  3  BYTE  OPCODE 
1440  P0KEI1-D,A% 

1450  ADD=PEEK (1 1  +  2) *256  +  PEEK (1 1+1) 
1460  IF(ADD>LO)OR(ADD<BO)THEN  11=11+1 :A%=PEEK (I 

1) :GOTdl540 
147  0  NADD=ADD-D 

1480  P0KE(Il+2-D) ,INT(NADD/256) 
14  90  P0KE(I1+1-D) ,NADD-INT(NADD/2  56) *2  56 
1500  I1=I1+2:GOTO1410 
1510  REM  IS  IT  A  2  BYTE  OPCODE? 
1520  FORJ=0TO73:IFC2% (J) <>A%THENNEXTJ : POKEIl-D, 

A%:GOTO1410:SINGLE  BYTE  OPCODE 
1530  HEM  2  BYTE  OPCODE 
1540  P0KEI1-D,A%:I1=I1+1 
1550  A%=PEEK(I1) :P0KEI1-D,A% 
1560  GOTO1410 
1600  PRINT" {CLEAR)Y0UR  PROGRAM  HAS  NOW  BEEN  MOV 

ED" 
1610  PRINT" {02  D0WN}0LD  LOCATION         NEW  LOG 

ATI  ON" 
1620  PRINT"$"; :A$=STR${BO) :GOSUB100 : PRINTAS "-$" 

1630' A$  =  STRS(LO)  :GOStJBl00:PRINTA$;TAB(2H)  ; 

1640  AS  =  STRS(BC)  :GOSLJB100:PRINT"5"A$"-S"; 

1650  AS=STR$(LC) :GOSUB100:PBINTAS 

1660  PRINTBO"-"LO;TAB(20) ;BC"-"LC 

1670  PRINT"  {03  DOWN)ALTiHOUGH  THIS  PROGRAM  HAS  T 

RANSLATED" 
1680  PRINT:PRINT"THE  JMP'S,  JSR'S  AND  OTHER  ADD 

RESSES" 
1690  PRINT:PRINT"THEHE  MAY  BE  OTHER  PROBLEMS  WI 

TH  THE  NEW" 
1700  PRINT"LOCATION  WHICH  ARE  HIDDEN.   IN  OTHER 

1710  PRINT:PRINT''WORDS,  SAVE  THE  NEW  CODE  BEFOR 

E  TRYING" 
1720  PRINT:PRINT"IT. — GOOD  LUCK!"  © 


BATTERIES 
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ARBITER  1 .4  MULTI-USER  DISK  SYSTEM  FOR  COMMODORE  4.0  COMPUTERS 

OVER  THREE  HUNDRED  IN  USE  ACROSS  ONTARIO 
Since  September  1981  BATTERIES  INCLUDED  has  been  installing  the  ARBITER  system  in  classrooms  of  Commodore  BASIC  4.0 
computers.  The  computers  are  connected  to  CBM  Disk  Drives  and  printers.  All  users  have  access  to  all  disk  drives  and  printers  plus  a  host  o( 
commands  to  make  this  system  configuration  really  usablel 

THE  ARBITER  1 .4  SYSTEM  IS  READY  TO  GO! 
FEATURES 

1)  Easy  installation.  ***% 

2)  Uses  no  RAM  or  Utility  Sockets.  S^     F  ^\nQ 

3)  Up  to  32  computers  in  one  system.  ^     I    ^^\  I    I 

4)  System  self  initializes  on  power  up.  I    ^^  ^^  p6r  unit 

5)  Operation  is  completely  transparent  to  the  user. 

6)  Extended  commands  allow  a  friendly  multi-user  environment. 

7)  System  design  virtually  eliminates  interleaved  printer  output. 
SPECIAL  COMMANDS 

("S-     Allows  Students  to  protect  files  with  a  five  character  password.  A  three  character  user  ID  is  forced  into  the  file  name. 

(11  L-      Allows  the  students  to  load  protected  files  if  the  password  code  is  l^nown. 

LISTC-Used  to  produce  program  listings  with  a  Commodore  printer  Clumsy  OPEN,  CMD.  LIST,  PRINT#.  CLOSE  sequence  not  needed.  It  over- 
comes the  listing  problems  found  on  other  multi-user  hardware  systems. 

LISTP-  Used  to  get  program  listings  on  systems  which  have  an  ASCII  printer.  The  cursor  cofjtrol  characters  are  expanded  and  displayed  m  brackets, 
e.g.  <home> 

ALL  FILE  TYPES  ARE  SUPPORTED  -  During  relative  or  sequential  (tie  access  a  delay  has  been  built  in  so  the  computer  will  retain  control  ol  the  system 

unti!  the  file  is  closed. 
TEACHER  UTILITY  -A  utility  is  supplied  on  disk  to  allow  the  teacher  to  produce  a  hardcopy  listing  and  output  from  any  of  the  protected  or  unprotected 

files  selected.  Once  the  files  are  chosen  Irom  the  disk  directory  the  teacher  may  do  other  tasks  while  the  job  is  completed. 

IF  YOUR  CLASSROOIvl  WAS  DESIGNED  TO  TEACH  COMPUTER  LITERACY  OR 

STRUCTURED  BASIC  THEN  THIS  SYSTEM  WAS  DESIGNED  FOR  YOU. 

Arbiter  and  Arbiter  1 ,4  are  copyrights  of  Balteries  Included. 


L 


versacalc'' 

A  UNIQUE  VI5ICALC(Cm)  ENHAHCEMEKT 
NOW   AVAILABLE   FOR   PET 


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If  you  use  Visicalc( tm)  but  are 
bumping  Into  its  limitations,  you  need 
Versacalc( tm) !   Versacalc  runs  within 
Visicalc  but  usea  no  extra  weraoryj  In 
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needed. 

A  Tutorial  section  matces  clear  such 
features  as  ^LOOKUP ,  DIF,  @NA,  TERROR, 
which  are  not  well  explained  in  the 
Visicalc  rnanual. 

A  Utilities  section  makes  it  easy  to 
create  your  own  menu-driven  modules  which 
condense  hundreds  of  commands  into  four 
keystrokes.  You  can  build  In  sophist- 
icated error  checking  (e.g.   Is  the  input 
value  tjetween  certain  limica?).   Now  it  is 
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to  perform  the  weekly  updating  without 
constant  instruction. 

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NOW  YOU  CAN: 
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sorted  too. 
put  the  entire  disk  CATALOG  on  the  screen 

at  once  I 
easily  do  Year-To-Date  accumulations! 
"pound"  formulas  to  expose  the  full 

formulas  in  place  on  the  screen! 
append  two  Visicalc  files! 
print  the  contents  of  a  /SS  file! 
print  the  contents  of  a  /PF  file! 
AND  our  EASEL  BINDER  is  so  nice  that  you 

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Distributed  by: 

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J 


240 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Insight: 
Atari 

Bill  Wilkinson 

Optmnized  Systems  Software 

Cupertino,  CA 

This  moiuh.  I  w  ill  foHou-  through  with  at  least  one 
of  111)  promises  for  some  heavier  assembly-language 
stuff;  the  discussion  and  source  for  the  fix  to  the 
S'lO  handler  LOMEM  ])rohk-ni.  I'nforiunaiclv,  I 
did  not  manage  to  complete  the  other  promised 
]:)roject,  the  BASIC  Cassette  Verif)'  program. 

Thai  program  has  proven  more  difficult  to 
write  than  1  had  suspected  it  would,  primarily 
because  it's  hard  to  get  the  debugger  and  BASIC  to 
(oopenttc.  With  some  luck  I  will  have  the  problem 
fixed  very  shortly. 

In  any  case,  I've  also  got  a  few  little  tidbits  to 
share  with  you,  so  let's  tackle  them  first. 

Atari-CP/M  Revisited 

First,  I  would  like  lo  clear  up  a  misunderstanding 
(on  my  part)  about  the  Vincent  Gate  (USS  Enter- 
prises) Atari-to-CP/M  connection,  mentioned  a 
couple  of  issues  ago.  I  staled  that  one  problem  with 
the  system  was  that  you  would  noi  be  able  to  use 
standard  .Atari  diskettes.  Not  totally  true.  If  you 
iiave  (or  have  access  to)  an  Atari  compatible  810 
flrive,  you  can  copy  programs  from  the  810  to  the 
t'P/M  iiost.  (Vincent  claims  that  the  svslem  is  even 
capable  of]jroperly  simulating  sell-booting  disk 
"ames.  etc.,  though  I  would  imagine  that  sonie  ol 
the  heftier  protection  schemes  might  defy  his 
standard  system.) 

.\nvway.  the  address  ibr  USS  Enterprises  is 
6708  Landervvood  Lane,  San  Jose.  CA  9.'>I20.  I 
hope  this  doesn't  seem  too  much  like  an  ad  or 
endorsement:  I  have  nut  used  the  system.  I  have, 
however,  heard  from  people  who  have  and  who 
sav  it  does  what  it  claims  to  do. 

In  the  same  coluiTni.  I  mentioned  a  new  pro- 
duct to  be  introduced  soon  which  would  function 
either  as  an  Atari  disk  controller  (810  emulator) 
and/or  as  a  CP/M  system  in  which  the  Atari  console 
was  a  smart  terminal.  Tliai  project  is  apparently  at 
the  reality  stage,  so  I  gticss  in  fairness  I  should  now 
mention  it  by  name. 

The  company  producing  the  product  is  Soft- 
ware Publishers,  inc.,  of  Arlington,  Texas.  (1  know, 


I  know.  Softxuare  publishers?)  The  base  price  of  the 
controller,  I  have  been  told,  is  abotu  $.500  without 
disk  drive.  The  CP/M  add-on  will  be  (is?)  about 
$250.  Perhaps  soiTicone  will  soon  give  us  a  review 
of  the  viabilit\'  of  this  concept. 

Double  No-Trouble 

Speaking  of  viability:  We  have  been  using  our 
Percom  drives  (one  double  density,  one  double 
sided  and  double  densit\)  for  about  three  months 
now.  We  are  more  than  satisfied  with  their  reliabil- 
ity. And,  of  course,  the  new  OS/A-f  we  produced 
for  use  on  the  larger  drives  allows  considerable 
fiexibility.  Perhaps  I  he  .Atari  can  be  used  as  a  busi- 
ness machine  after  all, 

.And  to  be  sui"e  that  we  don't  slight  aiiNone,  1 
need  lo  mention  that  our  MPC  double  density 
system  has  been  here  about  a  month  now  also  and 
seems  to  be  working  fine. 

So  far,  all  the  things  we've  tiied  seem  l)elter 
for  most  purposes  than  the  8 10  drives,  though  all 
of  them  seem  lo  have  trouble  \vith  some  heavilv 
protected  diskettes.  Moral:  buy  the  drive,  forget 
the  diskettes.  (Side  i.ssue  and  pet  peeve:  If  lis  that 
heavilv  protected,  it  will  have  trouble  even  on  a 
slightly  out  of  speed  Atari  810.  So  far,  I  have 
plunked  clown  my  scarce  dollar  only  three  times 
for  copv-protected  disks.  I  think  I  will  trv  lo  be 
thriftier  in  (he  future.) 

Percom  DOS 

By  now  it  should  be  general  knowledge  that  the 
"new  and  impro\  ed  DOS"  that  Percom  has  been 
publicizing  is  none  other  than  {)S/A  +  .  Bui  it  is  a 
significant  change  from  our  "old"  OS/A  +  .  wbirh  is 
reallv  just  a  C'P/M-like  kcvhoard  interface  hooked 
to  the  .Atari  DOS  2. OS  File  manager.  Thanks  to  the 
efforts  of  Mark  Rose,  our  yoimgest  associate  and  a 
junior  at  Stanford  L'niversity,  we  have  managed  to 
produce  an  all  new,  random  access  DOS  designed 
to  interface  to  any  and  all  disk  drives  from  1 28 
kilobvtes  to  16  megabytes.  The  "random  access" 
descri])tion  implies  that  you  are  not  tied  to  the 
ivrany  of  NOTE  any  more  (and  POINT  is  now 
reasoiiable:  vou  P(^iNT  to  a  byte  position  williiu  a 
flic,  just  like  on  the  l)ig  guvs"  svstems,  and  better 
than  CP/M). 

This  mav  soimd  like  an  advcitisemenl  for  OSS 
and  Percom,  t)iU  ii  really  isn't.  First  of  all,  om- 
profits  aren't  really  tied  to  the  .sales  of  this  new 
DOS.  so  it  isn't  reallv  an  ad  for  us.  .And  second,  it 
appears  that  OS/A -I-  will  be  used  by  all  the  other 
Atari-compatible  drive  manufacturers,  so  Percom 
is  offering  it  first  but  not  alone.  .Anywav,  the  real 
reason  I  brought  this  up  (aside  from  wanting  to  pat 
Mark  Rose  on  the  back  in  public)  is  to  pass  on  a  few 
of  the  things  that  you  should  watch  out  for  if  you 
are  thinking  of  moving  to  either  more  or  larger 


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pome 


242 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


drives. 

LOMEM  On  The  Tot-Mem  Poll 

I  am  sadly  dismayed  to  see  so  many  Alari-prodiiced 
and  Atari-compatible  products  being  introduced 
nowadays  wliich  \ioiateone  of  tlic  [jrimc  rules  for 
running  on  an  Atari:  d(>)ft  pul  anything  lower  in 
mruioiy  than  LOMEM. 

Adcr  all,  tbe  operating  system  provides  these 
nice,  convenient  locaticjns  LOMKM  and  HIMEM, 
wbich  contain  the  addresses  oi  the  bottom  and  top 
of  usable  iiicinorv.  Win  not  use  ihcm? 

But  no,  lei  us  assimie  that  we  will  rim  under 
Atari  DOS  2. OS,  with  two  single  density  drives, 
with  oiu"  blindcis  on  (so  that  wq  cannot  see  the 
future).  Phooey.  How  about  a  little  table  to  show 
the  values  of  I.OMEM  imder  various  DOS  config- 
urations, with  \arious  numbers  oi  drives  and  files 
available? 

LOMEM  With  Various  DOS's 


Dos 
Used 


Number     Number     Contents 
OfDrives  OfFiles      OfLOMEM 


Atari  DOS  2.0S 
Atari  DOS  2.0S 
Atari  DOS  2.0S 
Atari  DOS  2.0S 
Atari  DOS  2.0S 


2-S 

4-S 

2-D 

2-S,2-D 

4-D 


OS/A +vcr  2.0  2-S 
OS/A+ver2.0  4-S 
OS/A +ver  2.0      4-D 


OS/A-f-  ver4.0 
OS/A-(-  ver4.0 


2-D 
4-DD 


$1C00 
$1F00 
$1E80 
$2180 
$2380 

$1FOO 
$2100 
$2680 

$2C00 
$3300 


lei;cnd:  -S  means  single  density  drives 
-D  means  double  density  drives 
-DD  means  double  sided,  double  density 

Surprised"'  It  gets  worse:  if  vou  load  the  RS-282 
handler  for  the  S50  Interface  Nlodule,  you  must 
add  almost  $700  lo  all  the  table  figures!  (And  I  left 
oul  K-DOS  simplv  because  I  don't  know  the  correct 
figures  there,  but  I  understand  that  they  are  all 
over  .$3000.) 

■Rut,"  vou  sav,  "how  come  you  show  Atari 
DOS  with  double  density  drives?"  Ahal  Vou  didn't 
know  that  Atari  DOS  will  handle  double  density 
drives  for  most  user  programs?  (The  menu  can  get 
confused,  especially  for  duplicating  disks,  but 
basic:  -  for  example  -  nms  just  fine.) 

We  agonized  a  long  time  over  coming  ont  witli 
OS/A+  version  4,  the  I'ercom  (et  al.)  random 
access  DOS,  with  its  nitich  higher  LOMEM  values. 
But  then  we  realized  that,  given  that  you  will  use 
double  density  and  larger  disks,  there  is  simply  no 
way  to  stay  coinpletely  compatible.  So,  if  youVe 
going  to  do  it,  do  it  right. 

Incidentallv.  Percom's  initial  patches  to  Atari 
DOS  2. OS  solved  the  problem  in  a  different  way: 
they  moved  the  disk  buffers  to  the  top  of  memory 


and  dropped  HIMEM.  Of  course,  then  they  ran 
into  trouble  with  the  pr<jgrams  that  ignore  HIM  KM. 
Like  BASIC.  AH-?  Wellllil,  I  guess  we  have  lo  lake 
our  lumps,  loo.  Sigh.  But  we're  working  on  it, 
honest. 

So  this  has  gone  on  long  enough.  The  moral: 
if  you're  writing  assembly  language  programs,  pay 
attention  to  the  rules.  If  you're  stuck  with  an  iiUer- 
]jreler  or  compiler  thai  docs  it  wi'ong,  go  veil  ai  the 
company  that  palmed  it  of  f  on  you. 

Mishandler 

Since  I  am  ranting  on  ab<nit  LOMEM  anyway,  let's 
tackle  the  problem  I  presented  last  month:  the 
Atari  RS-2.32  handler  for  the  850  Interface  Module 
does  not  handle  the  RESE  T  key  properlv  when  the 
disk  device  (or  oilier  prcviouslv  loaded  handlers)  is 
present. 

The  result  is  that  LOME.M  will  be  leset  to  what 
the  disk  handler  thinks  it  is,  rather  than  above  the 
850's  driver.  .\nft,  of  coiu\se.  this  means  that  any 
program  which  u.ses  LOMEM  properlv  will  zap  tlie 
RS-232  (Rn:)  drivers.  Which  might  not  t)e  so  bad 
except  ihat  ihe  Rn:  name  will  still  be  recognized  by 
CIO.  Which  might  be  a  real  disaster. 

Why  did  all  this  come  about?  Because  Atari 
didn't  follow  their  own  ad\'ice.  When  vou  steal 
DOSINI  from  DO.S,  in  order  to  link  sourself  into 
the  RESET chaiti,  ihe//rs/  thing  you  should  do  is 
call  the  old  DOSlN'l.  Instead,  the  8.")()  handler  does 
all  its  initializing,  resets  LOMEM  to  above  itself, 
and  Ihrn  calls  the  old  DOSINI!  (And,  of  course, 
poor  okl  EMS  doesn't  know  (hat  R:  exists,  so  it 
moves  LOMEM  to  jusi  abo\e  itself.  And.  admii- 
tcdiv,  you  rouhl  fix  the  problem  In  ha\  ing  DOS 
change  LOMEM  onlv  if  the  change  is  upward. 
Ellis  is  left  as  an  exercise  to  the  reader.) 

So  what  do  we  do  about  this  bug?  If  \<>u  are 
using  B.ASIC  (e)i-  B.\SIC  .\  +  ),  lorgei  about  it. 
BASIC  maintains  its  own  LOMEM  [)ointei ,  whit  h 
is  initialized  only  al  BASIC  coldstari  time  (e.g.,  at 
power-up).  In  fact,  many  system  programs  either 
do  similar  things  oi-  have  been  pui[)oscly  assembled 
in  higher  memory  to  avoid  all  possible  flrivers. 
(Except  see  that  good  old  table.  Maybe  they  aren't 
all  high  enough?) 

However,  if  you  need  lo  fix  this  problem, 
chances  are  you  need  to  fix  it  quicklv  and 
thoroughly.  Ihe  machine  language  program  below 
seems  lo  do  a  reasonably  good  job  of  ijatching  the 
mess.  But.  of  course: 

Cavmts:  (1)  I'his  program  works  as  shown  with 
my  8.50  Interface  Module.  I  know  for  a  fact  that 
Atari  has  made  more  than  one  version  of  this  beast, 
so  I  can  nol  guarantee  it  will  work  on  yours.  (2) 
This  program  works  by  patching  the  AUTO- 
RUN.SYS  (also  known  as  AUTORUN.232  or 


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24A 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


RS232.0B)  or  RS232.COM)  file.  It  vou  are  not 
u.sing  Alari  DOS  (or  OS/A  +  ,  for  RS'2.'?2.0Bj  or 
RS2:^2.CX)M),  ihen  this  will  work  only  if  you  can 
load  and  execute  tliis  routine  at  the  addres.ses 
shown  in  the  li.siing. 

So  liow  does  this  program  work?  To  inider- 
sland  it,  we  must  first  understand  how  the  Rn: 
handler  is  loaded  from  the  8,50. 

Here  I  Am 

U'iien  tiie  .\lari  computer  is  powered  up,  it  finds 
out  if  a  disk  drive  is  attached  bv  sending  out  a 
status  request  command  (via  SIO).  If,  indeed,  disk 
drive  lutniher  one  is  alive  and  well,  then  die  disk 
boot  proceeds.  But  ii  the  850  is  alive  and  well,  it  is 
also  sitting  on  the  serial  bus,  looking  at  SIO  sending 
.status  request  connnand(s)  to  the  disk.  SIO  will  irv 
13  times  to  boot  the  disk  before  gi\'ing  up.  But 
here  is  where  the  850  gets  sneaky:  if  the  disk  doesn't 
answer  alter  about  ten  of  those  tries,  ilie  iS5()  jumps 
on  the  bus  and  savs  "Here  1  ami  I'm  the  disk  drivel 
Boot  me!" 

And,  of  course,  the  ctjmputer  indeed  "boots" 
the  tlisk  -  wheiher  it  aciuall)'  is  (he  drives  controller 
chip  responding  or  whether  it  is  an  850  in  chip's 
clothing.  And  that's  hcnv  those  1800  or  so  bytes 
of  code  get  into  the  computer  when  all  vou  have  is 
an  850. ' 

But  how  does  that  code  get  pseudo-booted 
when  you  ilo  have  a  disk?  Well,  one  way  would 
have  been  to  distribute  the  handler  on  the  disk. 
Rut  whv  waste  all  that  good  code  sitting  out  in  the 
S50,  just  wailing  to  be  executed?  So  AU TO- 
RUN.SYS  (in  any  ofits  aliases)  isa  vervsmall  routine 
that  performs  just  the  right  operations  to  load  the 
850's  serial  handlers. 

In  building  the  program  presented  here,  I 
have  cheated.  Quite  frankly,  1  have  not  investigated 
why  and  liow  the  code  used  in  AUTORUN.SYS 
works.  And  tjuite  franker,  I  don't  care.  What  1 
have  done  is  simpiv  build  mv  program  around  that 
code.  And  here's  what  ni)"  program  does. 

First,  I  get  the  current  contents  of  DOSINI 
(presiunably  the  address  ofthe  FMS  initialization 
routine)  and  save  them  for  later  u.se.  Then  I  fall 
through  and  let  the  850's  code  be  loaded  and  in- 
itialized. If  this  process  is  successful,  I  then  find  the 
new  contents  ol  DOSINI  (the  Rn:  driver's  initiali- 
zation routine  address)  and  save  them  aLso.  And 
where  do  I  save  the  two  initialization  addresses?  In 
the  middle  of  the  patch  to  be  applied  to  the  850 
driver. 

Then  all  I  need  do  is  move  the  patch  into  the 
middle  o(  the  driver  and  relink  DOSINI  to  point  to 
the  patch.  Now,  the  cute  part  of  all  this  is:  where 
do  we  put  the  patch?  Whv,  right  on  top  ofthe 
erroneous  call  to  the  FMS  initialization.  (The  one 


that  occ:tns  a/trr  the  850  init,  remember?) 

L  innnn,  but  I'm  jialching  a  JSR  to  the  FMS 
init  lollowetl  by  a  J  MP  to  the  850  init.  How  docs  all 
that  fit  int(j  the  space  of  one  (previous)  JSR?  And 
what  about  the  code  inniiediaielv  preceding  the 
patch?  Here  it  comes,  the  kludge.  The  code  we  are 
replacing  includes  a  check  ofthe  vvarmstart  location, 
since  the  hancllei- does  not  bol  her  to  call  die  FMS 
initialization  ii  ii  doesn't  need  to.  Well,  witii  our 
code  patch,  tlie  FMS  always  gets  called  to  init  itself. 
But  so  what?  It  doesn't  hurl  anvlhing,  just  slows 
the  loading  of  this  850  interface  code  an  unnotice- 
ahle  amount. 

.■\u\vvay,  if  you  can  follow  the  code,  \<)u  will 
note  v\here  ihe  ]jatch  is  being  applied.  Ilie  bMe 
immediately  before  the  patch  location  musl  be  a 
CLC  instruciion.  (Check  it  out  by  loading  the  RS- 
2.'^2  handlers  and  iheii  using  a  debugger  to  list  the 
code.)  If  it  is  iioi,  then  your  850  diffei's  loo  much 
I  toni  mine  lo  use  (his  rouiine  as  is.  (And  if  vou 
figure  out  where  to  patch  it,  why  not  tell  all  of  us.) 

Last  but  not  least,  notice  that  the  patch  is  in- 
trinsically relocatable,  just  as  is  the  850  handler.  It 
should  work  in  \  iiiually  any  memory  and/or  disk 
drive  and/or  DOS  configinalion. 

Whew!   fhat  was  lenglh}'  and  heavv,  right? 
Well,  cheer  up,  (here's  more  lo  come  next  month. 
Like  how  lo  add  a  default  drive  specifier  to  Atari 
DOS  and  OS/A  +  .  If  vou  have  iwo<lrives,  wouldn't 
it  be  convenient  to  l)e  able  (o  s]>ecilv  thai  "D:..." 
meant  ■1)2:..."  one  t-  in  a  while?  Watch  (his  space. 

Atari  850  Fixer  Upper 

or:  when  in  doubt,  punt. 


0043 
OOOC 


MOO 
37F6 

37FB 

37FD 


AWC 
8D773a 
A50D 
8D7B38 


3  BOO 

3300 
3802 
3805 
3807 


A950 
8DM03 
A901 
8D0103 


1010 
1020 
1030 
1040 
1050 
lOfiO 
1070 
lOBO 
1090 
1100 
1110 
1120 
1130 
1140 
1150 
1160 
1170 
1180 
1190 
1200 
1210 
1220 
1230 
1240 
12S0 
1260 
1270 
1280 
1290 
1300 
1310 
1320 
1330 
1340 
1350 
1360 
1370 
1380 


.PAGE  "  or:  when  in  doubt,  punt." 
Some  equates 


FIXOFFSET 
DOSINI  = 


S4  3 
SOC 


;  read  the  text 

;  the  cause  oE  all  this 


This  first  code  is  simply  to  save  the  original 
contents  o£  COSINI  tor  later  use,  like  the 
B50  code  should  have  done  in  the  f i  rst 
place.  Sigh. 


NEWLOADER 
LDA 
STA 
LEA 
STA 


S3 800-10 

DOSINI 
PATCH2+1 
DOSINI+1 
PATCH2+2 


presimably*  we  are  saving 
the  FWS  init  vector  for 
later  use,  but  the  beauty  of 
this:  it  works  w/o  EWS  also 


;  Now  we  begin  the  original  Atari  loader  code. 

;  If  your  code  doesn't  agree  with  this,   it 

;  Is  possible  that  >wur  850 's  Internal 

J  is  different  also.     If  so,  apply  the 

;  patches  with  caution.     Read  the  text. 

;  CAUVICH:   this  code  is  mcommented ,  simply 
;       because  I'm  not  sure  exactly  ^hat  it 
is  doing.     But  v^o  cares, ..it  wjrks. 


LDA 
STA 
LDA 
STA 


S3800 

IS50 
S0300 
ISOl 
S0301 


where  the  Atari  code  vas  found 


COMPUTEI's 

Second  Book  Of  Atari 


After  only  three  years  on  the  market, 
the  Atari  400/800  microcomputers 
have  become  among  the  most 
popular  personal  computers  ever 
made.  So  it  was  no  surprise  when 
COMPUTEI's  First  Book  of  Atari,  a 
collection  of  the  best  Atari  articles 
published  during  1980-81  in 
COMPUTE!  Magazine,  also  became 
a  "bestseller"  with  Atari  enthusiasts. 
The  first  printing  sold  out  in  just  a 
few  months. 

That's  why  we've  followed  up 
with  COMPUTEI's  Second  Bool<  of 
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Second  Bool<  of  Atari  continues 
COMPUTEI's  tradition  for  personal 
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But  the  Second  Book  of  Atari 
differs  from  the  First  Book  in  one 
important  respect  -  all  the  articles 
are  totally  new  and  previously 
unpublished.  The  Second  Book  of 
Atari  \nc\udes  such  interesting 
articles  as  "Page  Flipping,"  "Fun 
With  Scrolling,"  "Perfect  Pitch," 
"Player-Missile  Drawing  Editor," 
and  "TextPlot  Makes  a  Game." 
Whole  chapters  are  devoted  to 
subjects  such  as  "Advanced 
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"Programming  Technigues,"  and 
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the  First  Book  at  the  same  price  - 
the  Second  Book  of  Atari  is  crammed 
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program  listings.  And  the  book  is 
spiral-bound  to  lie  flat  and  is  fully 
indexed  for  guick  reference. 

Best  of  ail,  COMPUTEI's  Second 
Book  of  Atari  like  COMPUTE! 
Magazine  itself,  is  written  and  edited 
to  appeal  to  all  computer  enthusiasts 
at  only  S  12.95. 


Iv  InfrnJticrion 

1  Chapter  One.  Utilities R"ixrr  Luck 

2  Atari  BASIC  Joy.snckRo,mne'. 

5  Jt^-scick  Tesrer      ....  Kirk  Greg^ 

7  Keyhmrd  Inpur  Or  Conr'rolied  Esc'ino ^ohert  Rochon 

9  POKE  TAR  In  BASIC  '^       ^"''"  V.,n  Clove 

II  7^'^'-"^'-' SmmJ  Screen  Dump'  .'  .'  .' Unvrencc  R.  Stark 

15  Memory  Test  Uavid  Newcorn 

33  A  S,mpie  Screen  Hditcr  For  Atari  t^nta  Files l'  n  '  ^^'^ 

36  riotnng  .Made  Easy ^  •'"  nics   ....     Lawrence  R.  Stark 

41  Graphics  Generator  J"hn  Scarborough 

44  Analyze  Your  Program -An  Atari  BASIC  IlVi'  '  '  ^^'"'^'^"-^  M- Giwer 
51  Inside  Arar,  Microsoft  BASIQ  A  Vw'  l^k"  ■■-,.■  ^'^''^  '^''^'- 
53  Ch;*n»o.  Ti.  J""  R"tterfield 

SJhSS/'''""  ''''"^"-*'  ^"P»"«  And  Games 

55  Player-MLssile  Drawing  Editor 

o7  Point  Set  Graphics    ....  ^- ^-  Fcerster 

76  Base  Flipping     ." t^ougias  Win.sand 

7S  An  Introduction  To  Disnhvfk/f^r R'ck  William.s 

|5  H.tend.g  Aran  H,h  &^^'S^:Z::     Alan  ^tson 

85  Part    :  The  Polygon  Fill  Subroutine  "^''  ^""" 

92  Parr  2:  Textured  Graphics 

160  Te.xtpiot  Makes  A  Game     .  . 

169  fiin  With  Scrolling  ^^^'i''  Flotkin 

.83Chap,erP„„r.>»pp„„«„„.  ^^"  ''"•*" 

•B5  A  Sjmple  Text  Editor 

Jm?'^''"'^"^^™^'^  Speaks  Out'  ,'  .'  .' ^m^t'^TT' 

^09  bast  Banner     .  .  Helmut  Schmidt 

213  Perfect  Pitch    ...'.''' Sol  Gubcr 

Fred  Coffey 

Automatically  .  .  F.  T.  Mciere 

229  Loading  Binary  Bos  Fif^'l^rBAS?"^'"''^''^''^--    ^^' ^^^^^ 
249  The  Resident  Disk  Handler  ^''^''^'^  E-  Alieger 

248  Listing  Conventions  ^''""^  K^steuhoh 

249  Index 


beginners  and  experts  alike.  Priced 


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(n  North  Carolina  call  919-275-9809.  Or  send  check  or  money  order  to  COMPUTE!  Books,  P.O.  Box 
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246 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


3eOA  AMF 

1390 

LDA 

#S3F 

1820 

3eOC   8130203 

14O0 

STA 

S0302 

1830 

PATCHLP 

3flOF  A940 

1410 

LDA 

fS40 

3eSA  BD7538 

1840 

LOA 

PATCHl, X     r  a  byte  of  patch... 

3811  8DD303 

1420 

STA. 

S0303 

385D  91 OC 

1850 

STA 

(DOSINI) ,Y   ;   into  the  350  code 

3B14  A905 

1430 

LQA 

IS05 

3a5F  C8 

1860 

INY 

;  next  patchloc 

3816  BD0«O3 

1440 

STA 

S03D6 

3860   E8 

1B70 

IM 

,'  next  byte  of  patch 

3819  BD0503 

1450 

STA 

S0305 

3861   E008 

1880 

CPX 

18                ;  unless  done 

381C  ASOO 

1460 

IXA 

ISOO 

3863  D0F5 

1890 

BNE 

PATCHLP 

3eiE  8D0403 

1470 

STA 

S0304 

1900 

3821   8D0903 

1480 

STA 

S0309 

3865  A944 

1910 

LDA 

tFIXOFFSET+1   ;  again,  caution ...  read  text 

3824   8DQA03 

1490 

STA 

S030A 

3867  18 

1920 

cl: 

3827  8D0BD3 

1500 

STA 

S030B 

3868  65rc 

1930 

ADC 

DCSINI          ;  we  move  DOSINI   to  point 

332A  A90C 

1510 

LDA 

tSOC 

3e6A  B50C 

1940 

STA 

DCBDJI         ;  to  our  patch...v*iich  in 

382C  SDOeOJ 

1520 

STA 

S0308 

386C  A50D 

1950 

LDA 

DOSINI+l     ;  turn  will  jimp  back  to 

382F   2059E'i 

1530 

JSR 

SE4S9 

386E   6900 

1960 

ADC 

10                  i   the  850's  inlt  code. 

3832   1001 

1540 

BPL 

S3835 

3870  B50D 

1970 

STA 

DOSWI+1 

3834  60 

15S0 

RTS 

1980 

3835  AaoB 

1560 

LDX 

tSOB 

3872   6C0C00 

1990 

JMP 

(DOSINI)      ;  and   this  actually  goes  to  our 

3837  BDOOOS 

1570 

LDA 

30 500, X 

patch! 

3e3A  K10003 

1580 

STA 

$0300, X 

2000 

383D  CA 

1590 

DEX 

2010 

383E   10F7 

1600 

BPL 

S3837 

2020 

•   TtliS 

patch  area  has  twD  addresses  placed 

3840  2059E4 

1610 

JSB 

;E459 

2030 

in 

it  and  then  it  is  moved  en  masse 

3843  3006 

1620 

BMI 

S3B4B 

2040 

;       into  th 

e  850  code,  as  a  patch  thereto 

384 S  200605 

1630 

JSB 

S0506 

2050 

; 

3B48  4C4C3a 

1640 

JMP 

FIXIT            ; 

this 

MAS  a 

'JMP 

(tXBTHiy 

2060  PATCHl 

3B4B  £0 

1650 
1660 

RTS 

3B75  60 

2070 
2080 

PATCH2 

RTS 

;  gets  rid  of  some  unneeded  code 

1670 

Mow  the  350  has  loaded  its 

code  i 

nto  memory... 

3876   200000 

2090 

JSR 

0                  ;   becomes  JSR  FMSINIT,  or  some 

1680 

so  we  can  patch  its 

boo-boos 

such 

* 

1690 

2100   PATCH3 

1700 

3879  4C0000 

2110 

JMP 

0                  ;  to  original   reset  point 

1710 

3S7C  00 

2120 

BHK 

1720 

'IXIT 

2130 

384C  A50C 

1730 

LDA 

DOSINI 

T^e  850  code  has 

Escched 

2140 

-mis 

is   i 

jst  to  make  it  a  Lt»D  AND  GO  file 

384E  aD7A3B 

1740 

STA 

PATCH3+1      ; 

its 

nit  entry  point  into 

2150 

3851   A50D 

1750 

LDA 

DOSINI+l      ; 

■DOSMI'    .. 

.  we 

will  junp 

2160 

You  might 

wish  to  use  S2E2  instead  if  vou 

3853   8D7B38 

r/bo 

STA 

PATCH3+2      ; 

to  i 

.  at  th 

e  end 

of  our  patch 

2170 

understand  the  implications  thereof 

1770 

2180 

3856  A043 

neo 

LDV 

IFIXOFFSET 

;    for 

my  850 

i     read  the  text 

38  7D 

2190 

*= 

S2E0 

3858  A200 

1790 

LDX 

♦0                   ; 

loop 

index 

OaEO  F637 

2200 

.WCRD  NEWLQWKR 

leoo 

02E2 

2210 

.END 

© 

1810 

We  move  our  patch  code  into  the  350's 

code 

^  commodore 

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December  1982.  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


247 


Here's  what  a  father  and  his  eleven-year-old  son  came  up  with  when  they  first  brought  their  VIC  home. 


Checkbook 


Harvey  B.  Herman 
Associate  Editor 


H  a  rvey  Gets  A  Computer 

For  many  months  I  had  been  hearing  about  a 
wonderful  new  pei-sonal  computer  which  Commo- 
dore markets.  After  using  it  for  several  days,  1 
came  to  believe  that  the  hyperbole  put  out  about  it 
was  justified  and  Commodore  has  a  best  seller, 
possibly  the  first  gold  microcomputer.  It  surely  will 
rival  their  earlier  PET  model  (er,  sorry,  CBM),  but 
it  is  intended  for  a  different  clientele  (everybody). 

If  it  is  true  that  millions  of  consumers  are 
buying  VIC  and  other  machines,  it  follows  that  not 
all  of  them  can  be  experienced  computer  hobbyists. 
It  would  be  a  shame  if  someone  brought  one  home, 
without  a  plug-in  cartridge  or  other  program 
(software),  and  did  not  know  what  to  do  with  it, 
even  after  reading  the  manual.  This  article  is  in- 
tended to  illustrate  one  application  for  a  personal 
computer.  The  program,  checkbook  balancer 
(called  Checkbook),  can  be  used  to  demonstrate  to 
friends,  neighbors,  and  spouses  the  hidden  poten- 
tial in  our  e.t.  (expensive  toys).  We  don't  want  them 
to  ever  get  the  idea  thai  its  only  use  is  for  playing 
games.  Later  you  can  show  off  a  fun  program  if 
you  have  one.  VIC  and  a  color  TV  plav  some  great 
games.  However,  in  a  demo,  applications  programs 
first  is  the  rule. 

The  Kids  Take  Over 

My  kids  kicked  mcofl  the  VIC  shortly  after  I 
brought  it  home  and  set  it  up  (super  easy  to  do,  set 
up  —  not  kick  me  off,  as  I  scream  and  carry  on  a 
lot).  The  eleven  year  old,  Mark,  typed  in  a  program 
he  had  seen  demonstrated  on  a  PET  al  his  elemen- 
tary school.  This  program  and  mine,  discussed 
below,  do  not  make  use  of  the  color  features  of  the 
VIC.  I  am  still  a  novice  in  that  area.  However,  our 
experience  with  PE  T  BASIC  transferred  easily  to 
the  new  machine  as  the  commands  are  ideiuical. 
When  it  is  given  your  age  in  years,  Mark's  program 
calculates  how  man\'  days  old  you  are.  The  program 
is  not  perfect.  For  example,  leap  years  are  not 


allowed  for.  However,  he  was  very  cocky  after  it 
worked.  I  mention  this  experience  because  I  feel 
the  reader  is  probably  over  1 1  years  old  and  should 
not  allow  a  kid  to  show  him  up.  Teach  yourself 
VIC  BASIC,  if  you  have  not  already  done  so,  and 
learn  to  be  a  better  computer  programmer  than 
my  eleven  year  old  son.  It  really  is  not  difficult. 

Harvey  Regains  Control 

At  this  point  I  asserted  my  authority  (such  as  it  is) 
and  took  over  command  of  the  VIC.  On  paper  I 
composed  a  checkbook  balancing  program,  typed 
it  in.  and,  after  correcting  a  few  mistakes,  had  a 
working  ]irograni.  The  whole  process  took  about 
two  hours,  which  I  would  guess  is  probably  about 
average  for  an  experienced  BASIC  programmer 
like  myself  (no  brag).  The  Checkbook  program 
(like  any  other)  can  be  divided  logically  into  three 
.sections:  in|jut,  calculations,  and  output.  First,  the 
previous  month's  balance  is  asked  for.  Then  queries 
about  the  number  and  amount  of  deposits  and 
checks  follow.  C^alculations  are  done  after  each 
input  operation.  "Fhe  only  result,  the  new 
checkbook  balance,  is  output  al  the  end,  along  with 
a  reprise  ol'  the  input  data  for  checking  purposes. 

You  Can  Do  it  Better 

If  the  program  is  unintelligible  to  you  because  you 
have  not  learned  VIC  BASIC,  you  can  still  type  it 
in  and  show  it  to  your  frientls.  (Make  sine  you 
know  how  to  SAVE  and  LOAD  short  programs  on . 
tape  before  typing  in  a  program  as  long  as  this 
one.)  Of  course  the  Checkbook  program  could  be 
improved  and  even  ctistomi/.ed.  Part  of  the  allure 
of  personal  computers  is  that  we  can  make  them  do 
what  we  want  rather  than  vice  versa.  For  example, 
if  you  feel  that  it  is  important  to  save  the  data  on 
tape  for  future  reference,  read  the  manual  on  tape 
files  and  add  this  feature  to  the  program. 

Checkbook  lias  now  become,  in  part,  your 
program  of  which  you  can  be  proud.  The  fact  that 
you  have  added  even  more  practical  utility  makes  it 


2d8 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


that  much  sweeter.  Tell  your  friends  about  "your 
prograni,"  but  please  try  not  to  be  too  cocky.  Happy 
computint^  on  your  VIC! 

VIC  Technical  Notes 

1.  RETURN  as  a  sole  response  to  INPUT  does  not 
stop  program  as  in  previous  Microsoft  BASICs. 
Program  continues  using  old  value  of  variable. 

2.  INPUT  with  prompt  in  quotes  has  a  restriction. 
Leugih  of  prompt  should  be  20  characters  or  less 
(not  counting  cursor  coturol  characters).  Otherwise, 
prompt  nies.sage  is  included  in  response  string. 

3.  Ail  programs  on  tape  begin  loading  at  hex  1001. 
PET  tapes  made  with  2.0  (Upgrade)  ROMs  load 
into  VIU  normailv.  PKl  tapes  made  with  1.0  (Origi- 
nal) ROMs  ha\e  first  line  garbled. 

4.  VIC  tapes  can  be  loaded  into  PET  if  an  append 
procetlure  is  u.sed.  First  \K\V,  then  append  (with 
tool  kit  or  similar  program),  and  VIC  tapes  will 
load  normally. 

5.  As  witli  PET,  the  STOP  key  does  not  work  when 
the  program  is  waiting  for  input.  Instead,  press 
RUN/STOP  and  RESTORE.  \'IC  will  stop  without 
losing  your  program.  This  method  should  get  vou 
out  of  many  other  awkward  spots,  but  will  not 
work  if  certain  critical  pointers  are  lost  (say  by  an 
errant  machine  language  jirogram). 

6.  1 1  helps  to  keep  a  list  of  the  color  graphics  symbols 
handy  (and  ior  that  mailer,  cmsor  control  also) 
when  tvping  programs  i'rom  a  primed  list.  This 
will  sa\e  much  frustration  caused  by  trial  and  error 
pecking  during  program  entry. 


Program  1. 

10  REM  CHECK  BOOK  BALANCE  PROGRAM 

20  REM  HARVEY  B.  HERMAN 

30  REM 

40  DIM  D(20) ,C(50) :REM  20  DEPOSITS,  50  C 

HECKS 
50  PRINT  "{CLEAR]     {REV}CHECK  B00K":PR 

INT 
60  INPUT  "DO  YOU  WANT{12  RIG HT) INSTRUCTI 

ONS";A$ 
70  GOSUB  710 
80  ON  J  GOTO  110,100,90 
90  PRINT  "WHAT?" :PRINT:G0T0  60 
100  PRINTiPRINT  "PROGRAM  ASKS  FOR 

EVIOUS  BALANCE,      DEPOSITS  AND 
CHECKS" 

PRINT 

"PREV.  BAL.";PB:NB=PB 


110 
120 
130 
140 
150 
160 
170 
180 
190 


INPUT 
PRINT 
INPUT 
GOSUB 


200  PRINT 

210  FOR  1=1  TO  N 

220  INPUT  ''DEPOSIT";D(I)  :PRINT 

230  NB=NB+D(I) 

240  NEXT  I 

250  PRINT 

260  INPUT  "ANY  CHECKS" ?A$ 

270  PRINT 

280  GOSUB  710 

290  ON  J  GOTO  370,310,300 

300  PRINT  "WHAT?":PRINT:GOTO  260 

310  INPUT  "HOW  MANY";M 

320  PRINT 

330  FOR  1=1  TO  M 

340  INPUT  "CHECK";C(I) :PRINT 

350  NB=NB-C(I) 

360  NEXT  I 

370  PRINT  "HIT  A  KEY  WHEN  READY" 

380  GET  A$:IF  AS=""  THEN  380 

390  PRINT 

400  PRINT  "{CLEAR}      {REV}DATA  SUMMARY" 

410  PRINT 

4  20  PRINT  "PREV.  BAL.","  NEW  BAL . " 
430  PRINT  PB,NB 

440  PRINT 

450    PRINT    "HIT    A    KEY    WHEN    READY" 

460   GET   A$:IF   A$=""    THEN    460 

470    IF   N=0    THEN    580 

480  PRINT  "{CLEAR}     {REV}DATA  SUMMARY" 

490  PRINT 

500  PRINT 

510  PRINT  "     DEPOSITS" 

520  FOR  1=1  TO  N 

5  30  PRINT  "DEPOSIT"; I; "  $ " ; D ( I ) 
540  NEXT  I 

550  PRINT 

560  PRINT  "HIT  A  KEY  WHEN  READY" 

570  GET  A$:IF  A$=""  THEN  570 

580  IF  M=0  THEN  690 

590    PRINT    "{CLEAR}  {REV}DATA    SUMMARY" 

600    PRINT 

610    PRINT 

6  20    PRINT    "  CHECKS       " 
630    FOR    1=1    TO    M 

640    PRINT    "CHECK"; I;"    $";C(I) 

650    NEXT    I 

660    PRINT 

670    PRINT    "HIT    A    KEY    WHEN    READY" 

680    GET    A$:IF    A$=""    THEN    680 

690    PRINT    "{CLEAR} ": PRINT"     {REV}SEE    YOU    N 

EXT    MONTH" 
700    END 

710  IF  LEFT$ (A$,1)="Y"  THEN  J=2:RETURN 
720  IF  LEFT$ (A$,1)="N"  THEN  J=1:RETURN 
730    J=3:RETURN 


"ANY    DEPOSITS"; A$ 

710 

ON   J   GOTO    250,180,170 
PRINT    "WHAT?": PRINT:GOTO    140 
PRINT 
INPUT    "HOW   MANY";N 


Program  2.  Mark's  Program 

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20  PRINT"THIS  IS  A  GAME  THAT  SHOWS  HOW  M 

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COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


A  Monthly  Column 


Machine  Language: 


Hexed! 


Jim  Butterfield 
Associate  Editor 


You  often  find  nonsense  printed  about  hexadecimal 
numbering  systems.  For  example,  one  source  says, 
■'We  use  hexadecimal  numbers  when  programming 
in  machine  language,  since  that's  what  the  computer 
uses."  Balderdash!  There  is  no  such  thing  as  a 
hexadecimal  computer  -  they're  all  binary. 
It  may  seem  hard  to  believe  at  First,  but 
hexadecimal  numbers  are  lor  human  convenience. 
The  computer  is  happy  with  binary  —  in  fact,  binary 
is  all  it's  got  —  but  we  are  not  likely  to  wax  enthusiastic 
if  we  are  asked  to  place  a  value  of  00001  100  into 
location  1  II 0 1 0000 1 00 1 1 00.  To  make  it  easier  for 
people,  we  like  to  condense  binary. 

Binary 

The  computer  is  made  up  of  circuits  and  wires. 
Each  wire  carries  either  of  two  kinds  of  electrical 
signal  -  full  voltage  or  no  voltage.  There's  no  vol- 
ume control  needed  here:  it's  all  or  nothing.  This 
two-condition  situation  is  called  binary,  for  its  two 
states:  voltage  or  no  voltage,  on  or  off,  yes  or  no, 
up  or  down,  one  or  zero. 

The  one/zero  name  for  the  two  conditions  is 
handy:  it  allows  us  to  describe  a  group  of  logic 
signals  by  a  stream  of  digits.  If  the  computer  has  a 
group  of  eight  wires,  three  of  which  are  carrying 
full  voltage  while  the  others  have  no  voltage,  we 
can  describe  these  wires'  states  concisely  and  accu- 
rately with  the  expression  00101 100. 

Now,  there's  a  very  important  group  of  16 
wires  called  the  address  bus.  These  wires  "call  up"  a 
certain  part  of  memory.  'We  might  write  out  such 
an  address  as  1 1 10100001001 100,  giving  the  con- 
dition of  each  wire  of  the  address  bus.  The  contents 


of  each  memory  location  is  delivered  on  a  group  of 
eight  wires,  called  a  data  bus;  we  might  store 
00001 100  into  a  location.  A  group  of  eight  "bits"  of 
information  is  called  a  "byte". 

But  it  seems  unwieldy  to  write  the  individual 
bits  out,  one  by  one. 

Enter  Hexadecimal 

We  can  shorten  these  values  by  grcjuping  the  bits 
together,  four  at  a  time.  Thus,  the  address 
1  1 10100001001 100  may  be  broken  up  into  1110- 
1000-0100-1 100.  Further,  we  can  give  a  name  to 
each  of  the  16  combinations  that  four  bits  can 
have.  For  example,  0000  can  be  written  as  digit  0; 
000 1  as  digit  1 ;  00 10  as  digit  2;  and  so  forth.  The 
weighting  of  the  four  bits  is  8-4-2-1,  so  that  we 
can  quickly  see  that  0101  can  be  represented  as 
4+  1  or  5. 

This  works  well  for  the  first  ten  combinations: 
0000  is  written  as  0  and  1001  as  9.  But  there  are  six 
combinations  that  total  ten  or  more.  Oui-  objective 
is  to  write  one  digit  to  represent  the  four  bits,  so  we 
can't  write  binary  1010  as  10  for  ten;  that's  two 
digits.  We  pick  a  new  scheme  for  these  values:  10  is 
written  as  a  letter  A,  1 1  as  a  B,  and  so  on,  until  we 
reach  1.5,  which  is  written  as  F.  The  whole  table 
becomes: 


0000-0  0100-4 

0001-1  0101-5 

0010-2  0110-6 

0011-3  0111-7 


1000-8  IIOO-C 

1001-9  1101-D 

1010-A  IllO-E 

lOll-B  lUl-F 


\ow  we  can  write  address  1 1 10100001001 100 
as  hexadecimal  E84C,  which  is  more  compact  and 
easier  to  remember.  We  can  go  the  other  way  easily, 
too:  if  we  see  a  value  of  liex  85  we  can  write  it 
immediately  as  binary  10000101  ifweneedto. 
Note:  this  is  not  the  same  as  the  decimal  value 
eighty-five,  and  we  tend  to  say  "eight-five"  to  keep 
the  two  number  systems  clear. 

So  we  can  view  hexadecimal  notation  as  a 
compact  way  of  writing  the  computer's  binary 
numbers.  Hexadecimal,  by  the  way,  means  "based 
on  1 6".  You  can  see  that  there  are  16  combinations, 
16  different  digits. 

Converting  To  Decimal 

If  we  have  a  hexadecimal  number  like  85,  we  some- 
times would  like  to  know  its  ec|uivalent  value  in 
decimal.  For  example,  if  we  PEEK  the  number  in 
BASIC,  we  would  .see  a  value  of  133  stored  in  the 
same  location  -  that's  the  decimal  value.  We  often 
need  to  do  conversion.  Even  to  PEEK,  we'd  need  to 
change  the  hexadecimal  address  into  decimal  so 
that  we  could  tell  B.^SIC  where  to  look. 

In  the  early  days  (remember?)  we  used  to  be 
told  that  a  number  like  263  means  "two  hundreds, 
and  six  tens,  and  three  units."  Same  rules  for 


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252 


COMPUTE! 


Decembef  1982.  Issue  31 


hexadecimal,  except  that  we  use  powers  of  16 
instead  of  pow-ers  of  1 0.  So  85  is  "eight  sixteens, 
and  five  iiniis";  or,  to  put  it  mathematically,  8x16 
+  5.  This  works  out  to  133,  as  mentioned  before. 
An  address  like  E84C  works  out  as  14  x  4096  +  8  x 
254  +  4  x  1 6  +  1 2.  The  1 4  is  the  value  of  the  E  digit, 
and  4096  is  the  third  power  of  16.  The  whole  thing 
works  out  to  .^9468. 

You  can  do  this  quickly  on  your  computer 
(don't  forget  to  use  the  asterisk  for  multiplication). 
If  you  have  a  pocket  calculator,  there's  an  easier 
method.  Type  in  the  value  of  the  first  digit.  If 
there  are  any  more  digits,  multiply  by  16  and  add 
the  value  of  the  new  digit.  Repeat  until  you  run  out 
of  digits. 

Let's  try  this  with  E84C.  Type  in  14  (that's  the 
E).  Multiply  by  16  and  add  the  8.  Multiply  bv  16 
and  add  the  4.  Multiply  l>y  16  and  add  12  (for  C). 
That's  it;  you  should  get  59468  as  before. 

Decimal  To  Hexadecimal 

You  will  often  have  a  decimal  number  that  you 
would  like  to  convert  to  hexadecimal.  There  are 
several  different  methods  of  doing  this. 

An  easy  manual  method  is  to  divide  repeatedly 
by  16:  the  remainder  is  the  next  hexadecimal  digit, 
going  from  right  to  left.  If  we  started  with  133, 
dividing  by  16  gives  8  with  a  lemainder  of  5.  The  5 
is  the  right-hand  digit.  Now  divide  the  8  by  16:  you 
get  zero  with  a  remainder  of  8.  This  goes  to  the  left 
of  the  5  to  give  a  result  of  85  hex. 

Remainders  are  hard  to  do  on  calculators  and 
computers.  Here's  a  method  I  prefer  that  works 
easily  on  either: 

If  the  number  is  less  than  256,  divide  by  16; 
otherwise  divide  by  4096,  You'll  get  a  number 
which  has  a  whole  and  fractional  part.  The  whole 
value  is  your  first  digit;  make  a  note  of  it  and  then 
subtract  it.  Now  multiply  by  16  and  repeat  the 
whole  procedure;  you'll  get  two  digits  for  numbers 
less  than  256,  and  four  for  greater  nimibers. 

Suppose  we  have  59468  on  our  hand  calculator. 
Divide  by  4096;  you'll  get  a  number  like  14.5 1 855. 
The  14  is  your  first  digit,  E:  wtite  it  down  and  then 
subtract  the  14.  Multiply  the  remaining  .51855  by 
16  and  you'll  get  8.2968.  Note  the  8  behind  the  E. 
subtract  8,  and  you're  ready  for  the  next  multipli- 
cation by  16.  Keep  going  and  you'll  get  the  4,  and 
finally  the  last  digit  will  l>e  12  (it  may  be  1 1 .99,  but 
we  can  stretch  a  point),  for  which  we  write  down  C. 
Result;  hexadecimal  E84C. 

Hexadecimal  numbers  are  for  our  con- 
venience. They  are  ver)  close  to  the  computer's 
internal  notation  -  binary  -  but  a  little  more  com- 
pact and  easier  for  us. 

We've  talked  about  simple  conversion  methods 
from  hexadecimal  to  decimal  and  back.  They  are 


useful  for  small  computers.  If  you  are  a  numbers 
freak,  there's  lots  more  for  you  to  dig  into;  negative 
numbers,  tractions,  and  even  floating  point 
hexadecimal.  But  the  basics  will  take  you  a  long 
way. 

Some  beginners  wonder  if  machine  language 
programmers  know  secret  spells  and  incantations 
to  make  their  programs  work.  I  tell  them  tliat  it's 
purely  logical  -  no  special  secrets  are  required.  But 
it's  nice  to  know  how  to  deal  with  a  hex...  number.^ 


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December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


253 


Tills  utility  piogtam  letsyou  control  the  speed  and  direction  of  LIST. 


Speed  Limit  For  Your  Atari 


Mike  Steinberg 
Brooklyn  Pork  MN 


speed  is  a  virtue  when  you're  running  a  pro- 
gram, but  when  you  enter  the  command  to  LIST, 
and  watch  your  work  fly  by. ..the  virtue  turns  to 
vengeance!  Having  to  enter  line  numbers  and 
commas  to  create  a  section-by-section  list  is  a  real 
time  waster... and  what's  the  computer  for  if  not  to 
help  you  save  time  rather  than  waste  it? 

Line  Pacer,  will  make  listing  and  editing  more 
effective  and  enjoyable,  without  the  need  of  a 
primer,  disk  drive  or  assembler-editor.  It's  so 
simple  to  enter  and  use,  you  can  have  it  up  and 
running  even  if  you've  only  read  chapter  one  of 
the  Alari  BASIC  Mamial. 

A  few  notes  are  helpful  before  you  put  Line 
Pacer  to  work.  The  program  occupies  lines  zero 
through  nine.  This  is  necessary  since  most  other 
programs  begin  on  line  ten  or  higher.  This  enables 
Line  Pacer  to  co-exist  with  any  program  starting  at 
line  ten  or  higher. 

Another  handy  feature  is  the  ability  to  deter- 
mine the  speed  at  which  your  listing  will  progress. 
In  order  for  Line  Pacer  to  work,  it  must  be  recorded 
on  tape  {or  disk)  using  the  LIST  rather  than  the 
SAVE  command. 

When  you're  ready  to  use  Line  Pacer,  enter 
your  main  program  first  —  making  sure  it  starts  at 
line  ten  or  higher.  Next,  call  up  Line  Pacer  from 
the  cassette  or  disk  where  you've  stored  it.  Use  the 
ENTER  rather  than  the  LOAD  command. 

Since  Line  Pacer  is  a  program  itself,  when  you 
hit  RUN  and  return,  Line  Pacer  will  take  over  with 
its  "read"  mode.  Once  you've  determined  the 
number  of  lines,  the  SELECT  button  will  control 
the  forward  movement  and  the  OPTION  button 
will  allow  you  to  backtrack. 

The  "edit"  mode  can  be  entered  by  pressing 
the  BREAK  key.  Once  you've  made  your  edit,  you 
can  go  back  to  Line  Pacer  by  typing  CONT  and 
hitting  the  return  key. 

When  you're  done  edidng  or  reading  and 
want  to  run  your  program,  just  type  GOTO  and 
the  number  of  the  first  line  of  your  actual  program, 
hie  RETURN,  and  you're  off  and  running. 


0  ?  :?  "{13  SPACEB>LINE  PACER 

(14  SPACESJ":?  :?  "<4  SPACESJAN  M.J. 
S.A.  PRD13RAM  (C)   1981":?  :? 

1  PRINT  "  TO  ADVANCE  PRESS  'SELECT'": 
?  :?  "  TD  BACKUP  PRESS  'OPTION'":? 
:? 

2  PRINT  "PRESS  BREAK  FOR  EDIT  MODE":? 

5?  "TYPE  'CONT'  AND  PRESS  RETURN  W 
HEN  YOU  HAVE  FINISHED  YOUR  EDIT" 

3  ?  :?  "HOW  MANY  LINES  PER  SELECT";: I 
NPUT  LIN: ?  : ? 

4  FDR  LST  =  <?  TO  50000  STEP  LIN 

5  LIST  LST+1 , LST+LIN 

6  IF  PEEK (53279) =5  THEN  GOTO  9 

7  IF  PEEK (53279J =3  THEN  LST=LST-L 1 N : B 
OTO  5 

8  GOTO  6 

9  NEXT  LST;GOTD  5:REM  *«  SHOULD  BE  CO 
DED  ON  TAPE  OR  DISK  WITH  'LIST'  AN 
D  CALLED  WITH  'ENTER'  6 


ATARr 


PAYROLL  SOFTWARE 

FOR  I     ^^^3 

THE  ATARI®  800 


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/V  «;r  7136  Haskell  Ave.  #204 

/    J»   lUeb  Van  Nuys,  CA  91406 

•'       '"  (213)  994-6279 

Atari  is  a  registered  tiademaik  ol  Atari,  inc 

Miles  Computing.  MILES  PAYROLL  SYSTEM.  PROGRAM  ENABLING  MODULE  aietrademarks 

of  Miles  Computing,  Van  Nuys.  Calilornia,  Not  atliliated  with  Alan,  Inc. 

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9 


ATARI 
NECESSITIES 


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A  Graphics 
Plot  For  The 
Epson  MX-80 
Printer 


William  L  Osburn 
Wyoming,  DE 


For  those  Atari  owners  with  an  Epson  MX-80 
printer  and  the  Macrotronics  Parallel  Printer  In- 
terface, here  is  a  short  BASIC  routine  which  will 
copy  a  graphics  mode  7  display  onto  the  printer. 

Before  running  this  routine,  X$  must  be 
DIMensioned  to  80  characters.  The  graphics  you 
want  copied  must  already  be  displayed  on  the 
screen. 

5200  REM  SET  UP  GRAPH  PRINTER  PLOT 

5210  LPRINT  CHRS(27);CHR$(65);CHRS(131); 
CHR$(27);CHR$(50);CHR$(15) 

5230  FOR  1  =  0  TO  159 

5240  FOR  J  =  0  TO  79:POSITION  IJrGET  #6,A 

5250  IF  A  =  OTHEN  X$(79-J+  I,79-J+  1)  =  "": 
GOTO  5270 

5255  IF  A=  1  THEN  X$(79-J+  1,79-J+  1)  =  ",": 
GOTO  5270 

5260  X$<79-J+  1,79-J+  1)  =  "*" 

5270  NEXT  J 

5280  LPRINT  X$ 

5290  NEXT  I 

5295  LPRINT  CHR$(7);CHR$(7) 

5300  END 

Line  5210  sets  up  the  horizontal  and 
vertical  spacing  of  the  Epson  MX-80.  The  com- 
mands CHR$(27);  CHR${65);  CHR$(I31); 
CHR$(27);  CHR$(50)  set  the  vertical  line  spacing 
to  3/72  of  an  inch.  The  line  spacing  can  be  set  to 
any  1/72  of  an  inch.  CHRS(I5)  sets  the  horizontal 
printing  to  132  characters  per  line.  Lines  5230  and 
5240  direct  the  pixel  scan  of  the  screen.  The  com- 
mand LOCATE  I,J,A  can  be  used  in  place  of 
POSITION  I, J:  GET  #6,  A  in  line  5240.  The 
returned  value  of  variable  A  will  be  either  0, 1 ,2,  or 
3,  depending  on  the  COLOR  exp  used  for  that 
pixel.  Lines  5250,  5255  and  5260  set  the  X$  array 
for  printing  depending  on  the  value  returned  for 
A.  In  this  case  I  used  "."  for  the  border  and  "*"  for 
the  curve.  The  border  and  the  curve  were  in  dif- 
ferent colors.  Line  5280  prints  the  string  array  X$ 
(x  =  I,  y  =  0  to  79).  Line  5295  rings  the  MX-80 
buzzer  after  the  printing  is  done.  The  plot  takes 
about  nine  minutes  to  complete  and  this  allows  me 
to  do  something  else. 

The  result  is  a  copy  of  the  screen  onto  paper. 
The  routine  rotates  the  plot  90°  clockwise  in  order 
to  print.  ® 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


255 


This  lunidy  nifnii  ruutine  makes  a  program  crash-proof. 
See  the  siibstihiiiou  in  Program  2  for  VIC. 

Flashing 
Prompt  For 
VIC  And  PET 

Glenn  Murray 
Fredericton,  N.B. 


Displaying  longer  passages  orinfornuiiioii  on  llie 
screen  means  thoosing  how  to  pause  ai  an  appro- 
priate point  to  let  ilie  nser  digest  one  section,  and 
then  move  along  to  the  next.  This  is  especially 
important  in  (".AI  programs  tor  schools,  or  any 
time  voii'rc  relating  iiisiructions  or  oiiipuiting  a 
length V  re]}ort. 

A  computer  novice,  I  began  lo  use  a  CBM 
8032  for  word  processing  last  year,  and  was  soon 
hired  into  writing  simple  programs  lo  convey 
information  on  local  history  and  astrology  via  the 
niicrocompnler.  This  iistialh  involves  long  jjassages 
of  text  and  graphics,  needing  more  than  one  scieen- 
i  ui  for  displaw 

Earlier  Versions 

At  first,  I  used  simple  INPUT  statements  lo  create 
a  pause,  such  as:  'Type  'C  to  continue",  but  this 
required  pressing  both  the  C-kcv  and  RK  TLRN  to 
move  forward.  Also,  the  possibility  always  existed 
of  simply  siiiking  RF.'i  L'RN  and  i'allingont  ofllie 
program  altogether.  To  avoid  this,  1  tried  ending 
each  passage  with  a  time-delay  (FOR  I  =  1   TO 
20000:  NEXT  to  allow  20  seconds  for  reading  that 
.segment,  for  instance).  I  soon  discovered  that 
people  read  at  widely  di(  fering  speeds,  and  are 
sometimes  interrupted  long  enough  for  an  impor- 
tant passage  lo  whiz  past  tniread.  Obviously,  this 
was  not  the  answer. 

Reverting  to  INPUT  statements,  I  tried  insert- 
ing default  \alues  at  ilie  resjDonse-point,  so  that 
most  users  would  find  the  appropriate  response 
already  in  place  and  could  simplv  press  RETURN 
to  continue.  Using  cursor-controls.  I  had  thccin'sor 
pause  and  Hash  right  on  the  default  value,  like  so: 

100  INPUT" ANOTHER  ROUND? ...' Y ' OR' N ' 

{02  RIGHT}Y{03  LEFT}";R$ 
110  IFR$<>"Y"ANDR$<>"N"THEN100 


This  was  better  than  anything  I'd  tried  earlier, 
but  it  still  wasn't  appropriate  when  the  program 
simplv  needed  a  cue  lo  continue.  F  then  discovered 
the  value  and  immediacy  of  theCili  T  staiemeui. 
Using  CiET  instead  of  INPU  I"  means  that,  even 
without  default  values,  the  user  has  to  touch  only  a 
single  key  to  register  his  lesponse.  Now.  when  the 
prompt  said  "PRESS  'C  TO  CONTINUE..."  that 
was  really  all  that  was  re<|uired.  How  wouderlul! 

'I'he  trouble  now  was  that  no  single  letter-key 
on  the  PEI7CBM  keyboard  is  quite  so  noticeable  or 
(|uite  .so  familiar  (even  to  the  casual  ttser)  as  the 
large  RETURN  key.  I  still  ielt  the  most  sensible 
and  completely  comfortable  suggestion  was: 

PRESS  RETURN'  TO  CONTINUE.,. 

The  other  problem  was  that  Ed  become  fond 
ol  the  Hashing  cursor  with  its  self-contained  default 
value  as  an  attention  getting  device  at  the  end  ol  a 
passage  of  text.  Obviouslv,  then,  the  "ideal"  prompl 
would  be  to  see  the  above  cue  (PRESS  RE'EURN 
TO  CONTINUE)  appear  at  the  bottom  of  the 
screen  aufl  Hash  slowly  until  the  res]3onse  was 
eiUered. 

The  Blinking  Prompt 

I  he  enclosed  subroutine  accomplishes  this  in  a 
\  erv  simple  fashion.  It  can  be  loaded  before  writing 
a  program  or  added  to  already  existing  programs, 
and  accessed  l)v  siniph  using  "(iOSL'B  lOOOO" 
where  vou  might  otherwise  use  an  INPU  1',  GET, 
or  lime-flelav  to  hold  a  screenful  of  text  before 
moving  on.  Ehe  words  "PRE.SS  REEURN   EO 
UON'EINUE"  will  Hash  on  the  liottom  line  ol  vour 
.screen  (line  23  —  hence  cursor-down  22  times  in 
line  101  10)  until  the  RETURN  key  is  pres.sed,  and 
then  ihe  program  continues. 

The  short  demo-jirograni  illustrates  ihe  use  of 
this  de\ice  lo  bet'innint>-pro"rannners  and  has 
plenty  of  REM  statements  lo  make  its  simplicity 
ob\ious.  It  should  work  on  most  micros,  although 
the  position  of  the  flashing  prompt  mighi  need 
adjustment  lo  appear  at  the  bottom-center  of  your 
monitor  screen.  This  version  is  (or  the  40-column 
PEE,  biu  adding  20  extra  spaces  uj  the  i  AB  indi- 
cators (that  goes  for  line  101 10  in  the  subroutine 
too!)  makes  it  look  Erne  on  the  8()-column  machine 
as  well. 

If  you  don't  want  the  fiashing  to  begin  instantly 
when  the  screenful  of  information  changes,  insert 
a  simple  time-delav  of  several  seconds  immediately 
beiore  your  "GOSL'B  1 0000"  (as  seen  in  line  260 
of  the  demo-]jrogram).   I  his  will  gi\'e  the  user  time 
to  digest  most  of  \our  informaticjii  before  the 
blinking  prompt  appears  at  the  bottom  of  the 
.screen. 


?56 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


Program  1:  Subroutine  and  Demonstration 

10  REM   BLINKING  PROMPT  SUBROUTINE 

DEMONSTRATION 
100  PRINT" {CLEAR} " 
200  PRINTTAB(7) "{08  DOWN)THIS  WILL  " 

DEMONSTRATE  THE  USE" 
210  PRINTTAB{7) "{DOWK}OF  A  BLINKING 

PROMPT  TO  CREATE" 
220  PRINTTAB{7) "{DOWN}A  PAUSE,  AND  ~ 

THEN  QUICKLY  RESUME" 
230  PRINTTAB(7) "{DOWNjANV  PROGRAM  W 

HEN  THE  USER  IS' 
240  PRINTTAB(7) " {DOWN}READY  TO  PROC 

EED, . ." 
260  FORI=1TO3000:NEXT:   REM   WAIT  T 

0  START  FLASHING 
270  GOSUB10000 
300  PRINT"{CLEAR}" 
310  PRINT" {06  D0WN}LIST  THE  PROGRAM 

&  SEE  HOW  IT  WORKS." 
320  PRINT" {02  DOWN)THE  SUBROUTINE  I 

S  AT  LINE  10000." 
330  PRINT" {02  DOWN}USE  IT  ANYTIME  V 

I A  GOSUB  STATEMENTS." 
500  END 

10000  A$="{REV}" 
10010  FORL=1TO1000 
10100  PRINT"{HOME) " 
10110  PRINTTAB(10)AS;"{22  D0WN}HIT  RE 

TURN  TO  CONTINUE" 
10120  GETR$:IFRS=CHRS (13)  THEN  RETURN 

10130  F0RI=1T0333:NEXT 

10150  IFAS="{REV}"  THEN  A5=" {OFF} " : GO 


TO10300 

10160  IFAS  =  ''{OFF}"  THEN  AS  =  "  {REV}  "  :  GO 

TO10300 
10300  NEXT  L 


Program  2:  Make  this  substitution  to  use  this  technique 
on  the  VIC. 


10110  PRINTTAB(2)AS; "{20  D0WN}HIT  RETURN  TO 
CONT  " 


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invited 

Telex  D6-986687. 


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COMPUTEI's 
First  Book  Of  VIC 


Tbe  newest  title  in.  COMPUTEi's  First  Boole  series... 

Out  First  Book  of  VTC  contains  the  best  of  our  VIC  articles  and  applications 
published  since  the  summer  of  1981.  In  one  convenient  spiral  bound  volume, 
you'll  find  approximately  200  pages  of  information. 

□  Chapter  1:  Getting  Started  □  Chapter  4:  Color  and  Graphics 

□  Chapter  8:  Diversions  -  Recreation  □  Chapter  S:  Maps  and  Specifications 
and  Education  q  Chapter  6:  Machine  Language 

□  Chapter  3:  Programming  Techniques 

In  addition  to  material  previously  published  in  COMPUTE!,  several  of  the  articles 
and  programs  including  a  screen  print  program,  append,  tutorials  on  screen 
formatting  and  keyboard  input  and  others,  are  being  published  for  the  first  time. 

Order  your  copy  of  COMPUTERS  First  Book  Of  VIC  today  by  calling  TOLL  FREE: 

800-334-0868 

In  WO  CaU  919-275-9809 

«1S.9S  plus  $2  shipping  and  hajidllng.  MasterCard,  Visa,  and  American  Express  accepted,  or 
send  your  check  or  money  order  to:  COMPUTE!  Books,  P.O.  Box  5406,  Greensboro,  NC  37403. 
US  funds  only.  Foreign  order  add  $5  for  air  mail,  $2  for  surface  delivery. 


PRODUCTS  FOR  ATARI*  400/800 
FROM  ELCOMP 


BOOKS: 

ATARI  BASIC  -  Uapminp  by  Uting 
An   cxc«INnl   boak  lor  iN-  beginner.  Manv  short  programs   ] 
and  learning  eKercises   All  imponar^t  fsatures  of  ihe  ATARI 
cDmOuieri   are   described   (icfeon   drawings,  special   sounds,   | 
key^.  eiaAJIes,  ioysticks,  jpectalijied  screen  rounn&i.  graphics, 
souna    BpohCdtions.   peeks.  PO^n.  and  special   iTuHl.   Also    I 
sogsjestions  ar*  rnadc  l^at  c^alierkge  yoj  ID  char>fle  anij  write 


pfogtani  routines 
Ord«r  #1«4 


S7.95 


Giirm  for  Ih*  ATARI  CompuMr 

Tints  Cook  describes  advanced  0(ogramming  Techniques  like   | 

plaver. missile-graphics    and    me    of    the    hardware-registera.   ; 

Coniains   manv   resdv   to   MJn   programs   in  BASIC  and  one 

tailed  GUNf  IGhT  in  nriathine  languege. 

Orctar  #162  S^-M 


Pror»n*mi'*e  '"  ^502  Miehin*  Langutgm  on  yOut  PET+CBM 
2  con^pleie  Editoi" /Assemblers   ISojrce  code  3  hcRdump  +  , 
descfipiion     plus    a    powerlu!     machine     laFiguage    mcmior 
[Heydiimpl  I 
Ord*r  #1flB  S19.95 

How  to  proqtvn  voiTf  ATARI  in  6G02  m»cfiinB  Unguvv* 
IntroduCUon  to  mjchin*  lir>piMi^  fot  the  BASIC  proflrammif   j 
Ord..  =^169  g^95 


SOFTWARE  IN  BASIC  FOR  ATARI 


Invoice  Writing  for  SmaU  Buiin«$) 
This  program  makes  writing  invoices  easy.  Store  your 
products    in    DATA    statements  with  ordef-number, 
descripiion,  an,d  price.  The  program  later  retrivesthe 
description  and  price  matching  to  the  entered  order- 
number.  The  shipping  cost  and  the  discount  n^ay  be 
calculated  automatically  depending  on  the  quantity  I 
ordered  or  entered  n^anually.  The  description  to  the  j 
program   tells  you   how  to  change  the  program  and 
adapt  it  to  your  own  needs.  Comes  with  a  couple  of 
invoice  forms  To  write  your  first  invoices  on  to  it. 
Order  #7201  cauette  version  £29,9S  I 

Order  #7200  disk  version  St39,9B  | 

Mailing  List  I 

This  menu  driven  program  allows  the  small  business 
man  to  keep  track  of  vendors  and  customers.  You  can 
search  for  a  ngme  or  address  of  a  certain  town  or  for  | 
an  address  with  a  certain  note.  50  addresses  are  put  I 
inio  one  lile. 

Order  #7212  catsotto  version  S19.95   I 

Order  #7213  disk  version  S24.95 

InvantOfy  Control 

This    program    is    menu   driven.    It   gives    you    ^e 

following    options:    read/store    data,   define    items,  j 

entry     editing,     inventory    maintenance     (incoming- 

oulgoingl,    reporis.    The    products   are   stored    with 

inventory     number,     manufacturer,     reorder      level, 

present  level,  code  number,  description. 

Order  #7214  ca»ettB  version  S19.95 

Order  J?  721 5  disk  veriion  S24.95 

Programs  from  Book  ^  164 

The  prograrns  from  book  no.  164  on  cassette.  (Book 

included) 

Order  #7100  429.00 

Game  Package 

Games  on   cassette.  (Bomber,  tennis,  smart,  cannon 

fodder,  etcj 

Ord#f#7216  .  *9.95 


Microcomputtr     HirdvuftrB 
HanAoak  l&Ab  P9q^) 
Descriptions,  pinou^s  and   I 
specificaiion^      ol       ihe 
rr\o%\   popular  microora 
cesSOfi      and      mjppd't   | 
chipj. 

A  MUST  foi  Ihe  nard- 
w.i'e  buff. 


0(  (tar-No. 


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Payment:    check,    monev    order,    VISA,    MASTER- 
CHARGE.  Euroscheck. 

Orders   (rom   oulside  USA:   add   15%  shipping.  CA 
rcsiiientsadde.SX  tax 

'ATARI  is  a  fcgislered  trademark  of  ATARI  Inc. 
'VIC-20  is  a  regisiered  trademark  ol  Commodore 


SOFTWARE  iN  MACHINE  LANGUAGE  for  ATARI 

ATMONA-1  I 

This  is  a  machine  language  monitor  that  provides  you 
with  the  most  important  commands  for  programming   I 
in   machine-language.   Disassemble,  dump   (hex  and  I 
ASCHl,  change  memory  location,  block  transfer,  fill   i 
memory  block,  lave  and  toad  machine-language  pro- 
grams,   start    programs.    Printer    option    via    three 
different  interfaces. 

Order  ■=7022  cassette  veriion  S19.95 

Order  ir7023  disk  version  $24.95 

Order  #7024  cartridge  vertlon  S59,00 

ATMONA-2 

This  is  a  tracer  (debugger)  that  lets  you  explore  the 
ATARI  RAM/ROM  area.  You  can  stop  at  previously 
selected  address,  opcode,  or  operar>d.  Also  very 
vai  uable  i  n  understanding  the  m  icroprocessor .  At 
each  stop,  all  registers  of  the  CPU  may  be  changed,  j 
Includes  ATMONA-1.  ' 

Order  #7049  c^»sette  version  S49.95 

Order  #705^^  disk  veriton  $54.00 

ATMAS 

Macro-Assembler  for  ATARhflOGMak,  One  of  the 
most  powerful  editor  assemblers  on  the  market. 
Versatile  editor  with  scrolling.  Up  to  17k  of  source- 
Code.  Very  fast,  translates  5k  source-code  in  about  5 
secondSn  Source  code  can  be  saved  on  disk  or  cessene. 
[Includes  ATMONA-1 1 

Order  #7099  dUk  veriion  289.00 

Order  #7999  carthdgi  veriipn  4129.00 

ATAS 

Same  as  ATMAS  but  without  macro-capabiHty. 
Cassette-based. 

Order  #  709B  32k  RAM  «49.95 

!  Order  ^799S  48k  RAM  »49-95 

ATEXT-1 

This  wordprocessor  is  an  excellent  buy  for  your 
money.  It  features  screen  oriented  editing,  scrolling, 
I  string  search  [even  nested),  left  and  right  margin 
justification.  Over  30  commands.  Text  can  be  saved 
on  disk  or  cassene, 

Order  #7210  cajsette  version  *29.95 

Order  #7216  tfiik  wenion  S34.95 

Order  =^7217  canridge  veriion  S69.00 

GUNFIGHT 

This  game  l&k  machine-language)  needs  two  joysticks. 

Animation    and    sound.   Two  cowboys  fight  against 

each  other.  Comes  on  a  bootable  cassette. 

Order  #7207  SI  9.95 


FORTH  for  the  ATARI 


FORTH  Irom  Elcomp  Pubtithing,  Inc.  is  an  extended 
Fig-Forthversion,  Editor  and  I/O  package  included. 
Utility  package  includes  decompiler,  sector  copy, Hex- 
dump  lASCIIl,  ATARI  Filehandling,  total  graphic 
and  sound,  joystick  program  5nd  player  missile. 
Extremely  powerful! 

Order -=7055  disk  S39.95 

Floating  point  package  with  trigonometric  functions 
(0-90"], 

Order  #7230  disk  S  29.95 

Learn-FORTH  from  Elcomp  Publishing,  Inc. 
A    subset   of    Fig-Fortfi    for   the    tieginner.    On  disk 
(32k  RAM)  or  on  cassene  (16k  RAMI. 
Order  ^7053  SI 9.95 


Expansion  boards  for  the  APPLE  II 


j  Care  and  Feeding  of  the  Commodore  PET 
Eight    chapters    exploring    PET    hardware.    Includes 
repair    and    interfacing    information.    Programming 

I  tricks  and  schematics. 

I  Order  #150  S9.95 


The  Cufiom  Appl*  +  Oth(r  Myif*rl« 

A  compiefe  gunde  to  cusiommrq  ihe 

AppJe  Soiiware  und  Hardwai'e 

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.     We  also  Slock   Ihe  txards  whic'Ti  are 

ffi&A         used    m    Ww    book    "Tne    Cusiom    | 

_  ■        /Mni  Apple         "  IbaretWfdal 

■CjQ|KJ^H    €5ti  I/O  Board  No.  605 

^^^^^^^H    EPROM  Burnei  No.  607 

^■"...^SVjFi^lH    BKEPnOM/RAM  Board 

^^^^^^^^^^^a  Prototvping  board  iot  ih« 
^^^^^^^^^M    Appli  It  hfo.604 

Slot  rapagter  board  for  tha  App^a  it  No.  60S 

Ofdrr  iwn  •j'ldffi-;  arMl  np:  [lie  ryooli  -f'^e  ' 

COMING  SOON  !      ORDER  NOW  ! 
A  Ljdk  in  1ti«  futurfl  with  your  ATARI 
!A-irr0lD3v    and    Sow    to    do    vout    own    horoscope    on    Shtj   I 
ATAfiieoO,  Ord«r  No,  171  69.95 

FORTH  on  lh*  ATARI  -  Learning  fay  Vtinq  \ 

Orttar  No.  170  £7.95 


neoEtonopK 

A- en  Kir  M^mm? 


>a9.oo 

t49.0O 


Jig.WJ 


129.00 
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ELCOMP  PUBLISHING,  INC 

53  Redrock  Lane 

Pomona,  CA  91766 

Pfiorie:  (714)623  8314 


Software 

for 

ATARI 

VIC-ZO 

OSi 

StWCLAIR 

TIMEX 


Hardware  -  ADD-ONS  for  ATARI 

I  PRINTER  INTERFACE 

I  This  construc!ion  article  comes  with  printed  circuit 

I  board  and  software.  You  can  use  the  EPSON  printer 

1  without   (he  ATARI   printer   interface.    IWorks  with 

I  gameports  3  and  4). 

l0riJer#7211  »19-9S 

I  RS-Z32  Interface  for  your  ATARI  400/800 

I  Software   with   connector   and    consiruclion  article. 

I  Order  #7291  *19-95 

I  EPROM  BURNER  for  ATARI  400/800 

I  Works  with  gameports.  No  additional  power  supply 

[needed.    Comes    compl.    assembled    with    software 

1(2716.3732,25321. 

I  Order  #7042  »1 79.00 

j  EPROM  BURNER  (or  ATARI  400/800  KIT 

I  Printed    circuit    board    incl.   Software  and   extensive 

I  construction  article, 

1  Order  #7292  849.00 

EPROM  BOARD  (CARTRIOGEI 
I  Holds  two  4k  EPROMs  (2S32I.  EPROMs  not  included, 
I  Order  #  7043  »29-9S 


EPROM  BOARD  KIT 

Same  as  above  but  bare  board  only  with  rlescnption.  I 

Order  #7224  814.96  ] 


ATARI.  VIC-20,  Sinclair,  Timex  and  OSi 


New  -  for  your  ATARI  400/SOO 
Aitrologv  arid  Bioryttim  for  ATARI  (caii.  or  diskl. 
Order  #7223  S29.95| 

Birth  control  with  the  ATARI  IKnaus  Ogino) 
Order  #7322  Cass,  or  disk  S29,95 1 

Books  -I-  Software  for  VIC-20  (requires 3k  RAM  Exp. 1 1 
#4870  Wordprocessortor  VIC-20.  8k  RAM  819.951 
#4883  Mailing  List  for  VIC-20,  16k  RAM  814.951 
#141  Tricksfor  VlCs.The  VlCstory  Prosr.  89.951 
#4880    TICTACVIC  89.951 

#4831    GAMEPACK  I  l3Game!)  814.951 

#4885    OualJoy5tict<  Instruction  89.951 

INPUT/OUTPUT  Programming  with  your  VIC 
Order  #4886  89.95  I 

^4896    Miniassembler  for  VIC-20  819,95 

#4B81    Tennis.  Squash.  Break  S9.95 

#4894    Runfill  for  VIC  S9.95  | 

Urviversal  Experimenter  Board  lor  the  VIC-20 
1  (Save    money    with    this    great    board).   This   board  | 
I  plugs  right   into   the  expansion  slot  of  the  VIC-20. 
I  The  board  contains  a  large  prototyping  area  for  your  I 
I  own  circuit  design  and  expansion.  The  construction  r 
article  shows  you  how  to  buil-!  yrur  own  3k  RAM 
expander  and  ROM -board. 
I  Order  #4844  818.95  | 

Software  for  SINCLAIR  ZX-81  and  TIMEX  1000 
#2399    Machine  Language  Monitor  S9.95| 

#2398    Mailing  List  819.951 

Programming  in  BASIC  and  machine  language  with  I 
the  ZX-Bl  (831  or  TIMEX  lOOO. 
Order  #140  Ibookl  39.95 1 

Books  for  OSI 
#167      The  First  Book  of  Ohio  87 .951 

^158     The  Second  Book  of  Ohio  87.951 

#159     The  Third  Book  of  Ohio  87.951 

#  1 60  The  Fourth  Book  of  Ohio  87 .95  [ 
#161      The  Fifth  Book  of  Ohio  87.951 

#  1 51  8K  Microsoft  8ASIC  Ref.  Man.  89.95  I 

#  1 52  Expansion  Handbook  for  6602  and  6802  89.95  I 

#  1 53  Microcomputer  Appl.  Notes  89.95  j 

Complex  Sound  Generation 

New    revised    applications    manual    for  the    Texas  I 

Instruments  SN  76477  Complex  Sound  Generator.  [ 
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I  Smal  I  Business  Programs     Order  #  1 56 

Complete  listings  for  tt>e  business  user.  Inventory. 
Invoice  Writing.  Mailing  List  and  much  more.  Intro- 
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II    III    II  m     -     «  > 

A;     _m_ M_  g 

ATARI      ■■■■II  i 

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^fOReaKde^           174.  I 

225'pAun£e^              157a  S 

mEdi^^ia^Gn^        sua  I 

4iS  pA/YiO/m/m&u      *54.  5 

ATARI  Software  | 

CX4104  Mailing  List Si 7  ^ 

0X14007  Music  Composer 43  S 

Programming  2  &  3 20  j 

Conversational  Languages                43  ? 

CX4018Pilot 57  B 

CX405  Pilot 97  I 

CS81 26  Microsoft  Basic          .          65  i 

CXL4022  Pac-Man 31  i 

CXL4020  Centipede 31  I 

CXL4009  Computer  Chess  .......    26  | 

CSL4011  Star  Raiders 33  | 

GXL4012  Missile  Command 26  « 

CSL4013  Asteroids 26  | 

-_- i 

»  ^aMMSEKVICEI  I 

I     ^ !  5 

S     For  fasf  delivery,  send  certilied  or  cashier  ^ 

a     chec*ts.  money  orders,  or  direct  bank  wire  5 

£     Iranslers.    Personal  checks  allow  2  to  3  m 

S     weeks  to  clear.  Prices  relied  cash  discount  ~ 

5     and  are  subject  10  change.  Add  ?%  lor  credit  * 

J      card  purchases.   Shipping  — Software  S2  S 

S      Minimum.  Hardware— call.  Foreign  inquiries  ? 

J     invited— add  15%  for  shipping.  Ohio  resi-  j 

S     dents  add  6.5%  sate  fax  5 


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2,16/663-2032 

jCaii  Toll  Free 

1-800-482-7254 

'  outside  Ohio 

Mon.-Sat.  10-6  EST 


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Queue  Discount  Software 

Free  Catalogues 

Games,  Education,  Business,  Utilities  — 

The  most  comprehensive,  complete  catalogues 

available  anywhere. 


Connecticut  Phone  No.  203-335-0908  or  1-800-232-2224 

CALL  FOR  FREE  CATALOGUE,  OR  TO  ORDER  YOUR  FAVORfTE  SOFTWARE 


Educational  —  K-9  —  Catalogue  #8 


•  Apple,  PET,  TRS-80  —  Hundreds  of  programs 


Educational  —  High  School  and  College  —  Catalogue  #9 


•  Apple,  PET,  TRS-80  —  Hundreds  of  programs 


Atari  —  Catalogue  #10 


•  Acorn 

•  Adventure  International 

•  Arcade  Plus 

•  ArtscI 

•  Atari  Incorporated 

•  Automated  Simulations 

•  Avalon  Hill  Game  Company 

•  Binary 

•  Broderbund 

•  Budgeco 

•  Cavalier 

•  Computer  IMagic  Ltd. 

•  Conduit 

•  Datasoft 

•  Don't  Ask  Software 

•  Dorsett 

•  Dynacomp 

•  Educational  Activities 

•  Educational  Soft  Edu-Soft 

•  Edu-Ware 

•  Gebelli 

•  Infocom 

•  In-Home  Software 

•  Innovation  Design  (IDSI) 
■  JMH  Software 


•  JV  Software 

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•  Krell 

•  Lightning  Software 

•  LJK 

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•  On-line  Systems 

•  Optimized  Systems  Software 

•  Program  Design  Inc  (PDI) 

•  Prism  Computer 

•  Quality  Software 

•  Rocklan  Corp. 

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•  Strategic  Simulation 

•  Sublogic 

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•  Synergestic  Software 

•  T.H.E.S.I.S. 

•  United  Software  of  America 

•  Visicorp 

•  Voyager  Software 

•  Versa  Computing 
and  many,  many  more 


VIC-20- Catalogue  #11 


•  American  Peripherals 

•  Britey 

•  Coir^.  Data 

•  JMH 

•  Micro  Ed 


•  Microphys 

•  Startecfi 

•  United  Microware  International 
and  many,  many  more 


Apple  Catalogue  #12 


The  most  comprehensive  selection  available  anywhere  —  over  140  publishers 

QUEUE,  INC. 

5  Chapel  Hill  Drive,   Fairfield,  CT  06432 


December  198Z  Issue  31 


COMPUTE! 


259 


Joystick  Controller 
For  Atari  And 
Commodore 

Sunconi  has  iiuioducecl  Slar- 
figluer.  The  Ultimate  Joystick, 
complete  willi  n  two  year  factory 
liiiiiied  waiTaiity,  and  Slik  Slik,  a 
direct  replacement  joystick. 

Slarfitrhter  transfers  move- 


ment directly  from  the  user's 
haiifl  to  the  internal  contacts.  Its 
rounded  sliape  helps  eliminate 
the  muscle  fatigue  experienced 
when  using  joysticks  for  extended 
periods  ol  lime. 

Starfightcr's  suggested  list 
]5ricc  is  516.95.  Slik  Stik,  a  90  dav 
warranty  direct  replacemenl 
controller,  li.sts  for  S9.95.  Both 
are  compatible  with  the  Atari 


Siinfotn's  Slfirfightcr  and  Slik  Slik 


an 


ATARI® 

Cartridge 
Storage  Case 

is  ideal  for  anyone. 

So  don't  wait 
for  the  attractive 

8  Cartridge 
Storage  System 

$15.95 
by  Data  Fa  ire 


UlTl'  is  whiit  vtui  havf 
been  kwkinj;  f(ir 

ASTRO 

Can  vi>ii  linuij^e  <inv  i^i  thts  pl.uiL'tiitJs  in  our 
sol.ir  sv-^l^-ni  .itid  l^iid  on  il?  Chiitisf  .inv  nl  Iht^ 
pl^ini'ts  OT  [hr  l^rgv  moons  .ind   lr\-  to  Kind 
>,itl'ly     l.ith  on^"  h.is  it's  olvil  ,li"si'riplion  .ind 
,k;t<ivit.ilionaL  puti  .md  is  a  simiiblK^n  ol  an  ac 
lual  LiiidiciK  Atari  32K.  Disk  Sis  MS- 
DATA  FAIRE 
1614  SPEYER 
REDONDO  BEACH,  CA  90278 
(2131374-8743 
(213>379-5798 

DFALFK  [NQUIKIES  INVITED 

Atari '  IS  a  rijiisit-ri-d  tradtnuirls  of  Atari,  liii . 
PLEASE  ADDS2.00Shni'riNC  FOR  MAM.  I.>KI)I  l(S.  CO.D  ORDI  KS  .\t  I.  KITH") 


VC;S  home  game  console.  Sears 
Tete-game,  C'ommodore  and 
Atari  400/800  personal  computer 
systems. 

Sinifom.  Inc. 
270  lioilmmk  Drive 
Whi-rliuii,.  IL  h(/()00. 
t3 12)541 -SSI  6 

Light  Pen  For 
The  VIC-20 

Sunshine  Peripherals  receiuly 
introduced  a  light  pen  for  the 
VK^'iO.  A  light  pen  allows  the 
user  to  interact  directly  with  the 
conijniter  without  using  the 
kevboard.  This  device  is  especially 
useful  for  preschool  children 
who  could  benefit  from  the  VIC 
hut  have  difficulty  using  a  con- 
fusing keyboard. 

.A  positive  feature  of  the 
Touch-n-LJght  Pen  is  a  touch 
switch  to  acti\ate  the  pen,  instead 
of  a  mechanical  oi-  pressiu'e 
switch.  This  reduces  fatigue, 
since  there  is  no  need  to  press 
anything  while  holding  the  pen. 
Also,  the  computer  can  indepen- 
dently monitor  the  status  of  the 
toucii  switch. 

The  light  pen  consists  ol'a 


GRAPHICS  HARDCOPY 


Dumps  anything  on  scfe&n  of  ATARI 
400/600  to  printer.  All  graphics  arMd  lexl 
modes.  Playsfs/ Missiles /scaling/ grey 
sca!e/GTIA/morel  Works  with  EPSON, 
Centronics  739,  IDS  and  Trendcom, 
'ATARI  Js  B  registered  trademark  of 
ATARI  Computer  Inc. 


^*^^^         T.ifli 


(2091  634-8888/667-;e8a 

ROTPONICS.irx:.. 

25  N.  Golden  Slate  Blvd- 
Tuflock.  Califotnia  95380 


.LHlt-li:Lit.ll«^14:t.|A.HJ:l4.1l 


CO.D. 


FRIENDLY  SERVICE 


Qs.  commodore 
VIC20 $179 

VIC  1530  Dalasette %  59 

V!C  1540  Disk  Drive J299 

ViC  1525  Graphics  Printer J309 

VIC  1210  3K  Memory  Expander  ,,.,.$  34 

VICl  1 10  8K  Memofy  Expander %  52 

VIC  1 1 1 1  16K  Memory  Expander  . . .  .  S  92 
VIC  1011  RS232Terminallntertace-  .S  43 

VICl2n  Super"Eicpander S  52 

VIC  1212  Programmers  Aid  Cartridges  45 
VIC  1213  Vicmon  Machine  Language 

Monitor S  45 

VL  102  Inlroduclion  to  Basic 

Programming ,S  21 

VT106A  Recreation  Pack J  45 

VT  107A  Homo  Calculation  Pack $  45 

VT164  ProgrammabieCharaelerSel  S  12 

VIC  1600  VIcmodem  S  89 

VIC  1311  Joystick  i     B 

VIC  1312  Game  Paddles S  16 

VM  Programmers  Reference  Guide.  .S  14 

VIC  Software 

Avenger  $  23 

Superslot ,S  23 

Super  Alien. , ¥  23 

Jupiter  Lander J  23 

DrawPoker.. $23 

Midnigfit  Drive $  23 

Radar  Ral  Race $  23 

Raid  on  Fort  Knox S  23 

Sargon  II  Ctiess $  29 

Super  Smasti S  23 

Cosmic  Cruncher  $  23 

Gorf J  29 

Omega  Race  $  29 

Money  Wars %  23 

Menagerie  i  23 

Cosmic  Jaifbreak  $  23 

Clowns $23 

Garden  Wars $  23 

Sea  Wolf S  23 

Adventureland $  29 

Pirate  Cove S  29 

Mission  Impossible - ...  $  29 

The  Count ..  .  .S  29 

Voodoo  Castle S  29 

The  Sky  is  Falling  $  23 

Mole  Attack S  23 

Bingo  Speed  Math i  23 

Home  Babysitter S  23 

Visible  Solar  System $  23 

Personal  Finance  $  29 

United  Microwars 

Spiders  ol  Mars $  34 

MeteorRun  $  34 

Amok(C) $  17 

Alien  Blitz  (C) $  17 

Skymalh J  12 

Spacedivision $  12 

Super  Hangman i  14 

The  Alien  $  17 

3D  Maze S  12 

Kosmic  Kamikaze ,  .S  17 

Sub  Chase $  17 

Amok(CT) $  27 

Renaissance $  34 

Alien  Blitz(CT> S  27 

Cloud  Burst $  27 

Satellites  and  Meleorttes $  34 

Outworld   S  34 

Creative  Software 

Black  Hole $  36 

Trashman $  36 

Astrobtitz $  36 

City  Bomber  i  Mitielield $20 

Apple  Panic S  36 

Choplifter $36 

Serpentine $36 

American  Peripherals 

Snakman $  18 

Astrobase-2001 $10 

Victoroids $  25 

inlrudef-ScramtJIe t  18 

Mobile  Attack  $25 

Crack  $  25 

Guardian  $  25 

Quark J  25 


APPLE  SOFTWARE 
NEW 


APPLE 
SPECIALS 


Lazer  Maze $  20 

Federation $  20 

Shootoiit  at  the  O.K.  Galaxy $  19 

Sea  Fox .  .$  20 

SpaceKadat $24 

Mars  Cars $  20 

Money  Muncher .$  20 

Vorlex $  20 

Pandora's  Box $  20 

High  Orbit.  - $  20 

Kamikaze j  23 

Shuttle  Intercept $  23 

Free  Fall $  20 

Wayout $  27 

The  Blade  of  Blackpool $  27 

All  Baba*  the  Forty  Thieves $  22 

Guadacanat $  39 

The  Cosmic  Balance $  27 

Galactic  Gladiators $  27 

Juggles  Rainbow $  30 


Bumble  Games %  39 

BumblePloi $  39 

Gertrude's  Secrets J  49 

Gertrude's  Puzzfes S  49 

Rocky's  Boots $  49 

Pesi  Patrol $  20 

Lunar  Leeper $  20 

Cannonball  Blitz $  23 

Laffpak $  23 

Frazzle $  17 

Firebug $  17 

S.E.U.I.S .,.$  27 

Snooper  Troops*1 $30 

Snooper  Troops  #2 $  30 

Story  Machine $  23 

Face  Maker  %  23 

Lazer Silk ,.$  20 

Zenith $  23 

Phaser  Fire $  20 

Prisoner  II $  22 


***  SPECIALS  OF  THE  MONTH  *** 

Slagh  24K  Memoi^  Board  —  VIC  20 $  145 

Slaghesiot  Expansion  Mother  Board S  119 

Smartmodem  II $  269 

Amdex  Color  II  Moriitor $  759 

NEC  3510  Printer S1699 

Microline  84  Printer $1089 

The  Grappler  Plus  s  1 39 

Novation  Apple  Cat  II  Modem $  329 

Verbatim  Disks  (Box) $     27 

Anadex  Printer $1 289 

Hayes  Smartmodem  1200 $  539 

Hayes  Chronograph S  199 

System  Saver  Fan  $    65 

The  Joyport S     53 

Wico  Tracltball S     49 

Wico  Joystlcit $    23 

Wico  Joystick  Deluxe $     26 

Wico  Famous  Red  Ball  Joystick $    24 

Computer  Outlet 

Park  Place  —  Upper  Level 

1095  E.  Twain  ~  (702)  796-0296 

Las  Vegas,  Nevada  89109 

Call  Toil  Free  800-634-6766 

We  accept  Major  Credit  Cards 

Mon.-Fri.  8  A.M. -6  P.M. 

Sat.  9  A.M.-5  P.  M. 


Entertainment 

8ez-Wars       J  19 

BezMan        $  15 

Baseball    $  20 

Peeping  Tom  $  23 

Fly  Wars $  20 

Kabul  Spy _ $23 

The  Gauntlel  $  24 

Sherwood  Forest $  23 

The  Oueen  of  Phobos .$  23 

Zero  Gravity  Pmball j  20 

Amoeba  Man    j  24 

Marauder         j   24 

Knight  of  Diamonds     $  24 

Cytron  Masters $  21 

Star  Blazer j  22 

Swashbuckler $  23 

Twerps J  20 

Minotaur j  23 

Lemmings  .    $   20 

Bandits  ^   23 

Dueling  Digits  j   20 

Cyclod     5   20 

Progger {   23 

CnophllBf J   23 

Serpent  me 5  23 

Davirl's  Midnight  Magic $  23 

Escape  (A2.SG  1 ) j   22 

Congo  J    23 

GoJdruSh  $23 

Pifl  Pen    $   20 

Tunnel  Terror j   20 

Threshold j  27 

Time  Zone j   65 

Ulysses  &  The  Golden  Fleece       ,  .    $   23 

Gorgon  $   27 

CeiJingZero 5    20 

Raster  Blaster        $   20 

Business 

Screenwriter  li $     S^ 

Visicalc  3,3  .. .    $  179 

The  Word  Handler $  129 

Magic  Window s     65 

Magic  Mailer  .  .  ,      ,s     45 

Magic  Words j     45 

Real  Estate  Analyzer  II I  125 

Supercalc $185 

PFS:  Report  (New) $     65 

Trie  General  Manager  .  $     97 

D,B,  Master $    159  . 

Pascal  Programmer $     89 

PieV/nter    .$    gs 

Wordstar $  219 

Datalax j  129 

Datalink j     65 

The  Home  Accountant  i     52 

Periptierals 

Micfomodem  II s  269 

Novation  AppleCal  II  Modem  S  319 

Tht!  Joyport  ,      S     53 

The  Grappler  Plus     ...  S    129 

Game  Paddles S     26 

Bamplus32K     $159 

Card  Reader      $1219 

The  Clock      s  229 

Rana  Elile  One  Disk  Drive S  359 

System  Saver $65 

NEC  3610  Printer $1699 

NEC  12    Green  Screen  Monitor  $   169 

Microline84  Printer  .  J1089 

Amdek  Color  II  Monitor  $759 

Versa  Writer  Graphics  Tablet  S  239 

Ramcard $139 

Softcard       S   269 

TDe  Compuler  Outlet  is  an 
associate  ol  The  Computer 
Learning  Ceniei  Far  Chti- 
0ren  We  are  experts  in 
educational  technology  anri  can  custom- 
ize educational  software  curnculums  for 
school  districts,  inrjivirjuei  schools,  or  for 
the  chilrj  at  home.  Please  contact  us 
about  your  software  and  equipment  re- 
qutrements  antj  feel  free  to  stop  by  our 
school  in  Las  Vegas 

We  have  one  ol  the  worlti's  largest 
e^Sucalionai  software  inventories  featur- 
ing our  own  Computer  Learning  Center 
software 


Ten  Little  Robots  lATARI) 
Pre  School  Math  lATAR!) 


$12,95 
$19.95 


ATARI  ™    tJEW  LOWER  PRICES 

TOP  SELLERS 


Atari 


800  48K..$619 
400  16K..$259 


410  Recofder S  75 

810  Disk  Drive  $419 

825Pnnter J679 

830  Modem J155 

850  [filerface  S165 

481  Erlertainer  S  79 

4B2EdLCalor St19 

483  Programmer I  55 

484  Ccmmunicalor J299 

853  16KRann I  75 

The  Bookkeeper  Kit S169 

ATARI  Software 

CX4104  Mailing  LisI   I  19 

CX404  Word  Processor $115 

CXL4007  Music  Composer %  45 

PrQgramming2  &3  S  22 

Conversational  Lansuages S  45 

CX401B  Pilot S  59 

CX405  Pilot $  99 

CXL4003  Assembler  Editor S  45 

CXB126  Microsoft  Basic $  67 

CXL4022  Pac  Man I  33 

CX8130  Caverns  of  Mars $  29 

CXL4020  Centipede -    -I  33 

CXL4006  Super  Breakout I  28 

CXL400S  Space  Invaders S   28 

CXL4009  Computer  Chess $  28 

CXL4D11  Star  Raiders S  33 

CXL40 12  Missile  Corrjmand J  28 

CXL4013  Asteroids I  28 

The  Bookeeper. S105 

Home  Filing  Manager 5  37 

Atari  Speed  Reading S  54 

My  First  Alphatjet  J  26 

Business  &  Utilities 

Visicalc. S169 

Mai!  Merge $  20 

Data  Perfect $  75 

Letter  Perfect $105 

Text  Wizard $  65 

Disk  Detective $  20 

Da1asm65  2.0    S  59 

File  Manager  800  +   $66 

Syn  Assembler $  34 

Page6 1  20 

Atari  World $  39 

K-Dos  $  59 

Micropainter $  23 

Color  Print i  27 

Lisp  Interpreter $  79 

Bishops  Square , .$  20 

Graphic  Master $  27 

Graphic  Generator  $  17 

Basic  Compi  ler $  65 

Programming  Techniques 

Display  Lists  S  17 

Horiz/Vert  Scroll $  17 

Page  Flipping $  17 

Basics  of  Animation S  17 

Player  Missile  Graphics $  24 

Sound $  17 

Data  Files S  24 

For  Fast  Delivery,  send  certified  or  cashier 
checks,  money  orders,  or  direct  bsnk  wire 
transfers.  Personal  ctjecl^s  allow  2  to  3 
weeks  to  clear  Prices  reflect  a  cast}  dis- 
couni  only  and  are  subiecl  to  change. 
Shipping— Sollware  ($2.00  Minimum). 
Hardware— call.  Foreign  inpuiries  intited 
—  add  T5%  For  shipping  Nevada  residents 
add  sales  tan. 


Temple  ol  Apshal $  27 

HasterBlaster $  20 

Apple  Panic ,  .$  20 

Crossfire S  20 

Threshold $  27 

Mousakattack S  23 

Krazy  Shootout  S  34 

Deadline $  34 

TumbleBugs $  20 

Pool  1.5 $  23 

Crypts  of  Terror $  23 

Richochet $  15 

Empireof  IheOvormind S  23 

Tanktics $  20 

Match  Racers S  20 

Wiz  &  Princess S  22 

Mission:  Asteroid  S  17 

AM  Baba  &  the  Forty  Thieves $  22 

The  Shattered  Alliance $  27 

BugAltack J  20 

Canyon  Climber. $  20 

Shooting  Arcade $  20 

Pacific  Coast  Highway $  20 

Clowns  &  Balloons I  20 

Ghost  Hunter $  23 

Preppie $  20 


Rear  Guard S  17 

LunarLander $  17 

War $  17 

Star  Warrior $  27 

Invasion  Orion $  17 

Dragon's  Eye S  20 

Crush,  Crumble  &Chomp $  20 

Jawbreaker  S  2C 

Pathfinder  $  23 

ZorkI $  27 

Zorkll $27 

Action  Quasi $  20 

Softporn  Adventure .S  20 

Deluxe  Invaders $  23 

Protector  $  23 

Dodge  Racer $  23 

Chicken  $  23 

Nautilus $  23 

Alien  Hell $  15 

MarTesoro $  17 

Galactic  Chase $  20 

Alien  Swarm I  23 

Intruder $  23 

Lords  of  Karma $  15 

B-1  Nuclear  Bomber S  12 

Rescue  at  Rigei S  20 


***  SPECIALS  OF  THE  MONTH  *** 

ELEPHANT  DISKS  (BOX) $22 

HAYES  SMARTMODEM $229 

FRIENDLYTERIWiNAL  SOFTWARE  PACKAGE (ATARi) $  39 

MOSAIC  32K  RAM $99 

RAMDISK  (12SK) $429 

AMDEK  COLOR  I  MONITOR S329 

PERCOM  DOUBLE  DENSITY  DRIVE $639 

NEC  8023A  PRINTER $479 

K-DOS $59 

OS/A  +   $  59 

BASIC  A  +    $  59 

FLIP  N' SORT  DISKETTE  BOX $  21 

(Holds  50  Diskettes) 
FLIP-SORT  CARTRIDGE  BOX $  21 

(Holds  10  Atari  Computer  Cartridges) 

AXIOM  GP-100  GRAPHICS  PRINTER $299 

AXIOM  IMP-4  GRAPHICS  PRINTER $499 

Computer  Outlet 

Park  Place  —  Upper  Level 

1095  E.  Twain  —  (702)  796-0296 

Las  Vegas,  Nevada  89109 

Call  Toll  Free  800-634-6766 

We  accept  Major  Credit  Cards 

Mon.-Fri.  8  A.M. -6  R  M. 

Sat.  9  A.M.-5  P.  M. 


NEW 

Atari 

Atari  Program  Exchange 

Salmon  Run $  19 

Galatiad  and  The  Holy  Grail $  19 

Seven  Card  Stud %  13 

Advanced MusicSystem $  23 

Elementary  Biology $  25 

Frogmasier  S  19 

Checkering $  19 

Automated  Simulations 

Upper  Reaches  of  Apshal $  15 

Curse  of  Ra   $  15 

King  Arthur's  Heir $  20 

Escape  from  Vulcan's  Isle S  20 

Crypt  of  the  Undead $  20 

The  Nightmare $  20 

Broderbund 

David's  Midnight  Masic $  23 

Track  Attack $  20 

Star  Blazer S  22 

Choplifter $  23 

DeaCly  Secrets ■ .  $  23 

Stellar  Shuttle i  20 

Datasofi 

spell  Wirard S  53 

Sands  of  Egypt  S  27 

O'Ritey's  Mine S  23 

Rosen's  Brigade I  23 

Fathoms  Forty J  23 

Gebetii 

Doctor  Goodcode's  Cavern S  20 

Firebird S  34 

Embargo S  34 

Innovative  Design 

Pool  400 S  27 

Speed vaay  Blast I  27 

JV  Software 

Ghost  Encounters S  20 

KByte 

K-razy  Kritters S  34 

K-Star  Patrol   $  34 

KRazy Antiks S  34 

L  &  S  Computerware 

Crosswetd  Magic  $  34 

Lightning  Software 

Master  Type S  27 

On- Line 

Frogger ^  i  23 

Ulysses  and  The  Golden  Fleece  — $  23 

Ultima  I .S  27 

Ultima  II  J  39 

Roklan  Corp. 

Gorf(d) $  27 

Wizard  of  Wor(d) $   27 

Anti  Sub  Patrol  (d) J  20 

Gorf(CT) $  30 

Wizard  ol  Wor  (CTl $  30 

AntiSubPalroMCI I  15 

Sentient 

Cyborg $  23 

Gold  Flush  $  23 

Sirius 

Space  Eggs S  20 

Sneakers .$  20 

Cyclod  $  20 

Snake  Byte S  20 

Bandits $  23 

WayOul S  27 

Fast  Eddy $  20 

Deadly  Duck S  20 

World  War  I S  23 

Beanie  Bopper %  23 

Strategic  Simulations 

Battle  olStiiloh S  27 

Tigers  in  the  Snow S  27 

The  Cosmic  Balance $  27 

Synapse 

Slime 5  23 

Stiamus .S  23 

Apocalypse %  23 

Raptillian i  23 

Picknick  Paranoia $  23 

Claim  Jumper  ......,...$  23 


/ATAHI 
•100  16K 
JIORECORDEO 
800  1SK 

810  DISK  DRIVE 
PEHCOM  DID  DISK  DRIVE 
825  PRINTER 
830  MODEM 
B'M  INTERFACE 
LE  STICK 

NEWPORT  PROSTICK  ISO 
VERBATIM  SS/OD  DISKS 
MAXELL  SS/5D  DISKS 
JoysticKs  or  Paddles 
The  Enterlainer 
The  Programmer 
The  Educator 
rue  Gommunicaior 
Caverns  o1  Mars 
CenlipecJe 
Pac  Man 
Star  Raiders 
^pple  Panic 
C^anyon  Climtwr 
Choplllter 

Clown*  and  Ballooni 
Cfosslire 
Frogger 
Gorl 

Jawbreaker 
K-Razy  Shootout 
Mouskaitack  ; 

Pacllic  Ceatt  Highway  i 

Path'inder  j 

Prappte  I 

Protector 
Tlirestiold 
Track  Attack 
Tutntile  Bugs 
Rf^nd^vous  ■ 

Zork  l/ll 
Vlilcalc 
APX  Sotlware 
Apple  Software 
TRS-SO  Software 

commodore 

VIC  ir>i!i  pntNTER 
■l/IC  ir.30  RAT  ASSET  TEj 

yic  iftjii  niSK  DRIVE 

VIC  lOOO  VICMOUfM 

VIC  1211  site    tXCANDFtl 

VIC  ifiK  Mi  M  rxpANDrn 

yiCHK  Mf  M   fXPANDER 

icon  Adami  Adven 

ytc  Aw!ngiM 

Siipor  Alien 

jiipiret  La 

lUidnFtrtil  Hmk  I 

Om«ea  Rac*  | 

Sargon  II  Chess 

Corf 

PRINTERS 
Aaioni  Imp  -10 
J,,.^ ._....   „^ 

I  )hidala  Micrulirii-  S?A 
I  pson  MX  10O'ai;iltr;i> 
MONITORS 

Sanyo  I?]'  Grci-n 

;  anyo  la"-  Color 

mdex  vidno  31)0 


P.O.  Box  1038.  Placcrville,  CA  95667 

j  91^/621 -1090 

TO  ORDER  CALL  OR  WRITE 

Fast  delivery.  sl'jkJ  ctrlifiL'tl  chpck  or 
monov  order  PcrsorMl  ch«tk  icqdires  2 
•Mtifiii^  lo  clcnr  COD  sliipping,  Mnndlint) 
CJitta  VISA  &  MASTERCARD  add  3«h.. 
California  as  add  6%  shIos  tn*  Inchido 
ie)ephono   lumDcr  with  ordtr   Pncvs  and 

products  SMl>|fCl  '0  (^hitnijif 


light  sensitive  pen  barrel  con- 
nected to  electronic  circuit rv  bv  a 
three  foot  Jigiituei^lu  cable. 
Since  the  clcclronics  circuit  is  on 
a  board,  the  pen  Ixirrel  is  ihinnei". 
The  circuit  board  Jjlugs  into  tiic 
VIC's  user  port  and  is  ready  to 
use  with  onh'  minor  "liming." 

A  free  denionsliaiion  pro- 
gram accompanies  the  unit,  as 
well  as  complete  documcmaiion 
on  installation,  operation,  and 
programming.  The  Touch-n- 
Light  Pen  retails  lor  $75.  Also 
a\ailable  is  ediicaiional  and 
recreational  sol'iware  which 
retails  tor  S9.95  to  .SI 4.95, 

SiinsliiiH'  P/'yip/irnils  fur. 
1229  Edsl  2Slh  Simi 
Brooklyn.  NY  11210 

CyberLOOO  Turtle 
For  The  Apple 

Cybertronics  has  released  the 
CyberLOGO  rnrtle,  an  open- 
ended  computer  literacy  learning 
environment.  It  runs  on  any 
Apple  I!  in  bSK  (no  language 
card  is  reqtiired).  The  Gyber- 
LOGO  Turtle  provides  these 
LOGO  features; 

Turtle  graphics 

Full  .scieen  editor 

Filing  system  lor  saving  both 

programs  and  pictm-es 
Soimd 

Color  pictures  and  backgrounds 
Global  and  local  variables 

TheGvberLOCK)  liutle 
also  includes  a  STEP  mode  for 
easy  debugging.  This  facility 
allows  a  student  lo  execute  a 
program  one  line  at  a  time  to 
locate  progrannning  errors. 

A  CvberLOC;()  f lutlc 
SKETCH  mode  is  includcrl  for 
the  ex]3loring  studeni.  In 
SKE'fC'I  I,  students  can  mo\e  ihe 
CyberLOGO  Iiutle  and  draw 
pictures  by  pressing  single  keys. 

Unlike  any  other  LOGO 
product,  the  Cvbeil.OCiO  furtle 
offers  on-line  HELP.  HELP 
provides  guidance  for  the  fnst- 
time  user,  a  complete  description 


of  the  CyberLOGO  Turtle  lan- 
guage, and  quick  solutions 
to  students"  most  frequent 
problems. 

TheCyberLO(;0'fin-tle 
manual,  written  in  (liendly, 
jargon-free  language  by  Dr. 
Pamela  Sharp  of  the  Sianford 
finivcrsiiy  Psvchology  Depart- 
ment, is  designed  specillcallv  for 
the  novice  user. 

Lhe  CyberLOGO  iiu-tle  is 
priced  at  $99.95.  fo  order,  write 
or  call: 

Cybi'tliviufs  hilcnialiaiitil.  Inc. 
Software  Puhlisliing  Division 
999  Mottnl  Kcm/th-  Avenue 
Morrislown.  Xf  ()7<-)6() 
(201)766-7681 


A  Financial 
Wizard  From 
Computari 


Computari  has  released  A  Finan- 
cial Wizard,  version  1.5,  which 
supersedes  their  Prrsoi/al  I'lnrnirt' 
for  the  Atari. 

A  Fiiianrifil  Wizard  is  capable 
of  storing  100  checks  per  month 
(220  checks  with  the  two  drive 
option)  and  allows  2(i  major  and 
36  sub-  expense  categories.  Avail- 
able core  programs  include  Check 
Entry.  Budget  EiUi\ .  Check 
Search,  Tabulations,  Bargraph, 
Check  Balancer,  ("heckwriter, 
and  Utilities  (which  iiu  hides  an 
audit  program). 

.\ll  data  is  entered  ihi'(;ugh 
the  Check  Entr\  program,  which 
allows  users  to  scan  and  correct 
previous  entries  with  case,  (k)lor- 
lul  graphics  using  a  custom  dis- 
play list  format  and  defined  data 
fields  makes  data  enlrv  easy.  All 
data  resides  on  the  [program  disk, 
.so  there  is  no  disk  swiicliing. 

Household  bndgels  arc 
created  with  Hiidgel  Enlrv.  The 
COPY  MONTH  and  COPY 
CATEGOR\'  features  allow 
rapid  creation  of  a  year's  budget. 

Check  Search  allows  single 
or  multiple  (up  to  seven)  para- 
meter searches  at  one  time. 


A 

ATARI 


FOR     THE     ATARI'  400/800 


A 

ATARI 


Alpha  Computer  Center 

WesI  Seneca,  New  York 

716-674.5511 

Computer  Concepts 

Cedarliuisl,  New  York 

516-374-0255 

Comtecti 

Brooklyn.  New  York 

212-332-5933 

S.T.C.  Marketing 

RichmotKJ  Hill.  New  York 

212-848-8878 

TriComp  H.C.S. 

Qayport,  New  York 

51B-473-97B9 

Video  Village  Inc. 

Massapequa  Park.  New  York 

516-779-1616 

Computer  Lena 

Ctiartolie,  Norlti  Carolina 

704-536-8500 

A  B  Computers 

Colrriar.  Pennsylvania 

215-822-7727 

CompLfer  Terminal 

Summefville,  South  Carolina 

803-875-4727 

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ASMUS  Electronics  Inc. 

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Indianapolis.  Indiana 
317-359-4627 

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FASTCHI P 
ZUp  to  Sand  one  hatf 
times  the  speed  of 
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264 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


Tabulations  lists  expenses  by 
moiuh,  year  lo  date,  or  by  cate- 
gory over  a  i\vel\e  month  span, 
while  Bargraph  provides  the 
same  data  in  bargraph  form. 
With  an  80-coiimin  printer  with 
graphics  capability,  the  user  can 
reproduce  the  bargraph  on 
paper. 

C:heck  Balancer  offers  a  fast 
way  lo  balance  the  computerized 
checkbook  and  includes  a  correc- 
tion mode.  Checkwriter  will  print 
checks  which  are  obtained 
through  Abacus  Software. 

Those  who  have  the  earlier 
Personal  Finaurr  package  may 
update  to  the  new  version  by 
sending  $  1 0  and  their  PF  disk  to: 
On-Line  (lomputer  (Center, 
10944A  N.  May  Avenue,  Ok- 
lahoma City,  OK  73120. 

The  new  Financial  Wizard 
costs  $34.95.  A  clear  plasdc  disk 
case,  for  storing  up  to  ten  FW 
diskettes,  is  available  for  an  addi- 
tional $4. 

Computari 
9607  Alhlotu- 
Dallfis.  TX  75218 
(2ltm7-i649 


Software  For  Timex 
And  Sinclair 

Sol  (ware  ncvelopnient  .Associates 


Verbatim® 
Diskettes 


Top-quality  Verbatim-  Diskettes 
from  Tech<Data,  your  complete 
word  and  data  processing  supply 
center.  Dealer  inquiries  invited. 

Call  Toll  Free         N, 
1-800-237-8931. 
In  Florida,  call 
813-577-2794. 


V 


Tech  •Data  Corporation 

3251  Tech  Drive  North 
St  Petersburg.  FL  33702 


has  cassette-based  software  for 
the  Sinclair  ZX-H  ]  and  the  Timex/ 
Sinclair  1  ()()().  Ilie  software 
includes  programs  to  entertain, 
educate,  and  a.ssisi  in  financial 
l^lanning.  An  introductory  cas- 
sette containing  fu  e  games  (SDA- 
Match23.  SDA-Bauiecard,  SDA- 
Guimer,  SDA-Mugwumps,  and 
SDA-Snark)  is  available  for  $^5.95. 
A  free  catalog  is  also  available  by 
sending  a  SASE  to: 

Software  Developiiioil  As.saria/t's 
Dejjt.  C1.22K)  W.  McRae  Way 
Phannx.  A'/.  S5027 


Joystick  And 
Terminal  Program 
For  The  Color 
Computer 


Spectrum  Projects  has  announced 
two  new  products,  the  SiJectrum 
Stick  and  the  (lolorcom/E  termi- 
nal program. 

The  Spectrum  Stick  is  a  new 
joystick  for  the  Clolor  Computer. 
Its  features  are: 

-  Hair  trigger  fire  button. 

-  Swivel-ball  lyjx"  component. 

-  E.xtra  long  cable. 

-  Brush  aluminum  knob. 

-  Sturdy  construction. 

-  .\  red  LED  indicator. 


^*  VIC-20  *S 
GAMEMASTER 

4  games  on  1  cassette  for  5K  ViC-20 

BACKGAMMON 

A  great  gamef  Our  best  seller. 
BLACKJACK  TUTOR 

Not  jusr  a  game!  Teaches  best  strategy 

MA2E-MAN 

Munching  action.    Key  or  joystick. 

CHECKERS 

A  defensive  game, 

$29.95 


8K  BACKGAMMON 

4  Levels  with  Doubling. 

S19.95 

24hrOrder  line:  1(313)  456-8581 

Send  check  or  money  ortJer  plus  Soc  tO: 

Visa    -    RAR-TECH    -      mc 

Box  761.  Rocfiesrer,  Michigan  48063 

^    'VIC  aegi;terea  Trademark  of  Commodore      /* 


The  S]>ecirum  Slick  costs 
$39.95  plus  $2  lt)r  shipping  and 
handling. 

The  Clolorcom/E,  a  lerminal 
program  for  the  Color  Compiuer, 
comes  in  a  ROM  Cartridge  ready 
to  plug  in  and  run.  Ckjlorconi/E's 
features  and  capabilities  include: 

-  On-line  and  off-line  .scrolling. 
-Off-line  |)rin(ingof  data. 

-  Receiving  and  sending  ca.ssette 
Files. 

-  Support  of  any  serial  primer. 

-  Full  and  half  duplex. 

-  .A.n  optional  word  morle  lo 
eliminate  word  wrap. 

Data  can  be  easily  edited 
belore  printing  or  writincr  to 
cas.sette. 

The  price  is  $49.95. 

Sperlriiiii  Projects 
93-15  86  Drive 
WiMiiUmvi'ii,  SV  1 1 12 1 
t2l2Hfl-2,S'!)7 


SuperPET  Upgrade 
Board  For 
CBM  8032 

Commodore  Business  .Machines 
has  announced  the  availability  of 
a  single  board  upgrade  i  hat 
converts  the  CBM  iS();i2  micro- 
computer iiuo  a  Su|jerl'E  I  . 


VIC-20 

Discounted  Software 

THE  ACCOUNTANT  $28.95 

'C  L,  B.-S.  P&LI 

BUSINESS  INVENTORY $17.95 

iSpecifv  TV  or  Vic  Printer! 

TAPEWORM S11.95 

(Keep  track  of  vour  records  anc!  tijoesi 
TICKERTAPE  $15.95 

iMaintain  profile  of  investments! 
SNAKMAN  S18.95 

I  Just  like  vou  r  favorite  arcade  game) 

EMBASSY 
COMPUTER  PRODUCTS 

P.O.  Box  88 
Little  Neck,  N.Y.  11363 

ctieck  ormonev  order,  no  cods.  n.y.  Resi- 
dents add  8.2S'/.  sales  ta«.  Add.  $1-50  for 
postage  and  handling. 

—  DEALER  IN0UIIJI6S  INVITEO  — 
—  PROGRAMMERS  WANT! D  — 


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VIC-20/64 


QUIZ  KIT 

A  unique  inslruclional  program  lo  he  used  ai  any 
level  of  learning.  Exsy  detailed  instructions  allow 
you  to  create  your  oun  quii/es  on  any  subjcci  you 
choose.  No  limit  on  the  numbcrof  question?  you  can 
enter  and  no  memory  cspansion  is  needed  eiltierl 
Use  your  VIC  printer  for  prititouls  of  tests  ready  for 
classroom  use.  An  invaluable  tool  for  the  parent  and 
the  instructor. 


Price 


.S14.5() 


SPELL  IT! 

Test  and  improve  your  spelling  abilities  and  have 
fun.  tool  Create  your  own  vocabularies  to  fit  your 
needs.  Great  for  instructional  use.  Detailed 
documentation  with  step  by  step  instructions  for  the 
computer  novice. 
Price  S12.50 


MAILING  LIST 

Turn  your  eompuler  into  an  clcctn  nic  agenda  I  Enter 
names,  addresses,  phone  nos.  and  comments.  Use 
one-key. stroke  command  to  sort  by  name  or  state, 
mudtfy,  delete  or  add  new  entnes:  pnnt  your  mail- 
ing labels. 

For  VrC-20  (8K.  printer  optional)   S18.00 

For  Com.  64  (.Many  additional  features)  .  .S24..'i() 


CHARACTER  GENERATOR 

Design  your  own  special  characters  for  any  applica- 
tion {games,  math.  etc).  Enhance  your  projirams 
with  your  own  unique  tigurcs.  Program  comes  on 
tape  with  two  sample  runs  that  create  strange  crea- 
tures for  games  and  digital  electronic  symbols  and  a 
detailed  manual.  Program  available  for  ViC-20 
only. 
Price S'J.Sd 


BOLDFACE 

This  program  ulili/es  three  specially  designed  letter 
types  diat  you  can  use  to  create  on  your  VIC  printer 
personalized  headlines  and  messages  in  a  variety  of 
sizes.  A  plethora  of  applications.  Program  requires 
KK  memory  expansion  for  VlC-20. 
Pfi'-'f^ S18.00 

RBCabcRLIInop 

*  Reduced  si/L' 


MATHPAK 

STATI.STICS  I  &  II  A  most  useful  tool  for  statistical 
analysis  anii  estimation-  Program  perlorms  linear 
and  nonlinear  regression  (curve  fitting)  and  returns 
the  error  of  the  approximation.  It  also  computes  the 
mean,  median  and  standard  devialion  and  plots  his- 
tograms 

FU.S'CTION  &  DATA  PLOTTING  An  indispensa- 
ble tiKil  for  math  or  engineering  applications.  Plot 
any  function  or  data  set  on  your  VIC  printer.  Au- 
tomatic scaling,  axis  labels  and  other  useful  fea- 
tures. 


FUNCTION    ANALYSIS    Compute    the    roms. 

minima  and  rnaxima.  derivative  and  integral  of  any 

polynomial  function. 

.MATRIX  OPERATIONS  A  very  flexible  and  pow- 

e.'ful  program.  Design  your  own  matrices,  operate 

on  (hem.  store  the  results  and  recall  them  in  an> 

mode  you  need  them 

SYSTEM  OF  LINEAR  Ei3L:aTI0NS  Solve  any 

system  of  linear  equations.  Easy  data  entry  and 

corrections. 

COMPLEX  FUNCTIONS  Perform  a  variety  of  the 


most  needed  operations  on  complex  numbers. 
SK  memory  expansion  required  for  VlC-20.  VIC  printer  optional. 
Each  program SI2..'i()       MATHPAK  (all  6  programs)  only    549,!v() 


ORDERING  INFORMATION 

All  programs  on  cassette.  Detailed  documentation  uith  all  programs.  To  order  call;  (805)  6S7-02US 
Send  check  or  money  order  to:  LOGOS  SOFTWARE 

.1192  Laurel  Canyon  Rd-.  .Santa  Barbara.  CA  q.l|0,S 
Please  specify  system.  Add  SI..W  for  shipping  and  handling  •  CA  residents  add  firi  sales  tax 

WRITE  KOR  EKKE  CATALOfJ  —  IJEAl.ER  INQITKIK.S  WELCO.MK 
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266 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


The  standard  CIBM  model 
8032  contains  32  K  of  RAM  and 
intkidt's  (lommodort'  BASIC. 
Willi  ihc-  Supc!  FK'l"  lioard,  the 
upgraded  machine  will  feature 
an'RS-232  interface,  64K  addi- 
tional RAM  in  8K  RAM  chips, 
and  a  standard  6502  micropro- 
cessor as  well  as  a  psendo  Hi  itii 
(i809  based  processor.  An  exter- 
nal switch  for  proces.sor  selection 
aLs(}  allo\vs  piograms  desij>"nefl 
for  the  8032  to  o]jeraie  without 
tnodiilcation. 

Ihc  ujjgradc  hoard  also 
provides  six  languages,  including 
VVaterEoo  C'ompiiting  Systems 
I.inviied's  niicroBASiCl,  micro- 
Pascal,  microI'OR  IR.AN,  micro- 
API.,  microCOHOL,  and  6809 
.'\sscmbler.  Applications  de- 
veloped on  the  SuperPET  can 
l)e  up-loaded  to  a  mainframe 
system,  and  executed  withoiu 
niodificaiion. 

The  upgrade  hoard  (part 
number  90000350 1 )  sells  for 
1795. 


Commudon'  Biuiness  Mufh'nics.  Iiir. 

Comjniti')-  Systems  Dix'isl(»i 

Till'  Mcddtnvs 

■IS7  Di-i'iiii  I'nrk  Drivf 

Wa^ucPA  19087 

(215)687-9750 

Printer 

Programming 
Manual  For  VIC 
And  Epson  MX-80 

Robert  K.  Huffman.  olMinister. 
Indiana,  has  written  a  53-page 
booklet  tilled  VIC-2(}:  MX-80 
(Umnection.  It  is  a  printer  pro- 
gramming manual  ior  making 
tiie  VI(;-20  work  with  the  Epson 
MX-80  with  Graftrax-Plus. 

Written  for  beginners,  tlie 
booklet  carefully  explains  each 
jMogram  -  line  by  line,  step  by 
step,  riie  programs  ])rescnl 
techniques  that  can  be  used  by 
anyone  with  an  understanding  of 
BASIC  fundamentals. 

The  booklet  costs  $15.  Cx:)pies 


may  be  obtained  by  writing  to: 

Robert  E.  Huffman 
9M)7  Dmr-a'iiDcl  Lane 
Mtnisirr,  IN  46321 

Personal  Finance 
Records  For  The 
Atari 

SCrrOR  has  announced  the 
Personal  Finance  and  Record 
Keeping  package  for  the  Atari 
800  computer  with  40K  RAM.  1 
810  disk,  and  B.\SK:. 

The  SCITOR  Personal 
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package  pro\  ides  homes  and 
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keep  track  of  expenses,  checks, 
credit  cards  and  other  personal 
records.  Re]}orts,  high  lesolution 
graphics,  and  color  bar  charts 
can  be  generated  from  the  re- 
cords, provifling  insight  into 
expenses,  budgets,  and  progress 


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CBM/PET  INTERFACES 

The  Connecting  Links 

CmC  provides  the  link  to  increase 
your  computer's  functional  ability. 
The  following  models  come 
complete  with  case  and  cables  and 
have  a  30  day  money  back  trial 
period. 

PRINTER  ADAPTERS 

—  addressable-switch  selectable 
upper/lower,  lower/uppercase 

—  work  with  BASIC,  WORDPRO, 
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—  IEEE  card  edge  connector  for 
connecting  disks  and  other 
peripherals  to  the  PET 

—  power  from  printer  unless 
otherwise  noted 

RS-232  SERIAL  ADAPTER  — 

baud  rates  to  9600  —  power  supply 
Included 

MODEL-ADA1450a $149.00 

CENTRONICS/NEC  PARALLEL 
ADAPTER  —  Centronics  36  pin 
ribbon  connector 
MODEL-ADA1600 S1 29.00 

CENTRONICS  730/737/739 
PARALLEL  ADAPTER  —  40  pin 

card  edge  connector 

MOOEL-ADA730 SI  29.00 

EPSON  MA-70  PARALLEL 
ADAPTER  —  handles  graphics  — 
BASIC  4.0  required 

MODEL-ADAX70 S129.00 

BYTEWRITER  PARALLEL 
ADAPTER  —  Bytewriter  connector 

—  power  supply  included 

MODEL-ADAB30a S1 49.00 

COMMUNICATIONS  ADAPTER  — 
serial  &  parallel  ports  —  true  ASCII 
conversion  —  baud  rates  to  9600  — 
half  or  full  duplex-X-ON,  X-OFF  — 
selectable  carriage  return  delay  — 
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compatible  —  power  supply 
included 

MODEL-SADI $295.00 

ANALOG  TO  DIGITAL 
CONVERTER  —  16  channels  — 
0  to  5.12  volt  input  voltage  range 

—  resolution  20  millivolts  per 
count  —  conversion  time  less  than 
100  microseconds  per  channel 
M0DEL-PETSET1 $295.00 

US  Dollars  Quoted 

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Action  Games  For 
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(Creative  Software  announces  two 
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A  BASIC  and  machine  ianguage 
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CASSETTE  BASED  MACRO 
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EPROM  PROGRAMMER 
FOR  PET  AND  ATARI  COMPUTERS 

The  BRANDING  IRON  is  an  EPROM  programmer  especially 
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30  commands  for  interacting  with  the  computer  and  the 
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PET- $75.00        ATARI -SI  13.95 

5%  INCH  SOR 
SECTORED  DISKETTES 

Highest  quality.  We  use  them  on 
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PET  TERMINAL  SOFTWARE 

A  buy  you  RS-232  users  can't  pass-up.  Includes 
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FLASH-  We  fiave  the  VIC 
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SIGNALMAN  MARK  I  DIRECT  CONNECT 
MODEM  -  $89.50 

Standard  300-baud,  full  duplex, 
answer/originate.  Powered  by 
long  lasting  9-voft  battery  jnot 
included).  Cable  and  RS232 
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More  than  just  an  Assembler/Editor! 


It's  a 
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V    MAE 

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Development     -W  f||^          5169,95 

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Blast  off  w\h  the  software  used  on  the  space 

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•  Coresident  AssembJer/Ed  tor  ^  No  need  ta  loaa  the  Ediior  then  the 
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•  Atw  incJydes  wOfd  Processor  Retociting  Loawf ,  inc  much 
mofc 

•  OptiCwis  EPROM  Pj'OOiamnltr.unimplefTMnted  opcode  circinH> 

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5K  Personal  Computer 
(Eipandito  3ZK| 
We  are  authorized  FULL- 
LINE  Commodore  dealers. 


Your  Cost. 
Retail  :S300.aO 


$197.95 

Model  t54t  Disk  drive  339.95 
ModeM  51 5  Printer  329.95 
Model  C2N  Datasette      59.95 


LEX-21 
Portable 
Terminal 


*995 

8'/i'   X  IV  X  2%' 

LEXICON 


SHARP 

HAND-HELD 

COMPUTERS 

PC  1500  Pocket  Computer 

CE  1 50    Color  graphic  printer  w/cass,  interface 

4K     Expansion  module 

8K    Expansion  module 


213.95 

173,95 

53.95 

1D3.9S 


MONITORS 


Higt)  rROiution,  number  one  seller! 

VM4509  9"a&W 

VM42I5  15"  B&WlDelowOuicoStI 

DM5ia9  3"  Green 

Dwtoi2  i;"e&w 

OM8n2  12"Gfeer\ 

QMCS0I3  13"Color.  hiriuatilv 

DUCG1I3  13"  Color  RGB  hi  rei 

DM2012  <NEW|12"B&W 

DM2112  (NEW)  12"Grr:en 


Pet3i>  Coit 
190.00  159.95 
349  DO  189  95 
2DOaO  IG9  95 
250  00199  95 
260.0D  209.95 
470,00  399.95 
995.0D  799.95 
t79.0D  139.95 
I99.D0  159.95 


10"  color  monitor  high  res  339.95 

32K  memory  module  314,95 

Extended  Basic  75.00 

Speech  synthesizer  1Z9.9S 

Disk  memory  drive  394,95 

Telephone  couplet  (modem)         199.95 
Printer  (solid  italel  319.95 

TILOGO  99.95 

Tl  EXPANSION  BOX  SYSTEM 
PHP  1200  Expansion  Sox  209.95 

PHP  1220  RS232  136.D0 

PHP  1240  Disk  Controller  194.DD 

PHP  1250  Disk  Drive  299.00 

PHP  1260  32K  Mem.  expansion  234.00 
PHP  1270  Pascal  Card  194.00 

Programmable  TI-59 
Your  CostrSI  69.95  plus- 
$20.00  rebate  from  Tl  plus  Fre«  Library 
T)  LCD  Programmer      59.95 
WE  ARE  AUTHORIZED  FULL 
LINE  Tl  DEALERS 


APPLE  COMPUTER 

4SK  Pius  1069.95 

Diskdrw/controller  494.95 

Disk  dr -no  controller  419.95 

Apple  2  System  package  1895.00 


270 


COMPUTEl 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


The  Programmer  s  Workshop 
includes  disk  to  cassette  transfer, 
BASIC  program  comparison 
capabilities,  cassette  baud  rate 
increase,  and  two  types  of  pro- 
gram code  analysis. 

The  Disk  Workshop  includes 
disk  editing  capabilities,  fast 
copying  of  disks,  a  forniaited 
disk  directory  which  can  be  sent 
to  a  printer,  tisc  of  machine 
language  character  strings  in 
BASIC,  a  screen  dump  for  the 
MX-80  Epson  Primer  with  (Iraf- 
irax  or  Grallrax  Plus,  and  trans- 
fer capabilities  of  large  files  to 
chsk  or  cassette. 

Both  packages  require  an 
Atari  400/800  compiuer  with 
32K  and  one  disk  drive.  Tlic 
price  for  each  package  is  |i;'l4.95. 

Sy  iiergislit  S  oflu  w  rv 

830  N.  Rivnsirlr  Dr.,  Suite  201 

Renlon,  WA  98055 

(206)226-3216 


PET  Joystick 
Interface 


J  S\stems  (!()!-p.  aniKJunces  the 
immediate  availability  of  its  new 
PET  Joystick  Interface.  This 
versatile  interface  card  adds 
joystick/paddle  capabilities  to  all 
PET/CBM  computers.  The  device 
enables  the  PET  to  accept  inputs 
directly  from  two  Apple  joysticks, 
foin-  .^pple  game  paddles,  or  two 
Atari  jovsiicks.  Interface  is  com- 
plete and  read)  to  plug  into  the 
user  port. 

All  modes  of  opei~ation  are 
soli  ware  selectable.  The  device 
leatiires  short  access  time  (less 
than  ten  millisecond.s/ jovstick) 
and  high  resolution  digitization 
(greater  than  eight  bits).  This 
makes  the  interface  ideal,  not 
only  for  joysticks  and  paddles, 
but  also  for  connecting  any  f bin- 
resistive  sensors  to  the  PET/CBM. 


Fast  machine  language  inpiu 
routines,  callable  from  a  B.4SIC 
program,  are  included. 

The  price  of  the  PK  I"  Joystick 
Interface  is  S49.95.  This  price 
includes  the  card,  power  supply, 
documentation,  and  sample 
software.  The  device  can  be 
ordered  direcllv  from: 

J  Systems  Corp. 
1  Edmund  Plarr 
Ann  Arbor,  Ml  48103 
(313)662-171-1 

Skill/Action 
Game  For  Atari 

TJatterMaiiia.  a  ROM  cartridge 
for  the  Atari  ^OO/HOO,  is  a  new 
action  game  irom  KPYX.  I'he 
game  can  be  played  by  one  or  up 
to  lour  plavers. 

A  player  begins  with  [bur 
spinning  ]jlales  on  top  of  four 
rods.  He  mu.sl  be  fast  and  accu- 


We  market  exceptional  software  for  home  computers;  for  more  information  write: 

MIONIGHT-OIL 
P.O.  Box  1808   -  Beaverton,  Oregon  97075 


^^^R 


MMMMWAMM 


THE  TACKLER  "  -  dual  .  MODE  PARflliiL 
INTERFACE  FOR  THE  APPIE^  2  BOARDS  IN  ONE  FOR  NO  MORE 
COMPATIBILITY  PROBLEMSI 

An  mitllrjeni  board  lo  ptoKide  eas/  control  of  your  pfmler's  lull  potenlial 
Plus  3  standard  parallel  board  at  ttie  flip  of  a  switch  -  your  assurance  ol 
compatrbrlily  wrltr  nssentrally  alj  sottware  for  IfiG  APPLIi'  Hires  prrnting 
with  simple  Iveyboard  comniands  thai  replace  hard  to  use  software 
routines.  No  disis  to  load  Special  features  include  inverse,  doubled,  and 
rotated  graphics  and  many  text  control  features,  avertable  through  easy 
keyboard  or  software  commands.  Uses  Industry  standard  graphics 
commands.  This  rs  the  hrst  truly  universal  inlelligenl  parallel  interlace' 
Change  printers-  no  need  to  buy  another  board  Just  plug  in  one  of  our 
ROM'S  and  you're  all  set.  ROM'S  availaljle  for  Epsorr,  C.  Itch.  NEC.  and 
Oliidata  -  others  avarlable  soon  Speedy  printer  wfien  ortJerrng,  Call  for 
Price 


THE  UPGRADEABIi  PPC-100 
PARALLEL  PRINTER  CARD 

A  Universal  Centronics  type  parallel  printer  board  complete  with  cable 
and  :onnecIor,  Thss  uf^ique  board  aJJows  you  lo  turn  on  and  otf  the  hi^h 
bil  so  thai  yau  can  access  additional  features  m  many  printers  Easily 
up^radeable  lo  a  fully  mleljigent  printer  board  with  graphics  and  text 
dumps  Use  wilh  EPSON.  C,  IIOH.  ANAOEX.  SFAPWRITER.  NEC.  OKI 
and  others  with  standard  Cenlromcs  configuration  S139.00 


IF  YOU  WANT  GRAPHICS  AND  FORMAHING  THEN 
CHOOSE  THE  PERFORMER 

for  Epson.  OKI.  NEC  80?3,  C  IIOH  85  tO  provides  resident  HIRES  screen 
dump  aF^d  prmt  formallin^  n  lirmware  Plu^s  iilo  App^e  s,lol  and  eajy 
access  lo  all  pnnler  torts  Ihrougfy  menu  wilh  PR^  comfnand  Use  wilh 
standard  printer  c^rd^  lo  add  jnlclliRence  $49.{t0  specily  piinter 


THE  MIRROR  FIRMWARE  FOR  NOVATION  APPLE  CAT  11" 
The  Data  Communication  Hanjler^OM  EnijUles  syntax  at  an  other  pcpiuiarAppIg  Modem  product 
with  ini prove nitents,  Plugs  directly  on  Apple  CAT  1 1  Board.  Supports  Videi  and  Smarterm  80  column 
cards,  touch  tone  2nd  rotary  dial,  remote  tem^mal.  voice  toggle,  easy  printer  access  and  much  more 
tisl  $39,00  introductory  Price  J29.00 


Word  Wizard  For  The  Vic  20"^  {Requires  al  leasl  8K  memory  e<pansionj 
A  usertriendly  WORD  PROCESSOR  wilti  lull  joystick  control  (useof  loystich  optionaf).  Eas^editand 
strmgmar^ipulati(i;icommandsttiaIfo:fowthestandardVlC?0'  brmaLFull  usedluiictionkeyslor 
easyoluse  Includes  the  tQlbwingoplicns,  i).  IQO~ir  nnachinElan£ua£eforlighlninEfastoperatton 
2)  Uses  standard  VIC  editing  commands  3).  Has  Qekte  Word  and  Search  tunctions,  4)  Opt  ronal  use 
ol  lOystick  for  cursor  movemeni  5}  Piute  justilied  and  centered  lent,  6)  Has  a  Defete  Buffer  lo 
retrieve  deleted  text  1]  Prints  to  VIC  Graphic  printer,  or  any  Centronics  compalible  pnnlef 
connected  to  Ihe  user  port  B)  Saves  and  Load  using  tape  or  diik  S)  Provides  complete  printout 
contfol  including  Top  MaiEin,  Boltom  Margin.  Text  Widlh.  L«fl  Margin.  Page  Lenigth.  Line  Spacing 
and  Pjge  Numbering  10)  AH  print  parameters  can  be  changed  Ifom  within  a  docticneni  IIJ  Can 
generate  Roman  numerals  tor  page  numbering.  12)  Allows  printing  specrtic  pages  withm  a 
document   13)  Te*!  can  be  appended  to  existrng  files  14)   Free  space  display  $34.95 

BOfTIDBr.  Word,  a  untque  graphic  ^ord  game  on  cartridge  thai  providestnetuinhnilot  arcade 
achon  to  ir^crease  word  skills.  Complete  with  sii  modes  of  play  options  for  added  en|oyment  Play 
againsl  Ihe  computer  or  another  player  Clewer  use  of  graphics  and  sound  make  this  an  enjoyable 

game  lor  ag^s  ^  "^^  ^f^ull  S29,95 

Universal  Tape  Interface  &  Duplicator  (Use  on  the  C8m  64  aisoi 

No  need  lo  use  Ih?  VIC  20  Recorder  with  this  device  you  can  easily  load.  Siave  oreven  dup'icat?  tapes 
easily  wtth  you:  recorder  Full  LED  indicalion  of  Data  transfer  makeii  this  the  most  reliable  way  to 
load.  Save  and  Duplicate  A  complete  !  0  device  with  extras  Only  J49.95 

Look  out  for  our  NEW  eicitin^carlridte  and  tape  piroframs.  reasonably  piiced  memory  beards  and 
more  for  the  VIC  ?0  and  soon  for  the  UIC  64.  Call  or  write  for  catalof  of  eidting  Vic  20  products. 


Mr.  Lister  -  Customer  Contact  Profiler  &  Mailer  ^^ 

A  Su(Kr  Mail  List  Pios  more  —  uplo  lODO  EnlnesonsinjieJ  3  Disk(onl^  1  Diivereaui'eJ)  —  2 
second  access  tfrae  to  any  name  —  full  sort  capabiiilies  —  Dual  Indei  Modes  —  supports  new  9 
digit  Zip  Easf  to  follow  manual  —  Not  Copy  Protected  —  1  user  delined  tattles  witti  26  soil 
selections  per  table  —  Beta  tested  lof  E  months  —  user  defined  latel  seneratioti 
Inlroiluctoiv  Price  $135.  S99.00  Deglei  &  Dist.  Inquifies  Invited 


APPLE  LINK 

A  communtcalioni  system  for  the  Apple"  (Requires  Hayes  Micio  Modem)  transmit  and  receive  any 
type  ol  file  between  APPtES' .  Automatic  multi-tile  tfansfei.  real  time  clock  indicating  file  transfer 
time  Complete  error  cfieck  plus  conversalion  mode  Only  one  packaie  needed  for  lull  transfers 
Compatable  with  all  DOS  lile  types  ireouires  Hayes  Micro  Modem)  S59.00 


MINI  ROM  BOARDS 
Place  your  2K  program  on  our  Mini  Rom 
Boaid  Room  for  one2?t6EPRQf(l  Useidjny 
slot  but  lero  Only  J34.95 


DOUBLE  DOS  Plus 

A  giggy-back  board  I  hat  plugs  into  the  disk 
controller  ca^d  so  f^at  you  can  switch  select 
between  DOS  3.2  and  DOS  3.3  DOUBLE  DOS 
Plus  requires  APPLE  OOS  ROMS      J39.00 


Dealer  and  Distributor  Inquiries  Invited, 

/MICRO-L^RE  DIST.  INC. 

P.O.  BOX  113  POMPTON  PUINS,  KJ.  07444 

201-838-9027      > 


HaitarCaidj 


Ki?=!i«S4SS3»?.s5aRi 


ATTENTION!! 


Frustrated 


T 


Owners... 


ARE  YOU  WASTING  NEEDLESS  HOURS  TRYING  TO 
LOCATE  THOSE  HARD-TO-FIND  PROGRAMS?    ^^ 

CDCPIAI  I7C    IM     ALL  VIC-20  PROGRAMS  "^ 

OrCUIflLI^C    IN     ALL  VIC-20  ACCESSORIES 

WE  STOCK  THE  NATIONS  LARGEST  SELECTION  OF  VIC-20  PROGRAMS! 

GAMES-EDUCATIONAL-MANAGEMENT 

PROGRAMS  ON  TAPE  AND  CARTRIDGE 

WRITE  OR  CALL  (301)  488-7719  or  (301)  488-3531  FOR  YOUR  FREE  CATALOG 


MORAVIA  CENTER  INDUSTRIAL  PARK 
BALTIMORE,  MARYLAND  21206     w 


272 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


rate  as  he  moves  from  rod  lo  vad 
—  making  sure  tliat  no  plate  spins 
hard  enoiigli  U)  lly  off  or  slows 
enough  to  lall  off.  As  the  playei's 
skill  improves,  the  game  increases 
in  difficulty.  pro\iding  up  to  12 
rods  balancing  plates. 

PlaflcrMfniia  is  a\ailai)lc  on 
ROM  cartridge  lor  the  Atari 
(with  joystick  or  paddle  control- 
ler). The  suggested  retail  price 
is  $39.95. 

EPyX/Aiitomatfd  Simulalidit.i,  Inc. 
1(N3  Kiel  Court 
Sunim-al,;  CA  9-^0S6 


room  for  additional  equipment. 
working  papers,  manuals,  etc. 
The  cases  can  also  be  used  for 
the  Commodore  VIC]  and  related 
equipment. 

These  cases  are  not  only 
portable  but  also  provide  a  con- 
\eiiient  and  safe  meliiod  o(  stor- 
age. Replacing  and  kicking  the 
lid  protect.s  the  computer  and 
software  from  tampering  and 
unauthorized  use.  The  tops  are 
easilv  renio\cd  so  that  the  eciuip- 
mem  can  be  o])erated  withoui 
removal  iron)  (he  case.  Caliles 


Games  From 
Avalon  Hill 


C.tin-ying  cast"  Iwldinjr  Commodoic  romjniter,  disk  dmr.  ritid  puirtr  suj)j)ly. 


Carrying  Case  For 
Commodore  64 
And  VIC 

The  Comptiiei  Case  Company 
has  rcccnllv  added  two  cases  for 
the  Comm(»dore  (i'l  compiiler. 
The  CM703  case  will  hold  (he 
Model  64  computer  and  one  or 
two  1541  disk  drives,  as  well  as 
the  power  supply.  The  CM7()  I 
case  w^ill  hold  the  Model  ()4  com- 
puter along  with  the  dalaset 
program  recorder  and  the  power 
supply.  Both  cases  have  ample 


and  plugs  are  protected  from 
possible  inadvertent  damage  or 
failure  resulting  from  repealed 
connecting  and  disconnecting. 

The  cases  are  constructed  of 
lugeayc  material  with  hard  sides, 
padded  handles,  brass  hardware, 
and  kev  locks.  Rubber  pads  pro- 
tect furnitiuc.  and  steel  lugs  on 
the  bottom  protect  the  case.  The 
outside  is  coxered  in  scuf f- 
resislant,  brown  textuicd  vinyl. 

C.iiiiipiilfr  Ctise  Comjmiiy 
56  50  hidiiiii  Mdinid  C.oini 
Columhm,  OH  43213 
(61-1)868-9464  or  (800)848-7548 


\'ew  game  releases  from  Avalon 
Hill  are: 

Legionnaire,  a  realtitne  war 
game  for  the  Atari  4(H)/S()0.  The 
player  assumes  the  role  of  Julius 
Caesar  and  commands  ten  legions 
against  the  barbarian  tribes.  The 
scrolling  battlefield  allows  the 
player  to  inspect  the  entire  ten 
scjiiaie  loot  map  stored  in  the 
com|DUter"s  memory.  The  game 
feaimes  high-resolution  graphics 
and  soimd  effects  and  requires 
16K.  The  cost  for  the  cassette 
is  $35. 

:\  one  or  two-plaver  game. 
Moon  Patrol  is  an  arcade-style 
game  for  the  Atari.  Players  circle 
the  moon,  trying  to  toucli  flown 
at  the  landing  site,  while  dodging 
and  destroying  enemy  invaders. 
.Available  on  cassette,  the  game 
requires  16K  and  costs  $25. 

Tclf'H^ard  is  for  Apple  II  and 
TR.S-SO  Models  I  aru mi  com- 
puters with  48 K  memor)'.  It  is  a 
fantasy  role-playing  game  that 
requires  plavers  to  descend  into  a 
50-level  dungecm.  Belore  his 
journey,  a  player  may  choose  the 
character  attributes  he  tliinks  will 
help  him  defeat  the  monsters 
within  the  dungeon  and  return 
with  wealth  and  power.  Trlrngarfl 
is  a  realtime  game  and  emphasizes 
quick  decision-making:  if  a  player 
doesn't  make  a  decision  in  five 
seconds,  the  computer  will  make 
it  foj-  him.  A  manual  of  rules  and 
suggestions  is  included,  .\vailablc 
on  diskette,  the  game  costs  $2H. 

(t.l'.S.  Sorcertss  is  a  space 
adventtn-e  set  in  the  vear  2582. 
The  player  assiunes  the  role  of 
Joe  Justin,  wrongly  accused  and 
convicted  of  nnitiny,  and  sen- 
tenced to  drift  in  space  for  the 
rest  of  his  life.  The  player's  goal 
is  lo  vindicate  Joe  Justin.  The 
game  is  available  foi'  I  he  Atari 
4()0/S0(),  Apple  II,  and  TRS-8() 
Models  I  and  III.  The  cas.sette 
version  is  $30;  the  diskette,  $35. 


ATARI    goftwat&^cfiodueit  fotc/itati 

HoLlDAY  SUPER  SPECIALS' 


PAC-MAN 

$30.49  cartridge 

K-RAZY  ANTIKS 
$33.95  cartridge 


K-RAZY  SHOOT-OUT 
$31.95  cartridge 

K-RAZY  KRITTERS 
$33.95  cartridge 

Prices  effective  now  through  December  31,  1982 


CENTIPEDE 
$30.49  cartridge 

K-STAR  PATROL 

$33.95  cartridge 


Buy  any  3  programs  and  receive  a  FREE*  SLIK  STIK 


43,95 

21.95 

32,95 

28,95 

1895 

112.95 


ATARI 

CONVERSATIONAL 

LANGUAGES!  

INVITATION  TO 
PROGRAMMING  2&  3 -T 
MUSIC  COMPOSER  ■  C  . . 
MY  FIRST  ALPHABET  D 

TOUCHTYPINGT 

WORD  PROCESSOR  D  . 

BOOKKEEPER.  D 112.95 

HOME  FILING  MANAGER  D    37.95 

MAIUNGLI.ST  T  18.95 

ASTEROIDS  C  .■ 26  95 

CAVERNS  OF  MARS  D 28,95 

COMPUTER  CHESS  ■  C 26,95 

MISSILE  COMMAND -C  ....  26.95 

SPACE  INVADERS  C   26.95 

SUPER  BREAKOUT  C   26,95 

STAR  RAIDERS  C  32.95 

ASSEMBLY  EDITOR  ■  C  . . , . ,  44 .95 
BASIC   C  44  95 

MACROASSEMBLIER  'ti '/.''.  65^95 

MICROSOFT  BASIC  D 65,95 

PILOT  (HOME  PACKAGE) -C  .58.95 

ADVENTURE  INTERNATIONAL 

REARGUARD   D   20,95 

PREPPIE  DT 23.95 

SAGA. ADVENTURES  D  .  23.95 

ANALOG 

RACEINSPACEDT., 

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CRASH  DIVE! -DT 23.95 

BIG  FIVE 

COAL  MINER  2049'ER  Carl 


APX 

ALL  ITEMS    20'\,  OFF  RETAIL.  WE 

CARRY  THE  ENTIRE  APX 

CATALOG! 

AUTOMATED  SIMULATIONS 

TEMPLE  OF  APSHAIDT...  31,95 
UPPER  REACHES  OF 

APSHAI  DT  16,95 

CRUSH,  CRUMBLE  & 

CHOMP   D,T 23-95 

RICOCHET  D  T 16.95 

CRYPT  OF  THE 

UNDE.AD  D 23.95 

ARMOR  ASS  AULT  D  3 1 .95 

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ESCAPE  FROM  VULCAN'S 

ISLE  D  23.95 

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PLATTERMANIA  Ciiri  31.95 


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THENIGHTMARE 
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CANYON  CLIMBER  DT  . 
FATHOMS  FORTY  D  .... 

O'RILEY'SMINE  DT 27.95 

ROSEN'S  BRIGADE  -  D  T   ...  27.95 

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SPELL  WIZARD  D 63-95 


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BRODERBUND 

APPLEPANIC  DT......... 

STELLAR  SHUTTLE  ■  DT  . . . 
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MAGIC  D 

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SERPENTINE  D  

DUELING  DIGITS  ■  D 

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COSMl 

AZTEC  CHALLENGER  D . . . 
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CRYPTS  OF  PLUMBOUS  D 
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FIRST  STAR 

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ON-LINE 
JAWBREAKER  DT .. , 

ULTIMA  ID 

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THRESHOLD  D 

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MOUSKATTACK  D  -. 
FROGGER   DT  


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27-95 


•COUPON  PROGRAM 

The  purchase  ol  tach  program  (with  the 
CKCeplon ol Super  Specials.  Alanand  APX) 
mil  earn  ^ou  I  COMPUTABILITY  DWI 
DEND  COUPON  Save  3  coupons  and  re 
deem  Ihem  lor  your  choice  of  Siik  Siik.  d 
Lefty  Adaptor,  or  an  Extension  Cable.  You 
pay  only  a  52-50  shippin9&  handling  charge 


39  95       D  -  Disk 


T  ■  Cassette 


C  •  Cartridge 


WE  CARRY  HUNDREDS  OF  ITEMS  FOR  ATARI  400  800,  ASK  FOR  OUR  FREE  CATALOG. 


l.D.S,l. 

POOL  1,5  D 27.95 

POOL4l»Carl  31,95 

SPEEDWAY  BLAST -Cart  ..,  31.95 

ROKLAN 

DELUXE  INVADERS -Carl  ..  31.95 

GORF  Cart  35.95 

WIZARD  OF  WOR  Can 35.95 

SENTIENT 

CYBORG  D 27,95 

GOLD  RUSH  DT  27,95 

SIRlUS 

SNAKE  BYTE  D 23,95 

SPACEEGGSD 23.95 

CYCLOD  D 23.95 

SNEAKERS  ■  D 23.95 

BANDITS  D 27.95 

WAY  OUT  D 31,95 

SYNAPSE 

PROTECTOR  D/T 23.95 

SLIME  DT 23-95 

SHAMUSDT 23.95 

FORT  APOCALYPSE  DT  ..  23,95 

CLAIM  JUMPER  D.T 27.95 

NAUTILUS  DT 23.95. 

PICNIC  PARANOIA  D.T....  27.95 

RAPTILIAN  D.T 27.95 

ATARI  IS  a  Iradeniaik  ui  ATARI,  Inc 


^tcirfightar 


The  Ultimate  Joystick 

•  2  Yfar  Wjrrjriiv 

•  More  AicuTJli'     ci^  ncr 

•  Edsitr  to  Huld      *l0.7J 

LEFTY  JOYSTICK  ADAPTOR 

Adapis  10  QUI,"  Atan  J<iyslKk 

Moves  lire  button  to  Kip  Right    '","0 


SUKSTIK 

•  90  Dtiy  Warranty 

•  Easy  Ball  Ti3p 
Control 


PSiuLfim 


«995 


EXTENSION  CABLE  (5  ft.) 

Addpis  H)  on\.^  Atari  controller 


S6.95 

ALl  .tOVSTiCKS  WORK  WITH  Aun  \'t  b.  Sctri  Trk*.™  C.mirKxi.r.' VIC  W.  AunMI  8OCI1AII  pnrfut  14  hdue  regislered  tiaden^rkil 

30  Day  Money  Baclc  Guarantee  on  ail  Suncom  Products 


PERCOM  D/D 

DISK  DRIVE 

$579.00 


MOSAIC  32K 

RAM  BOARD 

$97.95 


MastercardA^ISA 
Order  Toll  Free 


S  800-558-0003 


In  Wise.  Call 

414/351-2007 


ORDERING  INFORMATION 

To  order  by  mail  send  money  order,  certified  checker  personal  check  lailow  14  days  to  clear)  to  COMPUTABILITY. 
Include  $2.00  shipping  on  softwareorders  and  $2.50  shipping  on  hardware  orders  (FREE  OR  PURCHASED).  Master- 
card &  VISA  please  include  card  number  and  expiration  dat^,  Wl  residents  please  add  5",.  sales  lax.  Outside  of  con- 
tinental U.S.A.  please  add  IS'^l,  shipping  (U.S.  Funds  only).  Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice. 


Order  Hour;? 

Monday    Friddy 

12  pm  -  9  pm  C.S  T 

ComputAbdity 

P.O.  Box  17882 

Milwaukee.  Wl  53217 


274 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


AnoLher  strategy  siniLilatioii 
game,  Andromeda  Conquest  vq- 
quires  players  to  foini  and  jDiotecl 
galactic  empires.  They  must 
locate  star  systems  with  the  liigh- 
est  resotirce  values  foi-  coloni/a- 
lion.  but  they  also  Tace  opponents 
uaniiiig  the  same  star  system. 
Cassette  aiul  disk  versions  ai'e 
available  ($18  and  $23,  respec- 
tively) fV)r  the  Apple  II  +  .  Atari 
4()0/8()(),  IRS^SO  Models  1  and 
III,  and  PF.T/CBM  2001  (nodisk 
version  lor  PET).  The  game 
rec|uircs  i()K.  There  is  also  a  4SK 
disk  version  for  the  IBM  personal 
computer. 

Tlw  Avalon  Hill  Garni'  Comj)fni^ 
4517  Harford  Road 
Haltimore.MD  21214 
(JO  1)254-5  300 

Memory  Expansion 
For  The  Atari 

.Vxlon  Inc.  has  introdticed  a  48K 
memory  expansion  module  for 
the  Atari  400  home  conipitter. 
Called  the  RAMCRAM  Plus  ISK, 
the  new  product  provides  4'J,0(>2 
bytes  of  Random  Access  Memoiv 
in  a  single  module. 

i'his  memory  m()dule  allows 
Atari  400  owners  to  ujjgrade 
ifieir  comiiulers  to  equal  die 
comptiiing  power  of  its  larger, 
more  expensi\e  brother,  the 


Atari  800.  With  the  RAMCRAM 
Plus  48K,  Atari  400  Lisers  will 
have  full  access  to  software  en- 
joyed by  Atari  800  users. 

The  module  recjuires  no 
soldering  modilkaiions  to  the 
.Atari  400  and  can  be  easily  in- 
stalled with  onlv  a  .screwdriver  in 
less  than  ten  iiiituites.  It  offers 
gold  plated  contacts  and  a  fully 
socketed  board  and  is  fully  com- 
patible with  existing  Read  Onh 
Memory  (ROM)  cartridges.  The 
retail  price  is  ,$229.9.5. 

Axloii,  Int. 

170  W  Wolfe  Road 

Suiuiyvah'.'CA  94086 

(40SJ730-02I6 

Adventure 
Game  From 
Computerware 

Compiiterware  has  introduced  El 
Diahlero,  an  advenlure  game  for 
the  Radio  Shack  Color  Computer 
and  TDP  System  100. 

fhe  player  is  isolated  in  the 
middle  of  a  desert  in  the  South- 
west. He  has  been  a  student  of  an 
aged  sorcerer,  but  the  sorcerer  is 
mi.ssing.  The  player  has  appar- 
ently forgotten  the  .sorcery  tech- 
niques he's  been  taught,  but  he 
has  two  clues  to  work  with.  He 
can  remember  that  a  "diarblero" 


ATARI'' OWNERS 


I  Two  convenient  utilities  on  a  high  quality  I 
I  Memorax  diskette  (or  only  S14.95. 
And  we'll  pay  postage 

n  i.1  J;i  »  .'-I .-. .!?  :j  JU  J?,  jp.  j;i  .9. 2^  j;l  H 

^  D:  CAT  Pul  this  file  on  all  your  disks  2 

'"^ana  you'll  have  an  automatic  catalog  J2 

'o(  all  files  on  your  disk,  plus  you'll  be  "^ 

■^'able  to  run.  load,  or  enter  any  BASIC  ^ 

•^  program  al  the  push  of  a  key.  ^ 

\^  ^ 

UlO:    RENUMBER    This    program    will  <3 

.{I  automallcally  renumber  your  BASIC  .f; 
►j  programs  at  your  selected  increment- ^^ 

jj  Aulomalically  changes  GOTO.GOSUB.  j^ 
I  Jj  and  TRAP  references,  and  gives  warn-  j~ 
I  "*^  ing  on  all  nonnumeric  line  numbers.''^ 

I  Send  check  or  money  order  for  $14.95  to: 
I  Family  Computers 

P.O.  Box  1160 
I  Stinnett.  TX     79083  (806)878-2139 

sHTracJerrarJi  of  Atari.  Inc. 


ATARI®  810 

DISK  DRIVE  ADJUSTMENT  KIT 

It  lakes  more  than  a  speed  ad|UStment  to 
properly  set  up  an  Atari'  810  Disk  Drive. 

DO  IT  RIGHT 

r-      STARTER  KIT  S29.00      -^ 

Test    Disk   -   Cleaner   -  Tools 

Special  Oil  -  Swabs  and 

Complete  Instructions 

—     REPUCEMENT  KIT  $6.95     — i 

Cleaner  -  Special  Oil  -  Swabs 

The  Programmers  Workshop 

m       5230  Clark  Ave.,  Suite  23 
S       Lakewood,CA90712 
Phone  (213)804-1475 

MAfll'  iS  a  re^aefed  irademaritol  Warner  CCirmiurtKaaore. 

had  become  his  teacher's  enemy, 

and  he  can  recall  a  curious  verse. 

El  Diablerij  costs  $  1 9.95  on 
cassette  or  $24,95  on  disk  (plus 
$2  for  shipping  and  handling). 

(^omjjtilmi'are 
Box  668 

F.ticiuitas.  CA  92024 
(714)416-3512 


Communications 
Packages  For 
VersaModem 

Bizconip  has  introduced  two 
companion  communications 
software  packages  for  its  Model 
1080  VersaModem.  Term 
Eniulalor  II  allows  an  Apple  II 
Plus  computer  to  communicate 
with  The  Source,  Dow-Jones  and 
University  Computet  s,  and  tiiii/i- 
MrTrnti  hrings  the  same 
capabilities  to  Commodore  FF.T/ 
CB.M. 

Roih  communications  pack- 
aires  eliminate  the  need  foi-  inter- 
face cards.  \  special  low-cost 
cable  plugs  directlv  into  the  game 
jack  on  the  Apple  II.  Modem 
operating  parameters  such  as 
parity,  duplex,  and  stopbils  are 
conveniently  changed  from  a 
.setup  menu.  The  RAM-co|jv 
feature  permits  the  .A.pple  to 
captiu-e  data  from  remote 
comijuters. 

L'sing  the  mhii-McTenii  pack- 
age, (lommodore  PF.T/CIBM 
computers  can  be  interfaced 
directly  via  the  u.ser  port,  bv- 
passing  the  need  for  RS-232 
conversion  boxes.  The  user  port 
interface  also  preveius  excessive 
loading  of  the  I  FEE  bus.  Sinutl- 


TOLL  FREE 

Subscription 

Order  Line 

800-334-0868 

In  NC  919-275-9809 

II' 


CQ2I1PU 


VIC-20®  Hardware 


VIC-20 

Personal  Computer 

$194.88 

VIC-1011A 

RS232C  Interface 

S  39.95 

VIC-1515 

Printer 

$334.95 

(Cardprint) 

VIC  to  Centronics  Parallel 
Input  (IE.  TRSXX  or  Epson) 

Printer  Interface 

$  79.95 

VIC  1530 

Datasette 

$  64.99 

Universal  Cassette 

Inter-face 

$  29.95 

VIC- 1540 

Disk  Drive 

$349.95 

VIC-1111 

16K  RAM  Exp. 

$349.95 

VIC-1110 

8K  RAM  Exp. 

$  49.95 

VIC-1210 

3K  RAM  Exp. 

$  34.95 

VIC-1010 

Expansion  Module 

$139.95 

Expansion  Interface 

$  79.95 

(Ctiristmas  Special) 

$  79.95 

Cardboard/3 

$  29.95 

VIC-1311 

Joystick 

$     9.95 

VIC-1312 

Game  Paddles 

$  19.95 

VIC- 1600 

Telephone  Modem 

$  99.95 

CARDBOARD  6  $79.95 

{SPECIAL  CHRISTMAS  PRICE  —  after 
December  15  back  to  399.95) 
An  expansion  interlace  for  ttie  Vic-20  —  allows  expan- 
sion to  40  K  or  accepts  up  to  six  games  —  may  be  daisy 
chained  for  more  versatility. 

CARDBOARD  3  $29,95 

Economy  expansion  interface  for  the 
Vic-20 

CARD  "?"  CARD/PRINT  $79.95 

Universal  Centronics  Parallel  Printer  Interface  for 
the  Vic-20  or  CBM-64.  Use  an  Epson  MX-80  or 
OKIDATA  or  TANDY  or  just  about  any  other. 

CARDETTE  $29.95 

Use  any  standard  cassette  player/recorder  with 
your  Vic-20  or  CBM-64 

CARDRITER  $29.95 

A  light  pen  with  six  good  programs  to  use  with  your 
Vic-20  or  CBM-64 


BUSINESS  APPLICATIONS 

Total  Text    $24.95 

Total  Labels   - 19.95 

BPI-Accounting    29.95 

BPh  A-Accounts  Receivable 21 .95 

BP2-Calc 12.95 

BP2A-0rder  Tracker 18.95 

BP3-Business  Inventory     19.95 

BP4-Depreciation    1 0.95 

BP5-Ratios    9-95 

BP6-Cash  Flow    13.95 

BP7-Net  Worth    14.95 

BP8-Lease/Buy    14.95 

BP9-Mortgage  Calculator    9.95 

BP1 0-Mortgage  Comp 9.95 

BP-1 1-Loan  Amortiser    24.95 


5Ef\J5Ei:/ 

BP12-Loan  Repayer 10.95 

BP13-Phone  Directory   9-95 

BP1 4-Calendar  of  Appointments    11 6.95 

BP15-Client  Tickler  19.95 

BP16-Billing  Solver  19-95 

BP17-Estimates  &  Bids    14.95 

BP18-Bar  Charts  9-95 

BP19-Stocks  Ticker  Tape    16.95 

BP21-P.E.R.T 15.95 

BP22-Business  Appointments    13.95 

GAMES  FOR  ALL 

Game  Pack  (PE  Six)    $89.70 

VT160A  Rec  Pak     56.95 

Exterminator  Plus    1 9-95 

3-D  Hackman  19-95 

Snackman 1 5.95 

Anti-Matter  Splatter  19.95 

Bombs  Away    15.95 

3-D  Maze  Escape   14.95 

Krazy  Kong     14.95 

PE215-Alien  Panic 
PE212-Rescue  From  Nufon 
PE222-Escapes 

PE208-Krazy  Kong    59.80 

PE220-Journey 
PE206-lnvasion 

We  can  obtain  essentially  any 

game  or  business  application. 

Please  let  us  know  your  wishes. 


$EN$1BLE  SOFTWARE 

Mailing  List  —  Tape    31995 

Disc  24.95 

The  BEST  we  have  seen  for  a  small  business  or 
personal  use.  Idiot  proof.  Casette  or  disc.  Permits 

virtually  unlimited  files  —  access  by  name  or  zip  code. 

Includes  memoranda  and  phone  #. 

Vic-20® 

All  require  8K  expansion) 

Game  Pak  0    $39.95 

Lunar  Lander  Star  Trek 

Master  Mind  Mercinary  Force 

Game  Pak  1    $39.95 

Roach  Hotel  Yahtzee 

Super  Zap  Tic  Tac  Toe 

Game  Pak  2    $24.95 

(Strategic  Simulations) 
Warrior  (two  Players)  Mercinary  Force 

Tapes  sold  separately  $13.95 

C-64 

Blackjack    $19.95 

Mastermind     19.95 

Financial  questions 19.95 


To  Order: 

812  S.  Lightner 

Wichita,  KS  67218 

(316)  684-4660 

Personal  Checks  Accepted  (Allow  3  Weeks),  or  C.O.D. 

Handling  Charges  $1.50 


276 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982,  Issue  31 


Tlir  VcrsaModciii  [rain  Bizmiiip 

taiicous  prituiiig  is  a  uscrul  fea- 
ture available  on  iiihii-McTeim. 
Bizcomp's  VersaModem  is  a 


DYNABYTE 
SOFTWAREtm 

By  TSASA,  INC. 

IS 
EXPLODING!! 

WITH 

BUSINESS  AND 

HOME  SOFTWARE 

For  The 

►  COMMODORE  64 

•  VIC  20 

•  TRS-80  CC 

-  ATARI  400/800 

Over  65  Cassettes  Avail. 
$8.95-$29.95 


FREE  CATALOG 


DYNABYTE  SOFTWARE 

3C       2  Chipley  Run       M 
West  Berlin,  N.J.  08091 


direct-connect  modem  intended 
for  cost-sensitive  personal  com- 
pnter  applications.  VersaModem 
is  FCC  registered  and  supplied 
with  a  modular  plug  for  direct 
connection  to  the  telephone 
network.  It  i.s  packaged  in  a  low 
profile  enclosure  which  may 
be  used  as  a  base  for  a  desk 
telephone? 

Prices  for  liie  software  pack- 
ages on  diskette,  complete  with 
interface  cable  and  modular  T- 
adapter,  are:  $29.95  for  the 
Apple,  $74.95  for  the  Commo- 
dore PK17CBM,  and  $24.95  for 
the  Commodore  VIC. 

RIZCOMP  Corporation 
P.O.  Box  749S 
Menio  Park,  CA  94025 
(408}74y-16}6 

Wrnter  Education 
Workshops 


Technical  Education  Research 
Centers,  Inc.  (TERC)  is  expand- 
ing its  workshop  series,  Micro- 
computers in  Education,  to  14 
sites  ihroughoui  the  coiuitry. 
The  remaining  .sessions  in  tlie 
winter  series  will  be  held  in  the 
following  locations: 


l.St.Louis,  MO-Dec.  7-9 
2.  Boulder,  CO  -  Dec.  13-15 
S.Tallahassee,  PL- Jan.  18-20 

4.  Washington,  D.C.  -  Feb.  7-9 

5.  New  VoVk-Feb.  17-19 

W'orkshops  arc  designed  for 
professional  de\  ek^pment  of 
educators  at  all  levels,  clcmentarv 
through  college.  Each  workshop 
will  emphasize  hands-on  experi- 
ence with  a  \aricty  of  microcom- 
puters. Extensive  workshop 
reference  materials  wnll  be  given 
to  pariicipants.  Special  evening 
symposia  will  be  held  thai  address 
topics  on  cin-reni  issues  in  micro- 
computer a]3plications  in  educa- 
tion. Hotel  accommodations  will 
be  available  for  participants  who 
need  tliem. 

Workshop  topics  include: 

1.  BASIC  and  Graphics  I 

2.  BASIC  and  Graphics  II 

3.  LOGO  I 

4.  LOGO  1 1 

5.  Pascal  I 

6.  Pascal  11 

7.  Overview  of  Educational 
Applications  of  Micro- 
computers 

8.  Administrative  Uses  of 
Microcompiuers 

9.  Microcomputers  in  Mathe- 
matics Instruction 

10.  Microcomputers  in  Science 
Instruction 

11.  Microcomputers  as  Labora- 
tory Instruments 

12.  Micnjcomputers  and  the 
Education  of  Special  Needs 
Students 

13.  Machine  Language 

For  further  information  on 
these  and  upcoming  workshops 
in  other  locations,  write: 

Ms.  Sharon  Woodruff 

Conference  Coordinator 

TERC 

8  Eliot  St. 

Cambridge.  MA  02138 

Action  Strategy 
Game  From  EPYX 


Colorful  3-D  graphics  and  fast 
action  highlight  Monsler  Maze,  3 
new  skill  game  from  EPYX/ 


■■■■««■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■  llllgggg 


""ATARI 


1 


800  COMP.  (48K)  ..  $619.00 

•  PERCOM  D/D  DISK  DRIVE  . .  $559.00  • 


B10  DISK  DRIVE    ....  $428.00 

410  RECORDER   S74.00 

850 INTERFACE    ....  $164.00 
400 COMP (16K)    ....  $265.00 

ENTERTAIHER  $66,95 

COMMUNICATOR    . . .  $298.00 
BOOKKEEPER  KIT    . .  .  $169.00 


32K  RAM  (Mosaic)  . .  .  $99.00 
32K  RAM  (IITtec)  ....  $69.00 
48KRAM(imec/400)    $139.95 

RAMDISK    $425.00 

SIGNALMAN  MK II  ..  $78.95 
WICO  JOYSTICK  ....  $22.95 
WICO TRACKBALL  ...     $48.95 


SUPER  DISCOUNT  SOFTWARE 


ADVENTURE  INTERNATIONAL 

Rear  Guard  (D)   $16.95 

Adi/entures{persetl(D) J28.95 

Advenluras  1-12  Each  (C)    . .  J17.95 

Preppie(C/Dl    J19  95 

War(D}    J16.95 

APX 

Eastern  Ffont  1941  (C/D)  . . .  $22.95 

Fam.  Cash  Flow  (0)  S16.95 

747  Landing  Sim.  (C;D)    ....$16.95 
ATARI  INCORPORATED 

MicrosofI  Basic  (D)   $65.95 

Macro  Assem.&EditorlD)   .  t64.95 

Assembler  Editor  (R)  $44.95 

Basic  Cartridge  (R|    $44.95 

PacMan(R)    $32.95 

Centipede  (R) $32-95 

Caverns  o(  Mars  (D|  $27.95 

Missile  Command  |R)   $25.95 

Star  Haiders  (R)    ,..$32.95 

Asteroids  (R) $25.95 

ConversalionalLang.Ea.(C)    $43.95 

Music  Composer  (R)   $29.95 

Super  Breakout  (R)    $26.95 

Computer  Chess  (R)    $26.95 

My  First  Alphabet  (D) $25.50 

Programming2i3|ea.){C|  .  $21.00 

Word  Processor(D)  $t07.00 

Pilot  (Educ) $98.00 

Home  File  Manager  (D| $36.95 

Bookl(eeper Program  (D)  . . .  $98.95 
AUTOMATED  SIMULATIONS 

Invasion  Orion  (C/D)    $16.95 

Rescue  at  Rigel  |C(D) $19.95 

Temple  of  Apshai  (C/D) $26.95 

Star  Warrior  (C/D) $26.95 

Daiesionesof  Ryn  (C/D)   . . .  $14.95 

Dragon's  Eye  ID)    $19.96 

Crush  CrumberCh.  (C/D)  .  ,.  $19.95 
AVALON  HILL 

Empire  o(  Overmind  (D) $22.95 

Voyager  (D) $17.95 

B-1  Nuclear  Somber  (C) $1 1 .95 

Lords  of  Karma  (C) $14.95 

TanWicsID]    $19.95 

BRODEHBUNO  SOFTWARE 

Apple  Panic  (C/D) $19.95 

Star  Blazer    $21.95 

Choplifter(D)    $22.95 

Davids  Midnight  Magic  (D)  .$22.95 
HI  RES  Deadly  Secrets  (D)    .$22.95 

Steller  Shuttle  (C/D) $19.95 

DATA  SOFT 

Text  Wizard  II  (D|    $64.95 

Spell  Wizard  (D)   $52.95 

Canyon Climber(D)  $19.95 

Pacific  Coast  Hwy(D)  $19.95 

EDU-WARE 

Compu-Read  (0)  .  $20.95 

Compu-Maih  Frac.  (D) $27.95 

Compu-Math  Dec.  (D)    $27.95 

Compu-Bead  (C) $13.95 


INFOCOM 

Zork  I  (D) $26.95 

Zork  11(D)    $26-95 

Deadline  (D)   433.95 

JV  SOFTWARE 

Action  Quest  (C/D) $19.95 

Gtiost  Encounters  (C/D)    . . .  $19.95 

K-BYTE 

K-Razy  Shootout  (R)    $33.95 

K-Star  Patrol  (R)  $33.95 

K-Razy  Krillars  (R)   $33.95 

K-Razy  Antics  (R)  $33-95 

KDos  (D) $58.95 

ON-LINE 

HI  RES  Wiz  &  Princess  (D)  . .  $21 .95 

Crossfire  (C/D) $19.95 

Frogger(C/D)   $22.95 

ThreSholdCD)    $26-95 

Ultima  1(D) $26.95 

Ultima  11(0) $38.95 

The  Next  Step(D) $26.95 

OPTIMIZED  SYSTEMS 

Basic  A  +  (D)    $58.95 

OS/A  +  (D)    $58.95 

Speed  Read  Plus  (D)    $42.95 

ROKLAN 

Deluxe  Invaders  (D)   $22.95 

Deluxe  Invaders  (R)   $26.95 

Gorf  (0)   $26.95 

Gorl(R)   $29.95 

Wizard  of  Wor(D) $26.95 

Wizard  of  Wof  (R) $29.95 

SIR1LJS 

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278 


COMPUTIl 


December  198Z  Issue  31 


Aulomatecl  Simulaiions. 

You  aie  trapped  in  a  H- 
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Ovei  40  monstrous  nnitants 
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Introduction  to  BASIC  Extremely  popuSarin- 
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4515-000022  206  pgs. 20  illus  SlO.95 
50  More  Programs  in  Basic  for  the  Home. 
School*  Office.  All  Iresh  programs  tn  this  vol, 
4080-OOOOO3         96  pgs  S  9.95 

BASIC  Programming  Primer.  Userlnendly 
fundamentals  book  for  bolh  novices  and  pros 
4760-021586  240  pgs  S11.95 

Sixty  Challengir\g  Problems  with  BASIC 
solution.  Learn  more  by  solving  problems 
4410-005180         144  pgs  S  8.50 

Beat  the  Odds.  Micro  simulation  of  Casino 
Games.  Painless  way  to  gamble  your  money 
4410-005181        128  pgs  S  8.70 

Introductiort  to  Texas  Instrument  GASIC- 
A  must  tor  any  Tl "  owner 

4410-005185  320  pgs  SI  1.95 

BASIC  for  Home  Computers.  A  sensible  and 
complete  beginning  guifle  to  BASIC 
4925-003204  336  pgS  S  9.50 

BASIC.  Vol  II.  Picks  up  where  above  book  lefi 
off  needs  no  special  math  or  science  knowledge 
4925-003500      325  pgs  $9,95 

Inside  BASIC  garwes.  Teaclies  the  reader  how 
lo  design  ej-^or-lree  interaliv«  games.etc 
4795-000055    350  pgs, 1  20  illus       £14.95 
BASIC  Programs  for  Home  Financial  Man- 
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4690-066514        250  p9S.  itius  SI  2.95 

BASICBASIC-Englisti  Dictionary.  This  DOOk 
wiit  help  you  translate  bet  we  en  BASIC  dialects 
4250-000054      150  pgs  S10.95 

Basic  Pfoaramming  Worksheets.  Pnnied 
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4080-000802  For  Color  Computer  $2.95 
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4080000803  For  Apple'  S2.9S 

4080000804  For  IBM"  PC  S  2-95 

4080000805  Universal  BASIC  form  S2.95 

BASIC  for  Business,  Stiows  no;.-.  f^asy  it  is  :o 
use  a  corrputef  for  general  business  las^s 
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A  loZ  Book  of  Computer  Games.  Here  ^re  26 
i'*cil«nq  and  instructive  BASIC  ganae  programs 
4800-001062     308  pgs.73  illus.  5  7.95 

40  Computer  Games.  Unbeatable  game  col 
isichon  from  Kilobaud  Mtcro  Magazine 
4910-000023  S7.95 

The  BASIC  conversions  Handbook  For  Pet. 
Apple '.TRS-aO'  users.  Guide  loconwenmq 
4410-005534         80  pgs  S  7.95 

SINCLAIR  ZX-81  "  BOOKS 

Programming  the  ZX-St  for  Real  Apphcat- 
ions.  Practical  programs  to  sti  ow  abi  Ijty  of  ZX-B 1 
4250-000090       166  pages  S  9.95 

Making  the  Mostof  Your  ZX-81 .  information 
on  ho^  !o  v^rjte  orograms  games, Incks  etc 
4725-004188      128  page's  510.95 

The  ZX-Bl  Pocket  Book.  Mara y  programming 
manu.il  !!na!  gives  you  eweryinmg  you  need 
4735-009524       128  pages  59.95 

Mastering  Machine  Code  on  Your  ZX-Sl. 
First  .simple  eng|i=,h  guide  to  nun  hint  cout- 
4725-004261       ISO  pages  S12.95 

49  Explosive  Games  (or  (he  ZX-81 .  Complete 
t.^isy  !o  resd  game  rules  and  pioqiam  instruct 
4725002086      140  pages  SlO.95 


NEW  Vic  20^^  GAMES 


direct  from  England,  JMC  is  proud  to  announce 
that  we  have  been  appointed  the  exclusive  U.S. 
importer  for  the  following  Vic-20  games. 


MINEFIELD,A  game  for  the  5K  Vic  20. 
For  Ages  6  and  over.  Your  task  is  to  drive  an 
amburance  around  a  battle  ground  and  pick 
up  iniured  solbiers-racing  the  clocKand  avoid- 
ing touching  off  the  buned  mines  You  can  ad- 
just the  complexity  of  the  game  by  choosing  to 
play  against  25  to  1  00  mines. 
4002-000001  $15,96 

MAZE  OF  DEATH.For  SK  Vic-20. 
For  ages  6  and  over.  You  have  to  traveE  across 
the  screen  thru  a  maze  of  walls  blocking  your 
path  Unseen  hobgobblens  and  monsters  may 
capture  you  before  you  reach  your  safe  haven ■ 
on  the  other  hand  you  mayfindbufiedlreasure 
to  add  to  ypur  fortune.  Full  details  scroll  on  Ihe 
screen  when  you  start  game.  7  Skill  levels  and 
10  sensitivity  levels  to  choose  Irom 
4002-000002  $15.98 

SPLOTTER'  For  5K  Vic-20- 
For  ages  8  and  over  You  control  a  worm  type 
animal  that  moves  over  the  screen  lo  gobble 
up  the  ugle  spots-a  race  against  time  t(  you 
bump  into  a  wall,  of  turn  back  on  yourself  to 
quickly-you  LOSE.  You  choose  skill  level  from 
#1  j  hardesti  to  #  20  leasiest).  If  you  really  want 
(0  drive  someone  craiy.  buy  him  this  game! 
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GUZZLERS  For  5K  Vic-20. 
For  agesfi  and  over.  You  musi  piiol  you  space 
shuttle  thru  a  mazeof  asteroids  to  your  mother- 
ship  But  if  you  are  not  carefui  you  will  awaken 
the  Guzzfer^'s  space  bouys.  You  have  to  reach 
your  mothership  before  running  out  of  luel, 
GOOD  LUCK 
4O020O0O04  SI  5.98 


DELUX  6-PAK*  For  5K  ViC-20 
Here  is  your  chance  to  buy  fl  game*  on  one 
cassette  for  the  price  ol  one  game'  You  get  all 
SIX  of  the  following  games  for  ONE  low  price! 
War. You  are  defending  against  waves  of 
enemy  tanks.  3  levels  of  play,,. we  bet  you  can't 
win  at  level  3! 

Smaahout.  This  versfon  of  bricks  game  tests 
skill. noi  reaction  time.plan  ahead! 
Blackjack  Popular  card  game '2  V, If  you  pract- 
ice long  enough  maybe  you  can  plan  a  sysiem 
to  beat  Las  Vegas! 

Logic:  Vou  have  12  inestobieakthecodeolS 
tjalls  m  random  color  sequence 
Pickupgame.  You  have  to  remove  logs  from  the 
pile  wilfiQul  disturbing  any  other  logs. 
Alarm  Clock:  Use  the  Computer  as  a  REAL 
24  hour  alarm  cloch.  bet  you  can't  ignore  its 
caH  when  the  alarm  goes  off! 
4O03-0OOO01  $19.98 

ANT  RAIDERS*  For  5K  Vic-20 

Ages  8  and  up  An  army  of  ants  is  marching  its 

way  across  the  land  leading  lo  your  home.  The 

land  IS  Ittlered  with  rocks  which  make  the  anis 

change  direction  often  You  must  shoal  the  ants 

beforeonegets  to  your  door  If  you  shoot  a  rock 

It  will  divide  into  more  rocks.  M  you  trap  all  the 

ants,  then  more  will  come  until  you  trap  all  the 

group,  then  more  will  come  until... well  you  get 

the  Idea... have  FUNi 

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MORE  GAMES  COMING!  We  are  working  on 
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in  the  near  future  .watch  our  ads  for  details^ 


VIC-20'  BOOKS 


Understanding  Your  Vic. Vol  1.  Beginners 
guide  to  programing  on  the  Vic-20'*.  TipsS  tech 
4840-000003       1  48  pages  51 1 .95 

4840-000004  Cassette  Supplement  ST. 95 
Computel's  First  Book  of  Vic.  Collection  of 
Ihe  best  articles  from  Compute'  Magaiine 
4105-000007     Fall  1982  $12.95 

Starting  with  BASIC  on  the  Vic-20'. Helps 
novices  learn  all  the  capablrties  of  the  Vic-20 
4725-007070     128  pgs.dufi  Fall 82  51  2.95 

IBM 'BOOKS 
IBM's'  Personal  Computer.  Background  on 
Ihe   gtants   entry   into  field.with   evaluations 
4700-000111       303  pages  514.95 

Using  the  IBM''  Personai Computer.  A  com- 
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4725-008183        300  pages  512.95 

CONFUSED?  No  one  book  may  offer  all  the 
answers,we  suggest  buying  more  than  one 
book  on  a  subject  toget  as manydiffereni views 
and  opinLons  as  possible  Books  are  cheap  if 
you  consider  the  frustraiions  they  can  avert 


APPLE"  BOOKS 
AppleirUsersGuide.  ThisguiOeisthekeyto 
unlocking  the  fuli  power  ol  your  Apple  II. 
4665-000046     385  pgs  $16.95 

APPLE  'I    Collection  of  BASIC  programs  that 
have  been  convened  to  run  on  the  App(e  II 
4665-000068  200  pages,        $14.99 

Assembly  Language  Programmmg  for  the 
Apple  H  "■  Comprehensive  introduction 
4665-000051  $12.95 

Apple"  Machine  Language.  A  machine lang- 
uaqt  bcoK  triafs  fun  and  enlertaining, 
4690-000230     296  pages/  illus.        512.95 

Apple"  Interfacing.  Helps  you  lo  interface 
your  Apple  "■  to  a  variety  ol  electronic  devices 
4760-021862        208  pgs  $10.95 

Apple'  Programming  Eiiercies.  i  7  Easy  to 
read  easy  to  use  exercies  including  music 
4925-086598        192  pages  $9.95 

Computer  Source  Book  ".  Ovef2O00  books 
orog ram ^,and  accessories  'or  all  mtcro  brands 
0001-198207     72pgs  S2.00ppd. 


"With  ANY  order  of  $50.00  or  more  you 

can  receive  a  1983  Computer  Calendar 

FREE,"A$7.95  VALUE! 


OTY 

NUMBER 

DESCRIPTION  OF  item 

COSI 

tOJAi 

PPfr 

Ur,B.(i2i    Pl»it.AaiI13   SOP 
t*  AOa  S-   S*l*t  T.,    ILL  CA 

>»t   1  Hindi. og       m.no.4Rts.ae"T^ 
TALOGS  SHiPPt  D  POST  P^ID 

TOTAL 

PAYMENT  ENCLOSED       nCASH     □CHECH     □mONEVOROEB 
PLEASE  CHARGE  TO  MV       □MASTERCARD    □viSAlM.n    ChgSSS 


CARD  NUMBER. 
EXPIRES 


mTRHNK   =_ 


[STREET  ADDR. 
ICITV 


DEPARTMENT:  G-8 

1025  INDUSTRIAL  DR      BENSENVILLE     IL  601061297 


280 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  3 


full  cursor  editing,  and  complete 
documentation. 

S/wrt  S/iet't  requires  a  VIC-20 
will]  a  minimum  ot  I  1 K  of  mem- 
ory. Co.st  i.s  $20. 

Western  AVa'  England 
So/tumre  Associates 
P.O.  Box  31 
Willmilidm.  MA  01095 


Farmers, 
Agribusiness  Get 
Nationwide 
Electronic 
Information  System 

AgrtStar,  a  new  electronic  busi- 
ness information,  communica- 
tions, and  computing  service  for 
U.S.  farmers,  ranchers,  and 
agribusinessmen,  has  been  intro- 
duced l5y  AgriData  Resources, 
Inc..  the  Milwaukee-based  pub- 
lislier  of  FaimFutures  magazine 


and  a  range  of  daily,  weekly,  and 
monthly  farm  business  informa- 
tion services. 

The  AgriStar  service  will 
afford  farmers,  ranchers,  and 
others  in  the  business  of  agricul- 
ture, instantaneous  electronic 
communications  among  them- 
selves and  equally  instant  access 
via  any  nricrocomputer  terminal 
to  the  complete  array  of  business, 
financial,  marketing,  weather, 
and  news  information.  All  infor- 
mation is  continuously  updated 
from  several  thousand  electroni- 
cally linked  sources  throughout 
the  U.S.  and  the  world. 

AgriStar  went  into  commer- 
cial operation  in  early  No\ember, 
following  a  nationwide  test  with 
130  farmers. 

Tandy  Corporation  is  han- 
dling the  nationwide  retail  distri- 
bution of  the  AgriStar  service 
through  some  5,000  of  its  Radio 
Shack  stores  and  dealers  in  oi- 


near  agricultural  communities, 
beginning  in  January. 

A  major  information  source 
will  be  Commodity  News  Service, 
Inc.  (CNS),  a  subsidiary  of 
Knight-Ridder  Newspapers. 
CNS  will  provide  financial  and 
commodity  market  information, 
which  will  be  edited  and  format- 
ted by  Agri-Data  for  use  by  far- 
mers and  others  engaged  in 
agricultural  production. 

In  addition  to  CNS,  AgriData 
Resources  has  made  information 
agreements  with  several  major 
ag-indusiry  publishers,  meteor- 
ological services,  commodity 
brokerage  houses,  and  selected 
agricultural  corporations,  associ- 
ations, and  colleges.  Market 
analysis  and  reconmiendations 
from  a  range  of  economists  and 
analysts,  including  AgriData's 
Top  farmer  advisory  service,  \\\W 
be  available. 

AgriStar  is  a  fully  interactive 


VIC-20 


GAMES 
Cartridge; 

Spiders  of  Mars $40.00 

Outworld    40,00 

Cloud  Burst  32.00 

Alien  Blitz   32.OO 

Renaissance  40,00 

Amok 32,00 

Meteor  Run  40.00 

Bats  &  Mets  40.00 

Skibbereen 32,00 

Cassette: 

Simon   $12,00 

Amok 20,00 

Subchase 20,00 

Alien  Blitz   20,00 

The  Alien 20.00 

3-D  Maze  12,00 

Raceway  12,00 

Kosmic  Kamikaze    20,00 

Super  Driver 15  OO 


SOFTWARE 


■VlC-20  &  Commociore-64 

are  registered  trademarks 

of  Commodore  Business 

Machines, 

"Prices  arvd  Availobiiifv 

Subject  to  Change 

Without  Notice. 


Business: 

ViCalc 

ViCat  

ViCheck   

VITernn  A  

Educational; 

Skymath  

Space  Div 

Super  Hangman   

Hardware: 

Buti-3K  ROM    

Spokesman  

Voice  Synthesizer  for  (Commodore-M 


$12.00 
,  20.00 
.  20.00 
.  16.00 

$20,00 

.  12,00 

16.00 

$72,00 
150.00 

■).  VlC-20- 
*  * 


ALL  ORDERS  ADD  S2.ID0  SHiPPING 

California  Residents  Add  6%  Sales  Tax 

Dealers  Please  Inquire 


TO  ORDER  SEND  CHECK  OR  MONEY  ORDER  TO: 
MOOSEWARE  rNCORPORATED 

Post  Office  Box  17868,  Irvine,  California  92713 


WRITE  FOR  FREE  BROCHURE  &  ASK  ABOUT  THE  MOOSE  CLUB 
■  CLUB  MEMBERS  RECEIVE  SPECIAL  DISCOUNTS  ON  ALL  PRODUCTS  SOLD, 


tele  ^ofif  iue# 

P.O.  BOX  3456,  TROY,  MICH  48084 


Complete  line  of  Computers  . . 
Software  . . .  Video  Games  and 
Accessories  . . .  CALL  TODAY! 


HOME 
COMPUTERS 


16K 

S279.95                   $659.00 

4aK 

499.00                       799.00 

ACCESSORIES 

410 

Cassette  Recorder    S  89.95 

810 

Disk  Drive  499.99 

850 

Interface  Module   169.95 

825 

80  Column  Printer 699.95 

FREE! 

STICK  STAND 
with  FASTBALL 

(With  purchase  of  $60oo 
or  more.  A  $6^^  value!) 


REDUCES 

HAND 

&  WRIST 

FATIGUE 


MOSAIC     32K  Ram 


113.00 


Bell  AHowell  (Black  Apple) 

Apple  II  pius  48K    $1287.00 

Disk  Drive  w/Conlroller 550.00 

Disi(  Drive  without  Controller  475,00 

ACE  16K  Expansion  165.00 


ACCESSORIES 

Slick  Stand $  6.99 

2  For   1 2.00 

Atari  Joy  Stick    6.20 

Wico  Joy  Stick  22.50 

Wico  Red  Ball  Joy  Slick  24.80 

Wico  Track  Bali  Atari/Com mandof  . . .  52.00 
Many  More  Accessories CALL 


Parallel  Interface  125.00         SOFTWARE   FOR 

Qcommodore 

Commodore  "64" S525.00 

Commodore  Vic  20  21 5.00 

Disk  Drive  499.00 

Datassette  69.00 

8K  Memory  Expander 49.95 

FiS232  Interlace  . : 45.00 

Vic  20  Cartridge  Games 27.95 

BUSINESS  MACHINES 

CBM  8032 $1 100.00 

CBM  8050  Dual  Disk 1299.00 


^^dventure 

Preppie 23.00 

Rear  Guard    1 5.50 

Treasure  Quest  23.00 

3DTJcTacToe    12.00 

Adventure  Series    15.50 

War   19.50 

Diskey ^ 37.00 


TRS  80  Model  III 1650.00 

I  I AAtA  Home  Computer  .... 


89.95 

Small  Business 
Computer 1 700.00 


Computer  32K  Ram 834.00 


NEC 

A  tl  \UAb20  System  I 2500.00 

Tel^^deO  64K  computer .  .  1500.00 

Texas 

Instruments  Tt99       20000 

($100.00  re tiate) 

HAYES  MODEM  1200 


Centipede   S34.7S 

Pac  Man 34.75 

Super  Breakout 28.50 

Missile  Command 28.50 

Star  Raiders  34.75 

CBS  Software 

Krazy  Shootout $36.00 

Krazy  Antics  36.00 

K-Star  Patrol 35.00 

Krazy  Antiks ■■.. 36.00 


vl 


.  575.00 


Crusti.  Crumble,  Chomp $23.00 

Ricochet 15.50 

Star  Warrior 30,50 

Rescue  at  Rigel 23.00 

Broderbund 

Chopiiftef J29.95 

Apple  Panic 23.00 

Star  Blazer 24.50 

David's  Midnightmagic 27.00 

Stellar  Shuttle  29.95 


Ultima  I   30.50 

Utlima  II    47.50 

Frogger 27.00 

Jaw  Breaker 23.00 

Crossfire 23.00 

Shooting  Arcade   23.00 

Pacific  Coast  Highway  23.00 

Clowns  and  Balloons    23.00 

Atari  Character  Generator 15.50 

Andromeda    27.00 

Doctor  Goodeode's  Cavern 24.00 

Pathfinder 27.00 

Match  Racers    24  00 

Nautilus    23.00 

SlJnre 23.00 

Dodge  Racer 23.00 

Protector 23.00 

Chicken    23  00 

IDSI. 

Pool  1 .5    27.00 

VIStCALC 

(For  Apple,  Atari,  Commodore,  and  IBM) 
200.00 


VISA  &  MASTERCARD 
ACCEPTED 


ORDERING  INFORMATION 

Check,  Money  Order,  MasterCard.  Visa  and  C.O.D.  Orders 
accepted.  Add  $2.00  for  C.O.D.  All  other  orders  shipped 
U.P.S.  collect.  Michigan  residents  add  4%  sales  tax. 
Hours  9  a.tn.  to  8  p.m.  daily. 


CALL  FREE  1-800-255-2000  in  Michigan  1-800-742-4242 


282 


COMPUTE) 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


(two-way)  system.  It  uses  the 
home  or  offue  telephone  line  to 
connecl  the  rnitrocompuier  or 
terminal  to  the  system  data  center 
in  MiKvaukce  via  a  national  data 
toinninnicalions  network.  In 
addition  to  instant  access  to  user- 
selected  information,  iwo-wav 
connnunicalion.s  l^etween  uscr.s  is 
afforded  by  Agri-Star's  "Star- 
Gram"  electronic  mail  service. 

AgriStar  is  compatible  wiili 
virtually  any  microcomputer 
which  isffjuipped  lo  communi- 
cate over  tele]) hone  lines.  Kilher 
a  microcomputer  or  a  com- 
municating terminal  can  be  used, 
AgriData  will  j^rovide,  on  a  three- 
year  lease/purchase  basis,  a  com- 
municating video  display  termi- 
nal tor  $32  per  month,  including 
a  full  three-year  warranty.  An 
optional  ]>rinter  foi"  paper  co]>ies 
is  available  on  the  same  basis  lor 
$32  per  month. 

Not  including  hardware 
costs,  normal  use  of  the  ser\'ice 


will  cost  less  than  $  1 00  per  month 
total.  There  is  no  telephone 
charge  associated  with  u.se. 

Property 

Management  For 
The  Atari 

T  Sc  F  Software  has  released 
P.M. P.  2000,  a  properly  manage- 
mcin  program  for  the  Atari.  It 
is  designed  as  a  template  for 
VisiCaic. 

For  people  who  don't  have 
the  time  to  poiu-  over  piles  of 
bookkeeping  and  paper  work. 
P.M. P.  200d"is  the  answer.  P.M. P. 
2000  provides  various  possibilities 
for  [Jiopert)-  <nvners,  from  fi- 
nance applications  to  monthly 
net  returns  on  investments. 

You  enter  tlic  data  for  the 
known  variables,  P.M. P.  2000 
does  the  rest,  automatically  iden- 
tifying and  solving  for  tlie  uti- 
known.  Each  program  in  llie 


package  —  Apartment  Status 
Report,  Fenant  Status  Report, 
Cash  Receipt  Worksheet,  In- 
voices, Distribution  of  Expenses/ 
Bank  Account  Statement,  and 
Income/Expense  Schedules  - 
helps  you  manage  your  property 
moreefliciently.  profitably,  and 
ef  iecii\elv. 

The  retail  price  of  P.M. P. 
2000  is  $199.95. 

Talcove  is?  Familinn  Cumpaiiy 
IU9()2  Rivnsifh'Drivr 
.\'<>r//i  flo/lyiroocl,  CA  91602 
(2 1 3)50 1 -5845 


New  Product  releases  are  selected  from 
submissians  for  reasons  of  timeliness, 
avadable  space,  and  general  interest  lo 
our  readers.  We  regret  that  we  are  unable 
to  select  all  new  product  submissions  for 
publication.  Readers  should  be  aimre 
that  we  present  here  some  edited  version 
oj  material  submitted  by  z^endors  and  are 
unable  to  vouch  for  its  accuracy  at  time 
of  publication.  © 


AVn 


p  TECHNICAL 
WSALES 


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284 


COMPUTE! 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


CAPUTE! 

Modifications  Or  Corrections 
To  Previous  Articles 


PET  Laser  Gunner 

The  following  line  was  missing  from  the  PET/CBM 
version  of  this  game,  November  1982.  p.  44: 

8  PRINT" {CLEAR} "; :GOT085 

PET  Picture  Files 

Our  thanks  lo  autiior  Liz  Deal  for  pointing  out  that 
her  screen  save  routine  (November  1982,  p.  202) 
will  work  on  4()-c<)luinn  machines  except,  for  the 
Fal-40. 

Commodore  64  Memory  Map 

Just  checking  to  see  if  you're  on  yoin'  toes.  The 
Commodore  64  memory  maps  (October  1982,  pp. 
150-155)  contained  two  minor  errors  which  every- 
body noticed  (and  told  me  about),  flie  "  la])e  error 
log"  hex  addresses  should  be  0100  to  013K  and 


memory  OKOO  to  9FFF  is  of  cxnn'se  BASIC  RAM 
memory,  not  ROM.  Good  spotting,  readers  ...  Jim 
Bullerlleld. 

Atari  Variable  Table  Refresh 

On  page  152  of  thejuly  1982  issue,  lines  32000 
and  32040  should  have  a  "1):  I'ollowing  the  first 
cjiiolation  mark  (.see  line  32010  (or  the  correct 
format). 

Micros  With  The  Handicapped 

Ijnes  30  and  210  (October  1982.  p.  125)  require  a 
backarrow  where  there  is  an  imderline.  € 


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Reg. 

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Reg.    Sole 

AGENDA  FILES 

35.00     22.75 

GALACTIC  WARS                       35,00     22,75 

3DTICTACT0E                   C     14.95 

11,21 

K-STAR  PATROL  ICARTl 

C     49,95     37,46 

APPLE  BDWL 

25.00     16.00 

GAMMA  GOBLINS                      29,95     18,85 

ADVENTURE  #1-12                 C   129.95 

97,46 

KIDSAKDTHEATARUBOO* 

j  B     19,95     14,96 

APPLE  HOW  TO! 

50.00     32.50 

GODDSPELL                               50,00     39,00 

ANDROMEDA  24  K                 0     34.95 

25,21 

LE  STICK  lACCESSORYl 

A     39,95     29,96 

APPL5  MUSIC  THEORY 

50.00     32.50 

GORGON                                 39,95     25,15 

APPLE  PANIC  48K                  D     29.95 

22,46 

LISP  INTERPRETER  48K 

D   149-94   112,46 

APPLE  STELLAR  INVADERS 

25.00     16.25 

MICRO  COURIER                       150.00   125,00 

BANDITS                              0     34.95 

26,21 

LOCOMOTION 

D     35,00     26.25 

ARTIST  DESIGNER 

65.00     42.25 

MICRO  TELEGRAM                    150,00    125,00 

BISHOPS  SQUARE  48  K          0     29.95 

22,4B 

LUNAR  LANDER 

C      14.95     11,21 

AUTOBAHN 

29.95     18.B5 

MUSICOMP                               45,00     29.25 

BUG  ATTACK  24K                   0     29.95 

22,46 

LUNAR  LEEPER 

C     29.95     22,46 

BEER  RUN 

29.95    la.as 

OPERATION  APOCALYPSE           59.95     37.75 

BUG  ATTACK  24K                  C     29.95 

22,46 

MATCHRACER  16K 

0     29,95     22,46 

BOTH  BARRELS 

24.95     15.70 

ORBITSON                                 29,95     18,85 

CANYON  CLIMBER                 D     29.95 

22,46 

MATCHHACER  16K 

C     23,95     22,46 

BRIDGE  TUTOR 

«m     26.00 

ORDER  TRACKING                      50,Q0     32.50 

CANYON  CLIMBER                 C     29.95 

22,46 

MICROPAINTER  48K 

0     34,95     26,21 

BRIDGE  TUTOR  WiSCIENTIFIC 

60.00     39.00 

DUTPOST                                 39.95     18.85 

CLOWNS  AND  BALLONS          0     29.95 

22,46 

MOUNTAIN  SHOOT 

C     14,95     11,21 

CARTELS  &  CUTTHROATS 

39.95     25.15 

PASCAL  GRAPHICS  EDITOR        99.95     62.90 

CLOWNS  AND  BALLONS          0     29.95 

22,46 

MOUSEATTACK  24K 

.0     34.95     26,21 

CIRCUIT  ANALYSIS 

40.00     2B.00 

PHANTOMS  FIVE                        29.95     16.86 

COLOR  PRINT  40K                0     39.95 

29,96 

PACIFIC  COAST  HIGHWAY 

0     29.95     22.46 

CIS  COBOL  WJFORMS  2 

95C.O0   570.00 

PLAN  80                                  185.00   120,25 

CROSSFIRE                           C     29.95 

22,46 

PACIFIC  COAST  HIGHWAY 

C     29.95     22.46 

COMPUTER  BASEBALL 

39.95     25.25 

PRESIDENTELECT                     39.95     25.15 

CROSSFIRE  ICART)                 C     44.95 

33-71 

PATHflNOER  24K 

0     34.95     26,21 

COMPUTER  BISMARK 

59.95     37.75 

PULSAR  II                               29.96     18.85 

CROSSFIRE  32K                     0     29,95 

22,46 

POKER  SOLITAIRE  16K 

C     14.95     n.21 

COMPUTER  CONFLICT 

39,95     25,12 

SNEAKERS                                29,95     16.85 

CYCLOO                              0     29,95 

22,46 

POKER  SOLITAIRE  4aK 

0     24.95     18.71 

COMPUTER  NAPOLEDNICS 

59.95     37  36 

SPACE  EEGS                             29.95     16.85 

CYPHER  BOWL                     C     29,95 

22,46 

PREPPIE 

0     29.95     22.46 

COMPUTER  QUARTERBACK 

39.95     25.15 

STAR  CRUISER                          24.95     15.70 

DATASMI65  4eK                  0     89.95 

67-46 

PfiEPPIE 

C     29.95     22.46 

COPTS  S  ROBBERS 

34.95     22.00 

STEPWISE  REGPESSIQN            150.00     97.50 

DAVIDS  MIDNIGHT  MAGIC      D     34,95 

26,21 

REAR  GUARD 

0     24,95     18.71 

CHRONICLES  OF  OSGROTH  1 

59.95     37.75 

THE  ANALYZER                        575.00   362.00 

DEADLINE  32K                       0     39,95 

29-96 

HEAR  GUARD 

C     19,95     14.96 

CYBER  STRIKE 

39.95     25.15 

THE  CONTROLLER                    025.00  426.00 

DEFLECTION                          C     14,95 

11,21 

HEVERSI 16K 

C     19,95     14,96 

DARK  FORREST 

29,96     18.85 

TIME  MANAGER                       150.00     94,00 

DISK  DETECTIVE  IB  K             D     29,95 

22,46 

HEVERSI4eK 

0     29,95     22,46 

DIET  ANALYSIS 

45.00     29.95 

TOPOGRAPHIC  MAPPING            65,00     42,25 

DISKEY                                 D     49,95 

37.46 

SHOOTING  ARCADE 

0     29,95     22.46 

DOW  JONES  PORTFOLIO 

50.00     37.00 

TORPEDO  FIRE                           59,95     37.75 

OR,  GOODCOOE'S  CAVERN  4eK0     29,95 

22.46 

SHOOTING  ARCADE 

C     29,95     22,46 

EZDRAW 

49.95     31.45 

VISICALC  REAL  ESTATE  TEMP     65.00     42.25 

EMBARGO  48K                      0     49,95 

37,46 

SNAKEBYTE 

C     29,95     22,45 

EPOCH 

34,95     23,00 

WARP  FACTOR                           3S.95     25.15 

FROGGER                              B     34,95 

26.21 

SNEAKERS 

D     29,95     22,46 

FORMULEX 

75,00     48,75 

FROGGER                              C     34,95 

26.21 

SOFTERM 

D     49,95     37,46 

.                          .                                              1 

GALACTIC  EMPIRE                  C     19,95 

14.96 

SPACE  EGGS 

0     29,95     22,46 

TIMEX/sinclair 

GALACTIC  TRADER                C     19,95 
GOLD  RUSH  48K                    0     34,95 

14,96 
26.21 

STAR  BLAZER 
STARFLIGHT 

0     31,95     23,95 
C     39,95     29,96 

THE  MIXED  GAME  BAG 

9,95 

VU-CALC                                                19.95 

GOLF  ATARI                           C     24,95 

1871 

SUNDAY  GOLF 

C     14,95     11,21 

IBDWLING,  ROBOT  WAR, 

STATES  AND  CAPITALS                           1295 

G0M0KD16K                        C     19,95 

14.96 

TEXT  WIZARD  32K 

D     99,95     74,95 

BINGO  CALLER) 

THE  GAMBLER                                        14.95 

G0M0KU48K                        D     29.95 

22.46 

THE  BASIC  COMPILER 

D     99.95     74,96 

CHESS  AND  CHESS  CLOCK 

14,95 

(BLACKJACK,  SLOT  MACHINE) 

GRAPHIC  GENERATOR            0     24,96 

18.71 

THE  NEXT  STEP 

0     39,95     29,96 

GIMM'S  FAIRY  TRAILS 

14,95 

THE  STAMP  COLLECTOR                          16.95 

GRAPHICS  MASTER  40K         0     39.95 

29.96 

THRESHOLD  4eK 

D     39,95     29,96 

THE  COUPON  MANAGER 

12,95 

THE  CAR  POOLER                                    14.95 

HIRES  AOVENTURE  #1           0     34,95 

26.21 

THACK  ATTACK 

0     29.95     22.46 

THE  LOAN/MORTGAGE  AMORTIZER     14.95 

THE  BUDGETER                                       15.95 

JAW  BREAKER                      C     29,95 

22.46 

TREASURE  QUEST 

C     14.95     11.21 

THE  STOCK  OPTION  ANALYZER                16.95 

SUPER  HATH                                         14.95 

KCOM  1  (CARTl                    C     49,95 

37.46 

TUMBLE  BUGS  24X 

D     29.95     22.46 

THE  CUBE  GAME 

12,95 

STATISTICS  IINCL.  GRAPHSI                      9.95 

KOATE  ORGANIZERS  ICARTl  C     29,95 

22,46 

ULTIMA  1 

0     39.95     29.96 

BACKGAMMON  AND  DICE 

14,95 

CRITICAL  PATH  ANALYSIS                       19.95 

K  DOS  1  CARTl                        C     89,95 

67.45 

ULTIMA  II 

D     59.95     44,96 

THE  FLIGHT  SIMULATOR 

19,95 

INVENTORY  CONTROL                             19,95 

KRAZY  ANTICS  ICARTl          C     49,95 

37,46 

WAR 

0     24.95     18.71 

THE  ORGANIZER 

16,95 

MANUFACTURING  CONTROL                    19.95 

KRAZYKRITTERS  (CARTl       C     49,95 

37,46 

ZORK  32K 

D     39.95     29.96 

THE  CHECKBOOK  MANAGER 

15,95 

ZXMAN                                                 14.95 

KRAZY  SHOOT-OUT  ICARTl     C     49.95 

37,48 

ZORKII32K 

0     39.95     29.96 

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COMPUTEI's  Listing  Conventions 


Manv  (if  the  pi(tj;iains  whitli  aire  listed  in  COMPUTE!  use 
special  kevs  (cursor  control  keys,  color  keys,  etc.).  To  make  it 
easy  to  tell  cxrictly  what  should  be  typed  in  when  co]3ying  a 
program  itito  the  computer,  we  have  established  the  following 
listing  conventions. 

For  The  Atari 

In  order  to  make  special  characters,  inverse  video,  and  cursor 
characters  easy  lo  type  in,  COMPUTE!  magazine's  Atari 
listing  conventions  are  used  in  all  the  program  listings  in  this 
magazine. 

Please  refer  to  the  following  tables  and  explanations  if 
you  come  across  an  unusual  symbol  in  a  program  listing. 

Aiarl  Conventions 

Characters  in  inverse  video  will  appear  like:   E'dEtMEEUBCOiSBti: 
Enter  these  characters  with  tiie  Atari  logo  key.  (Al. 
Hhsn   you   sM  Typ*  S»« 


tCLEAR} 

ESC 

SHIFT    < 

K 

Cl  m»r    Screen 

{UP} 

ESC 

CTRL    - 

t 

Cursor   lip 

{DOMN} 

ESC 

CTRL    " 

*■ 

tLEFTJ 

ESC 

CTRL    + 

*■ 

Cursor    Left 

<RIOHT} 

ESC 

CTRL    t 

■* 

Cursor   Right 

{BACK    S> 

ESC 

DELETE 

4 

Backspace 

{DELETE} 

ESC 

CTRL    DeLETE 

u 

Delete  cherecter 

{INSERT} 

ESC 

CTRL    IMSERT 

u 

Insert    character 

{DEL    LINE} 

ESC 

SHIFT    DELETE 

a 

Delete    line 

{IMS    LINE} 

ESC 

SHIFT    INSeRT 

a 

Insert    line 

{TAB} 

ESC 

TAB 

► 

TAB    key 

tCLfi    TABJ 

esc 

CTRL    TAB 

□ 

Clear    tab 

{SET    TAB} 

ESC 

SHIFT    TAB 

□ 

Set    tab    stop 

{BELL} 

ESC 

CTRL    2 

□ 

Ring    buZ2er 

{ESCJ 

ESC 

ESC 

% 

Escape   key 

Graphics  characters,  such  as  CTRL-T,  the  ball  character  •  will 
appear  as  the  "normal"  letter  enclosed  in  braces,  e.g.  fTi . 

A  series  of  identical  control  characters,  such  as  10 
spaces,  three  cursor-lefts,  or  20  CTRL-R's,  will  a[)pear  as  fl  0 
SPACES),  (3  LEFT!,  (2(IR).etc.  If  the  character  in  braces  is 
in  inverse  video,  (hat  character  or  characters  should  be  entered 
with  (he  Atari  logo  key.  For  example,  1  Pi )  means  to  enter  a 
reverse-field  heart  with  CTRL-comma,  !  Stn  )  means  to  enter 
five  inverse-video  CTRL-U's. 


For  PET/CBMA/IC 

C.enerally,  any  PK  T/CBM/VIC;  program  listings  will  contain 
bracketed  words  which  spell  out  any  special  characters: 
(DOWN)  would  mean  to  press  the  cursor-down  key; 
(3DOWN)  would  mean  to  press  the  cursor-down  key  three 
times. 

To  indicate  that  a  key  should  be  shtfted  (hold  down  the 
SHIFT  key  while  ])ressing  the  other  key),  the  key  would  be 
underlined  in  our  listing.  For  example,  S  would  tnean  to  type 
the  S  key  while  holding  the  shift  key.  This  would  result  in  the 
"heart"  graphics  symbol  appearing  on  your  screen. 

Sometimes  in  a  program  listing,  especially  within  quoted 
text  when  a  line  runs  over  inio  the  next  line,  it  isdilficult  to 
tell  where  the  first  line  ends.  How  manv  times  should  you  type 
the  SPACE  bar"-  In  our  conventioti,  when  a  line  breaks  in  this 
way,  the  ~  symbol  shows  exactly  where  it  broke.  For  example: 

100  PRINT  "TO  START  THE  GAME 

VOU    MAY    HIT    ANY    OF    THE    KEYS 
ON    YOUR    KEYBOARD." 
shows  that  the  program's  author  intended  (or  you  to  type  two 
spaces  after  the  word  CAME. 

For  The  Apple 

Programs  listed  as  "Microsoft"  are  written  for  the  PET/CBM, 


Apple,  OSI,  etc.  Although  the  programs  are  general  in  nature, 
you  mav  need  to  make  a  few  changes  for  them  to  run  correctly 
on  your  Apple.  Microsoft  B.'VSIC  programs  w  ritien  for  the 
PET/CBM  sometimes  contain  special  cursor  control  characters. 
The  following  table  shows  equivalent  .'\pple  words.  Notice 
thai  these  Apple  commands  are  imhidr  quotations  (and  even 
separate  from  a  PRIN  f  statement).  l'RlNr[RVS]^'OU 
WON"  becomes  INVERSE:  PRlNT"YOU  WON':NORMAL 

[CLEAR!  (Clear  Screen)  HOME 

[DOWN]  (Cursor  down) 
Apple  II  +;  Call -922 
POKE  37,PEEK(37)  +  (PEEK(37)<23) 

[UP]  (Cursor  up) 

POKE  37.PEEK(37)-(PEEK(37)>0)) 

ILEFT]  (Cursor  left)  PRINT  CHR$(8); 

[RIGHT]  (Cursor  right) 
PRINT  CHR$(21) 

[RVS]   (Inverse  video  on.  Turns  off  automatically  after  a 
carriage  return.  To  be  safe,  turn  off  inverse  video  after 
the  print  statement  with  NORMAL  unless  the  PRINT 
statement  ends  with  a  .semicolon.) 

INVERSE 
[OFF]   (Inverse  video  off)  NORMAL 

Shifted  characters  can  represent  either  graphics  characters 
or  uppercase  letters.  If  within  text,  just  use  the  non-shifted 
character,  otherwise  substitute  a  space.  Some  "generalized" 
programs  contain  a  POKE  such  as  POKE  594(i8. 14.  Omit 
these  from  the  program  when  typing  it  in.  One  final  note:  you 
will  probably  want  to  insert  a  question  mark  or  colon  within  an 
INPUT  prom[)t.  PET/C:BM  and  many  other  BASlCs  automat- 
ically print  a  question  mark: 

INPUT  "WHAT  IS  YOUR  NAME";NS 

becomes 
INPUT  "WHAT  IS  VOUR  NAME?";N$ 


All  Commodore  Machines 

Clear  Screen    {CLEAR} 
Home  Cursor  {  HOME) 
Cursor  Up        {UP) 
Cursor  Down  (  DOWN } 
Cursor  Right  {RIGHT} 

VIC  Conventions 


Set  Color  To  Black 
Set  Color  To  White 
Set  Color  To  Red 
Set  Color  To  Cyan 
Set  Color  To  Purple 
Set  Color  To  Green 
Set  Color  To  Blue 
Set  Color  To  Yellow 
Function  One 


8032/Fat  40  Conventions 

Set  Window  Top  {SET  TOP} 
Set  Window  Bottom  {  SET  BOT) 
{SCR 


Cursor  Left  (LEFT) 

Insert  Character     (INST) 
Delete  Character    {DEL) 
Reverse  Field  On  {  RVS  1 
Reverse  Field  Off  {OFF} 


IBLK) 

Function  Two 

IF2} 

(WHT) 

Function  Three 

{F3} 

(RED) 

Function  Four 

{F4} 

(CYN) 

Function  Five 

{F5) 

{PURl 

Function  Six 

{F6) 

{GRN} 

Function  Seven 

{F7} 

{BLU! 

Function  Eight 

{F8) 

(YELi 

Any  Non-implemented 

{FIJ 

Function 

{NIM} 

Scroll  Up 
Scroll  Down 
Insert  Line 
Delete  Line 


UP} 
{SCR    DOWN} 


{INST    LINE}    Escape  Key 
{DEL    LINE} 


Erase  To  Beginning  {  ERASE    BEG } 
Erase  To  End  (ERASE    END} 

Toggle  Tab  (TGL   TAB} 

Tab  {TAB} 

{ESC}         _ 

c 


December  1932,  Issue  31 


COMPUTEI 


287 


COMPUTE!  Back  Issues 


Here  are  same  of  the  applications,  rucoriuls, 
and  games  from  available  back  issues  of 
OOMPIiie!.  Each  issue  contains  much, 
much  more  than  there's  space  here  to  list, 
but  here  are  some  highlights; 

February  1981:  Simulating  PRINT  USING, 
Using  the  Atari  as  a  Terminal  for  Telecom- 
munications, Attach  a  Printer  to  the  Atari, 
Double  Density  Graphing  on  CIP,  Commo- 
dore Disk  Systems,  PET  Crash  Prevention, 
A  25s£  Apple  il  Clock. 

May    1981:  Named  GOSUB/GOTO  in 
Applesoft,  Generating  Lower  Case  Text  on 
Apple  n,  Copy  Atari  Screens  to  the  Printer, 
Disk  Directory  Printer  for  Atari,  Realtime 
Clock  on  Atari,  PET  BASIC  Delete  Utility, 
PET  Calculated  Bar  Graphs,  Running  40 
Column  Programs  on  a  COM  8032. 

June   1981:  Computer  Using  Educators 
(CUE)  on  Software  Pricing,  Apple  II  Hires 
Character  Generator,  Ever-  expanding 
Apple  Power,  Color  Burst  for  Atari,  Mixing 
Atari  Graphics  Modes  0  and  8,  Relocating 
PET  BASIC  Programs,  An  Assembler  In 
BASIC  for  PET,  QuadraPET:  Multitasking? 

July   1981:  Home  Heating  and  Cooling, 
Animating  Integer  BASIC  Lores  Graphics, 
The  Apple  Hires  Shape  Writer,  Adding  a 
Voice  Track  to  Atari  Programs,  Machine 
Language  Atari  Joystick  Driver,  Four  Screen 
Utilities  for  the  PET,  Saving  Machine 
Language  Programs  on  PET  Tape  Headers, 
Commodore  ROM  Systems,  The  Voracious 
Butterfly  on  OSI. 

August   1981:  Minimize  Code  and  Maximize 

Speed,  Apple  Disk  Motor  Control,  A 
Cassette  Tape  Monitor  for  the  Apple,  Easy 
Reading  of  the  Atari  Joystick,  Blockade 
Game  for  the  Atari,  Atari  Sound  Utility, 
The  CBM  "Fat  40,"  Keyword  for  PET,  CBM/ 
PET  Loading,  Chaining,  and  Overlaying. 

October  1981:  Automatic  DATA  State- 
ments for  CBM  and  Atari,  VIC  News, 
Undeietable  Lines  on  Apple,  PET,  VIC, 
Budgeting  on  the  Apple,  Switching  Cleanly 
from  Text  to  Graphics  on  Apple,  Atari 
Cassette  Boot-tapes,  Atari  Variable  Name 
Utility,  Atari  Program  Library,  Train  your 
PET  to  Run  VIC  Programs,  Interface  a  BSR 
Remote  Control  System  to  PET,  A  General 
Purpose  BCD  to  Binary  Routine,  Converting 
to  Fat-40  PET. 

December   1981:  Saving  Fuel  $$  (Multiple 
Compurers:  versions  for  Apple,  PET,  and 
Atari),  Unscramble  Game  (multiple 
computers).  Maze  Generator  (multiple 
computers),  Animating  Applesoft  Graphics, 
A  Simple  Printer  Interface  for  the  Apple  II, 


A  Simple  Atari  Wordprocessor,  Adding 
High  Speed  Vertical  Positioning  to  Atari  P/ 
M  Graphics,  OSI  Supercursor,  A  Look  At 
SuperPET,  Supermen  for  PET/CBM,  PET 
Mine  Maze  Game. 

January  1982:  Invest  (multiple  computers). 
Developing  a  Business  Algorithm  (multiple 
computers),  Apple  Addresses,  Lowercase 
with  Unmodified  Apple,  Cryptogram  Game 
for  Atari,  Superfont:  Design  Special 
Character  Sets  on  Atari,  PET  Repairs  for 
the  Amateur,  Micromon  for  PET,  Self- 
modifying Programs  in  PET  BASIC,  Tiny- 
mon;  a  VIC  Monitor,  Vic  Color  Tips,  VIC 
Memory  Map,  ZAP:  A  VIC  Game. 

February    1982:  Insurance  Inventory 
(multiple  computers).  Musical  Transposition 
(multiple computers).  Multitasking 
Emulator  (multiple  computers).  Disassemble 
Apple  Programs  from  BASIC,  Plotting 
Polar  Graphs  on  Apple,  Atari  P/M  Graphics 
Made  Easy,  Atari  PILOT,  Put  A  Rainbow 
in  your  Atari,  Marquee  for  PET,  PET  Disk 
Disassembler,  VIC  Paddles  and  Keyboard, 
VIC  Timekeeping. 

March   1982:  Word  Hunt  Game  (multiple 
computers).  Infinite  Precision  Multiply 
(multiple  computers).  Atari  Concentration 
Game,  VIC  Starfight  Game,  CBM  BASIC 
4. 0  To  Upgrade  Conversion  Kit,  Apple 
Addresses,  VIC  Maps,  EPROM  Reliability, 
Atari  Ghost  Programming,  Atari  Machine 
Language  Sort,  Random  Music  Composition 
on  PET,  Comment  Your  Apple  II  Catalog. 

April  1982:  Track  Down  Those  Memory 
Bugs  (multiple  computers).  Shooting  Stars 
Game  (multiple  computers),  Intelligent 
Input  Subroutines  (multiple  computers), 
Ultracube  for  Atari,  Customizing  Apple's 
Copy  Program,  Using  PET/CBM  In  The 
High  School  Physics  Lab,  Grading  Exams 
on  a  Microcomputer  {multiple  computers), 
Atari  Mailing  List,  Renumber  VIC  Programs 
The  Easy  Way,  Browsing  the  VIC  Chip, 
Disk  Checkout  for  PET/CBM. 

May  1982:  ViC  Meteor  Maze  Game,  Atari 
Disk  Drive  Speed  Check,  Modifying  Apple's 
Floating  Point  BASIC.  Fast  Sort  For  PET/ 
CBM,  Extra  Atari  Colors  Through  Artifact- 
ing,  Lite  insurance  Esrimaror  (multiple 
computers),  PET  Screen  Input,  Getting  The 
Most  Out  Of  VIC'S  5000  Bytes. 

June  1982:  Outpost  Game  (multiple  com- 
puters), Apple  Pascal  Lister,  Income  Property 
(multiple  computers),  VIC  Intelligent  Video- 
disc System,  Atari  Disk  Operating  Systems, 
PET/Apple  Search,  A  Self-modifying  Atari 
P/M  Utility,  Use  Atari  Joysticks  with  VIC, 
VIC/PET  Program  Transfers. 


July  1982:  CjoIJ  Miner  Cjanio  (.A.t.iti  and 
VIC),  IRA  Planner  (multiple  computers). 
Atari  Video  Graphics,  Apple  EX3S  Changer, 
Super  QuadraPET,  VIC  Overview,  Maze 
Riice  (nuiltiple  computers).  Direct  Access 
File  Editor  (PET  and  Atari),  VIC  Super 
Expander  Memory  Map,  Using  The  6560 
Video  Interface  Chip,  PET  Compactor, 
Headless  FORTH  Metacompilation,  Test 
RAM  Nondestructively  (multiple  computers), 

August  1982:  The  New  Wave  Of  Personal 
Computers,  Household  Budget  Manager 
(multiple  computers).  Word  Games  (multiple 
compLiters),  Color  Computer  Home  Energy 
Monitor,  Intelligent  Apple  Filing  Cabinet, 
Guess  That  Animal  (multiple  computers), 
PET/CBM  h-iner  BASIC,  ViC  Communica- 
tions, Keyprint  Conipendiuin,  Animation 
With  Atari,  VIC  Curiosities,  Atari  Substring 
Search,  PET  and  VIC  Electric  Eraser. 

September  1982:  Apple  and  Atari  and  the 
Sounds  ol  TRON,  Commodore  Automatic 
Disk  Boot,  VIC  Joysticks,  Three  Atari  GTIA 
Articles,  Color  Computer  Graphics,  The 
Apple  Pilot  Language,  Sprites  and  Sound  on 
the  Commodore  64,  Peripheral  Vision  Exer- 
ciser (multiple  computers).  Banish  INPLIT 
Statements  (multiple  computers).  Charades 
(multiple  computers),  PET  Pointer  Sort, 
V1C~  Pause,  Mapping  Machine  Language, 
Editing  Atari  BASIC  With  the  Assembler 
Cartridge,  Process  Any  Apple  Disk  File. 

Home  and  Educational  COMPUTING! 
(Fall  1981  and  Summer  1981  -count  as  one 
back  issue);  Exploring  The  Rainbow 
Mbichine,  VIC  As  Super  Calculator,  Custom 
Characters,  Alternate  Screens,  Automatic 
Line  Numbers,  Using  The  Joystick  (Spacewar 
Game),  Fast  Tape  Locater,  Window,  VIC 
Memory  Map. 


Back  issues  arc  S'^  each  or  six  for  $\!'i. 
Priff  incUides  IVeitjhi  in  the  US.  Oiiiside 
(he  L'S  add  SI  per  nKiga/.inc ofdcred  lor 
surlaee  jjosla^e.  S4  pev  magazine  for  air 
mail  postage.  All  back  issues  subject  to 
availahilitv. 

In  the  Continental  US  call 

TOLL  FREE  800-334-0868 

(In  NC  Call  919-275-9809) 

Or  write  to  COMPUTE!  Back  Issues,  P.O. 
Box  5406,  Greensboro,  NC  27403  USA. 
Prepayment  required  in  US  funds. 
MasterCard,  Visa  and  American  Express 
accepted.  North  Carolina  Residents  add  4% 
sales  tax. 


288 


COMPUTEI 


December  1982.  Issue  31 


Advertisers  Index 


ABComputers 110,111.182 

ANAL.O.G.  Software 57 

Abacus  Software  94 

Adam  Peripherals   185 

Advanced  Computing  Enterprises  267 

Adventure  Internotional  39 

AllDany  Typewriter  &.  Computer  188 

Aldeboron,  Inc 153 

TTie  Alieri  Group  93 

Anthro  Digital  Software  239 

Apple  Computer  Inc 12,13 

Apple  Country  Ltd 266 

AppI  ied  Computer  Alternatives,  Inc 203 

Arfon  Microelectronics,  U.S 71 

Artworx,  Inc 45 

Atari,  Inc 7 

BIG  Software 203 

B.L&W.  284 

Batteries  Included 17,239 

Big  Five  Software  25 

Br(4derbund  Software  18,19 

Business  Computer  Systems  of 

New  England  217 

C-Mart 277 

CESoffware  235 

Cab-Teklnc 137 

Cardco,  Inc 85 

Cleveland  Consumer  Computers 

&  Components  112 

Comm,  Dota    163 

Commodore  Business  Mccfiines  BC 

Communications  Electronics  107 

Compu  Sense  275 

Computability  273 

Computer  Cose  Co 60 

Computer  Discount  of  America,  Inc 176 

Computer  Express  254 

Computer  House   243 

Computer  Magic  Ltd 67 

Computer  Mail  Order  98,99 

Computer  Marketing 

Services  Inc. 173,175,226 

Computer  Outlet  260,261 

Computer  Place  254 

Computer  Software  Assoc 221 

ComputerMat  229 

Computertime,  Inc 252 

Comstar  278 

Connecticut  Microcomputer.  Inc 268 

Control  Doto  32,33 

Cosmic  Computers  Unlimited  277 

Creative  Softwore  101 

DBM  243 

Data  20  Corp 21 

Data  Equipment  Supply  Corp 95 

DdtaFaire   259 

Digital  Interface  Systems  Co 168 

Don't  Ask  Computer  Software  37,149 

Duke's  Digifoi  Den  213 

Dynacomp 116,117 

Dynamic  Technologies  205 

ECRLInc 206 

Eastern  House  Software  217,225,269 

Educational  Software,  Inc 23 

Etcomp  Publisfiing,  Inc 257 

Electronic  Protection  Devices  . , 61 

Embassy  Computer  Products  264 

Tfie  Emporium  131 

English!  Software  Co 51 

Eric  Martin's  268 

Falk-Boker  Associates  267 

Family  Computers  274 


First  Star  Software  241,243 

Foxfire  Systems,  inc 267 

FrencfiSilk  103 

GP  Microsystems  246 

Gamma  Softwore 234 

Gator  Marketing  Enterprizes  Inc 207 

Home  Tecfinology 243 

Human  Engineered  Software  41 

IDSI  66 

In  Home  Software  75,77,79,81 

Integrated  Controls  214 

Intelligent  Software  222 

Interesting  Softwore  219 

International  Computer  Center   203 

JMC  279 

Jersey  Systems  263 

JIni  Microsystems,  Inc 193 

Krell  Software  Corp 133 

Leading  Edge   ,. IFC.iBC 

Ligfitning  Software 73 

Logos  Software  265 

London  Software 233 

Lyco  Computer  Marketing  & 

Consultants  251 

MIS  249 

MMG  Micro  Software  201,241 

MTG  Technical  Sales  282 

Mocrotronics,  Inc 259 

Merlin  Enterprises  155 

Metron  Computer  Systems 226 

MicroSpec  ,. , 213 

Micro  Systems  31 

Microsystems  Exchange   124 

Micro  World  Electconix 214 

Micro-Ed   127 

Micro-Mania  178 

Micro-Wore  Dist..  Inc 271 

Microcomputers  Plus,  Inc 285 

Micrograms  Incorporated 128 

Microsignol  229 

Midnight  Oil  270 

Midwest  Micro  Associates  115,195 

Miles  Computing   253 

Mooseware  Inc 280 

Mosaic  Electronics   4 

NEECO  86.87 

Nexa  89 

Nibbles  &  Bits,  Inc 209 

Nufekop  69 

OEM  Inc 229 

Odesta   55 

Olympic  Sales  Co 269 

Optimized  Data  Systems  225 

Optimized  Systems  Software.  Inc 199 

Optoma  m  Consumer  Products  262 

P.R.  Software 267 

P.R.I.C.E 268 

Pacific  Coast  Software  213 

Pacific  Exchanges  141,171.188 

Parsec  Research  106 

Percom  15 

Peripherols  Unlimited  119 

Pixell  Software   213 

Precision  Technology,  Inc 196 

Pretzel  land  Software  207 

Professional  Software 1,9 

The  Program  Center  159 

The  Program  Store  144,145,146,147 

The  Programmers  Institute  139,206,207 

The  Programmers  Workshop 186,274 

Programs  International  271 

Protecto  Enterprizes  82,83,168 


Quality  Computer  213 

Quality  Software   63 

Quantum  Data,  Inc 113,217,219 

Queue.Inc 258 

Quick  Brown  Fox  165 

Quicksort  123 

[?ap!dwriter  209 

Rar-Tech 264 

Raymac  Software  Group  179 

Recorded  Publications  Laboratories   241 

Reston  Publishing  Company  tnc 109 

Robec.Inc 222 

Roklan  59 

Royal  Software   149 

SondMSottwore  256 

SHSSolutions   182 

SJB  Distributors,  Inc 197 

Scientific  &  Educational 

Software,  inc 137 

Skyles  Electric  Works  97,196,237 

Small  Systems  Engineering  27 

SoffSectre  252 

The  Software  Connection   157 

Software  Development  Assoc 163 

Software  Publishers,  Inc 201 

Software  To  Go  124 

Software  Street  265 

Speilmoster  Systems  Software  94 

Spinnaker  Software    2,3 

Sport 'N' Sound   283 

Star  Micronics  Inc "iS? 

Starbound  Softwore 151 

Stitcher  Inc. 125 

Strategic  Software  43 

subLogic  Communications   35 

Sunshine  Peripherols  Inc 179 

Swift/ Software,  Inc 91 

Synapse  SofKvare 47 

Synergistic  Software  29 

Syntax  Software  Inc 105 

T.H.E.S.I.S 131 

TIS  124 

TSASA  276 

Tara  Computer  Product  [nc 42 

Tech  Data  Corporation  151.264 

Tele  Soft.  Inc 281 

Telegames  Software  141 

Tiny  Tek,  Inc 184 

Toronto  PET  Users  Group   83 

Torrey  Engberg  Smith  Co 210 

Tot)  Softwore   195 

U.S  Technologies   246 

United  Microware  Industries,  Inc 11,221 

Vervan  Software  184 

Victory  Software  Corp 209 

John  Wiley  &  Sons,  Inc 121 

Video  Wizard's  Inc 209 

Voyager  Software 249 

Wunderwore 155 


COMPUTEI  Bock  Issues 

....  287 

COMPUTE!  Books  

53 

COMPUTE!  Customer  Service   

....284 

COMPUTE!  Magazine  

49 

COMPUTEI's  First  Book  of  VIC   

....256 

COMPUTEl's  Second  Book  of  Atari  . . 

....245 

Programming  the  PET/CBM 

181 

Recreational  Computing 

Bock  Issues 

.     .142 

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e  THE  LEADING  EDGE  IN  PRINTERS 

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WHENWEANNOUHCED 
THE  COMMODORE  64  FOR  $595,  OUR  COMPETITORS 

SAID  WE  COULDN'T  DO  IT. 

THAT'S  BECAUSE  THEYCOULDN'T  DO  IT. 


The  reason  is  that,  unlike  our  competitors, 
we  make  our  own  IC  chips.  Pius  all  the  parts  of  the 
computer  they  go  into. 

So  Commodore  can  get  more  advanced 
computers  to  market  sooner  than  anybody  else. 
And  we  can  get  them  there  for  a  lot  less  money. 
WHAT  PRICE  POWER? 

For  your  $595*  the  Commodore  64™  gives 
you  a  built-in  user  memory  of  64K.  This  is  hundreds 
of  dollars  less  than  computers  of  comparable  power. 

Lest  you  think  that  the  Commodore  64  is 
some  stripped-down  loss  leader,  a  look  at  its 
available  peripherals  and  interfaces  will  quickly 
convince  you  otherwise. 

SOFTWARE  THAT  WORKS  HARD. 

The  supply  of  software  for  the  Commodore 
64  will  be  extensive.  And  with  the  optional  plug-in 
Z80  microprocessor,  the  Commodore  64  can 
accommodate  the  enormous  amount  of  software 
available  in  CP/M.^ 

Add  in  the  number  of  programs  available  in 
BASIC  and  you'll  find  that  there  are  virtually  no 
applications,  from  word  processing  to  spread- 
sheets, that  the  Commodore  64  can't  handle  with 
the  greatest  of  ease. 

PERIPHERALS  WITH  VISION. 

The  Commodore  64  interfaces  with  all  the 
peripherals  you  could  want  for  total  personal 
computing;  disk  drives,  printers  and  a  telephone 
modem  that's  about  SlOO,  including  a  free  hour's 
access  to  some  of  the  more  popular  computer 
information  services.  Including  Commodore's  own 
Information  Network  for  users. 

RUN  YOUR  BUSINESS  BY  DAY. 
SAVE  THE  EARTH  BY  NIGHT 

At  the  end  of  a  business  day,  the 
Commodore  64  can  go  into  your  briefcase  and  ride 
home  with  you  for  an  evening's  fun  and  games. 

Because  of  its  superior  video  quality  (320x200 
pixel  resolution,  16  available  colors  and  3D  Sprite 
graphics),  the  Commodore  64  surpasses  the  best  of 
the  video  game  machines  on  the  market.  Yet, 
because  it's  such  a  powerful  computer,  it  allows  you 
to  invent  game  programs  that  a  game  machine  will 
never  be  able  to  play;  as  well  as  enjoy  Commodore's 
own  video  game  cartridges. 

ATTACK.  DECAY  SUSTAIN,  RELEASE. 

If  you're  a  musicologist,  you  already  know 
what  an  ADSR  (attack,  decay,  sustain,  release) 
envelope  is.  If  you're  not,  you  can  learn  this  and 
much  more  about  music  with  the  Commodore  64's 
music  synthesizing  features. 

It's  a  full-scale  compositional  tool.  Besides  a 
programmable  ADSR  envelope  generator,  it  has  3 
voices  (each  with  a  9-octave  range)  and  4  wave- 
forms for  truly  sophisticated  composition  and  play- 
back—through your  home  audio  system,  if  you 

'Maaufacturefs  Suggested  HBtsil  Pnce:  My  I  1982.  Disk  drives  and  printer,  Bre  not  mcluded  ,n  pr,ces.  The  64's  pnce  may  change  withoiJt  r^t.,e. 
CP/M*  IS  a  registered  trademark  of  Digital  Research.  Inc. 


wish.  It  has  sound  quality  you'll  find  only  on 
separate,  music-only  synthesizers.  And  graphics 
and  storage  ability  you  won't  find  on  any  separate 
synthesizer 

DON'T  WAIT 

The  predictable  effect  of  advanced  technol- 
ogy is  that  it  produces  less  expensive,  more  capable 
products  the  longer  you  wait. 

If  you've  been  waiting  for  this  to  happen  to 
personal  computers,  your  wait  is  over 

See  the  Commodore  64  soon  at  your  local 
Commodore  Computer  dealer  and  compare  it  with 
the  best  the  competition  has  to  offer 

You  can  bet  that's  what  the  competition  will 
be  doing. 

I 


r 


Commodore  Business  Maclnlnes 

Personal  Systenns  Division 

P.O.  Box  500,  Conshohoclcen,  Pennsylvania  19428 

Please  send  nne  more  information  on  the  Commodore  64™ 


Name. 


.Title. 


Company. 
Address— 

City 

Zip 


.State. 


.Phone. 


L. 


Te  commodore 

^  COMPUTER 


CO-12